Abu al-Dhahab

Mamluk Campaigns in Egypt and Syria during the times of Ali Bey and Abu Dhahab (1770–75)

Muhammad Abu al-Dhahab (Arabic: محمد أبو الدهب, romanized: muḥammad abū aḏ-ḏahab; 1735–1775), also just called Abu Dhahab (Arabic: أبو الدهب, romanized: abū ḏahab, lit. 'father of gold', a name apparently given to him on account of his generosity and wealth[1]) was a Mamluk emir and regent of Ottoman Egypt.

Born in the North Caucasus region of Circassia[2] or in Abkhazia[3][4] he was kidnapped and sold to the Mamluk Emir Ali Bey al-Kabir in Egypt. He became Ali Bey's closest and favourite fellow, his most trusted general and even his brother-in-law (according to other sources: son-in-law or adoptive son).

During the Russo-Turkish War Ali Bey declared Egypt's independence from the Ottoman Empire and allegedly attempted to restore the former Mamluk Sultanate which was conquered by the Ottoman Turks 250 years before. On behalf of Ali Bey, Abu Dhahab suppressed a revolt in Upper Egypt (1769), seized the Hejaz (1770) and - allied with the Palestinian emir Zahir al-Umar - conquered large parts of Ottoman Syria (1771). Having taken Damascus (1772) from its Ottoman governor Uthman Pasha al-Kurji, Abu Dhahab changed sides, handed over all the conquered territories to the Ottomans and marched against Cairo. Ali Bey fled to Zahir al-Umar in Acre, and Abu Dhahab became the new Shaykh al-Balad (civil governor) and de facto ruler of Egypt.

When Ali Bey came back and tried to restore his position, he was defeated and killed by Abu Dhahab's forces near Cairo (1773). Acting on Ottoman orders Abu Dhahab then invaded Palestine to defeat Emir Zahir, too. After conquering Gaza, Jaffa [citation needed] and Acre, he suddenly died of the plague. His comrades Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey, the leaders of his Mamluk faction (Abu-Dhahab faction or Muhammadiyya), succeeded him in power.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Sabbagh, Karl (2006). Palestine: History of a Lost Nation. London: Atlantic. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-5558-4874-3.
  2. ^ Lusignan, Sauveur (1783). A History of the Revolt of Ali Bey, Against the Ottoman Porte. London: James Phillips. p. 80.
  3. ^ Andrew Kippis: The New Annual Register or General Repository of History, Politics and Literature, volume 7, page 37. London 1787
  4. ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam: Abū l-Dhahab, Muḥammad Bey

Further reading

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  • al-Ǧabartī, Abdarraḥmān (1989). Bonaparte in Ägypten - Aus den Chroniken von ʿAbdarraḥmān al-Ǧabartī. Translated by Hottinger, Arnold. Munich: Piper. pp. 46–58 and 332f.
  • Bidwell, Robin Leonard (1998). Dictionary of Modern Arab History. London/New York: Keegan Paul. p. 24f.
  • Crecelius, Daniel (1978). "The Waqf of Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhabab". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. XV: 83–105. doi:10.2307/40000133. JSTOR 40000133.
  • Crecelius, Daniel (1981). The Roots of Modern Egypt: A Study of the Refimes of 'Ali Bey al-Kebir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhabab, 1760–1775. Studies in Middle Eastern History. Vol. 6. Chicago: Bibliotheca Islamica. ISBN 978-0882970295.
  • Goldschmidt, Arthur; Johnston, Robert (2013). Historical Dictionary of Egypt (PDF). African Historical Dictionaries. Vol. 89. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8108-4856-6.
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