Multiscale modeling

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Multiscale modeling or multiscale mathematics is the field of solving problems that have important features at multiple scales of time and/or space. Important problems include multiscale modeling of fluids,^[1][2][3] solids,^[2][4] polymers,^[5][6] proteins,^{[7][8][9][10]} nucleic acids^[11] as well as various physical and chemical phenomena (like adsorption, chemical reactions, diffusion).^{[9][12][13][14]}

An example of such problems involve the Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible fluid flow.

${\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lcl}\rho _{0}(\partial _{t}\mathbf {u} +(\mathbf {u} \cdot \nabla )\mathbf {u} )=\nabla \cdot \tau ,\\\nabla \cdot \mathbf {u} =0.\end{array}}}$

In a wide variety of applications, the stress tensor ${\displaystyle \tau }$ is given as a linear function of the gradient ${\displaystyle \nabla u}$. Such a choice for ${\displaystyle \tau }$ has been proven to be sufficient for describing the dynamics of a broad range of fluids. However, its use for more complex fluids such as polymers is dubious. In such a case, it may be necessary to use multiscale modeling to accurately model the system such that the stress tensor can be extracted without requiring the computational cost of a full microscale simulation.^[15]

Horstemeyer 2009,^[16] 2012^[17] presented a historical review of the different disciplines (mathematics, physics, and materials science) for solid materials related to multiscale materials modeling.

The aforementioned DOE multiscale modeling efforts were hierarchical in nature. The first concurrent multiscale model occurred when Michael Ortiz (Caltech) took the molecular dynamics code Dynamo, developed by Mike Baskes at Sandia National Labs, and with his students embedded it into a finite element code for the first time.^[18] Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, and Arieh Warshel received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2013 for the development of a multiscale model method using both classical and quantum mechanical theory which were used to model large complex chemical systems and reactions.^[8][9][10]

In physics and chemistry, multiscale modeling is aimed at the calculation of material properties or system behavior on one level using information or models from different levels. On each level, particular approaches are used for the description of a system. The following levels are usually distinguished: level of quantum mechanical models (information about electrons is included), level of molecular dynamics models (information about individual atoms is included), coarse-grained models (information about atoms and/or groups of atoms is included), mesoscale or nano-level (information about large groups of atoms and/or molecule positions is included), level of continuum models, level of device models. Each level addresses a phenomenon over a specific window of length and time. Multiscale modeling is particularly important in integrated computational materials engineering since it allows the prediction of material properties or system behavior based on knowledge of the process-structure-property relationships.^{[citation needed]}

In operations research, multiscale modeling addresses challenges for decision-makers that come from multiscale phenomena across organizational, temporal, and spatial scales. This theory fuses decision theory and multiscale mathematics and is referred to as multiscale decision-making. Multiscale decision-making draws upon the analogies between physical systems and complex man-made systems.^{[citation needed]}

In meteorology, multiscale modeling is the modeling of the interaction between weather systems of different spatial and temporal scales that produces the weather that we experience. The most challenging task is to model the way through which the weather systems interact as models cannot see beyond the limit of the model grid size. In other words, to run an atmospheric model that is having a grid size (very small ~ 500 m) which can see each possible cloud structure for the whole globe is computationally very expensive. On the other hand, a computationally feasible Global climate model (GCM), with grid size ~ 100 km, cannot see the smaller cloud systems. So we need to come to a balance point so that the model becomes computationally feasible and at the same time we do not lose much information, with the help of making some rational guesses, a process called parametrization.^{[citation needed]}

Besides the many specific applications, one area of research is methods for the accurate and efficient solution of multiscale modeling problems. The primary areas of mathematical and algorithmic development include:

• Analytical modeling
• Center manifold and slow manifold theory
• Continuum modeling
• Discrete modeling
• Network-based modeling
• Statistical modeling

• Computational mechanics
• Equation-free modeling
• Integrated computational materials engineering
• Multilevel model
• Multiphysics
• Multiresolution analysis
• Space mapping

• Hosseini, SA; Shah, N (2009). "Multiscale modelling of hydrothermal biomass pretreatment for chip size optimization". Bioresource Technology. 100 (9): 2621–8. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.030. PMID 19136256.
• Tao, Wei-Kuo; Chern, Jiun-Dar; Atlas, Robert; Randall, David; Khairoutdinov, Marat; Li, Jui-Lin; Waliser, Duane E.; Hou, Arthur; et al. (2009). "A Multiscale Modeling System: Developments, Applications, and Critical Issues". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 90 (4): 515–534. Bibcode:2009BAMS...90..515T. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2542.1. hdl:2060/20080039624.

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• Mississippi State University ICME Cyberinfrastructure
• Multiscale Modeling of Flow Flow
• Multiscale Modeling of Materials (MMM-Tools) Project at Dr. Martin Steinhauser's group at the Fraunhofer-Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, at Freiburg, Germany. Since 2013, M.O. Steinhauser is associated at the University of Basel, Switzerland.
• Multiscale Modeling Group: Institute of Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
• Multiscale Materials Modeling: Fourth International Conference, Tallahassee, FL, USA
• Multiscale Modeling Tools for Protein Structure Prediction and Protein Folding Simulations, Warsaw, Poland
• Multiscale modeling for Materials Engineering: Set-up of quantitative micromechanical models
• Multiscale Material Modelling on High Performance Computer Architectures, MMM@HPC project
• Modeling Materials: Continuum, Atomistic and Multiscale Techniques (E. B. Tadmor and R. E. Miller, Cambridge University Press, 2011)
• An Introduction to Computational Multiphysics II: Theoretical Background Part I Harvard University video series
• SIAM Journal of Multiscale Modeling and Simulation
• International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering
• Department of Energy Summer School on Multiscale Mathematics and High Performance Computing
• Multiscale Conceptual Model Figures for Biological and Environmental Science