Narrow-gauge railways in China

The gauge for most of the China national railway network is standard gauge. Currently, in the national railway network, only the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Kunming–Haiphong railway uses narrow gauge. In addition, there are some industrial lines still using narrow gauge, mostly 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge or 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) narrow gauge. As of 2003, 600+ km narrow-gauge railways, 50000+ km standard gauge railways, and 9.4 km broad gauge railways were in use in mainland China.^[1]

The 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Kunming–Hekou railway (previously known as the "Sino-Vietnamese Railway") was part of the Kunming–Haiphong railway built by French colonists between Vietnam and China. Due to landslides and the opening of the new standard-gauge Kunming-Yuxi-Hekou railway, this meter-gauge line is now inoperative for passengers (except for a small section within Greater Kunming) but does have freight services.

This railway, opened in 1910, had a 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gauge branch line from Caoba to Shiping which operated 0-10-0 tender locos built by Baldwin Locomotive Works.^[2] This branch has been later converted to 1,000 mm gauge as well, and presently (2016) is used by tourist excursion trains around Jianshui

The meter gauge section was originally administered in more or less the same way as the Indochinese networks, and it was physically possible for through trains to be run from Kunming to Saigon, as meter gauge was used in both these countries. During the Japanese occupation Japanese National Railways Class 9600 2-8-0 locomotives were shipped to aid their invasion. After the completion of the "death railway" in Thailand, it would have been possible for a time for through traffic to Burma (if not for a gap between Saigon and Phnom Penh, in Cambodia). This is now impossible as sections of this railway have been destroyed during the conflicts since World War II.^[2]

In Manchuria, lumber industries built narrow-gauge railways into the forests. These used Russian and Japanese locomotives, copied from Soviet or Eastern European designs. Now most of them have disappeared. These railways mostly use a gauge of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm).

Several 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge railways were constructed by the Japanese.

There were several 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge military railways in Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese War. These Japanese military railways – which includes a section converted from the 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge Chinese Eastern Railway – used Japanese National Railways stock and were quickly converted back to standard gauge after the war to facilitate through traffic with the British controlled Peking-Mukden (Beijing-Shenyang) Railway, which was standard gauge. As a result, the South Manchurian Railway, a creation of the Japanese Kwantung Army, was standard gauge.^[2][3]

In 1941–43, during the Japanese occupation of Hainan, several 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge rail lines were constructed in the western part of the island. Of particular importance for the Japanese war effort was the line connecting the iron ore mine in Shilu with the Basuo Harbor.^[4]

The lines fell into disrepair and were abandoned after the battle of Hainan to the Communists in April 1950. They were rebuilt and converted to the standard gauge between the mid-1950s and 1985; now they form part of the Hainan Western Ring Railway.

Metre-gauge railways were popular in China in several regions before the 1949 establishment of PRC. Several lines were constructed, with the intention to join all the railways, forming a new sphere of influence for the French which never materialized.

The 466 km Chinese section of the French built Kunming–Haiphong railway, and a few surviving branches. The system also includes a short new meter-gauge connector to the new standard-gauge Hekou North Station.

The railway from Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan (sometimes known as Zhengtai Railway) was opened at the turn of the 20th century. It was French and Belgian controlled, since it was a feeder of the Belgian controlled Jinghan railway. To minimise costs, it was built to the same 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge of the Kunming–Hekou railway, with the hope that the latter could be extended to Shanxi province. The railway was built to the nature of a light railway and used rolling stock built in France and Belgium.

The Railway from Datong to Pukou (Tong Pu Railway), opened in 1933, which was funded by the Japanese and controlled by the Shanxi warlord, Yan Xishan, and which connected the Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan Railway at Taiyuan, had to be built to metre gauge as well. The Datong–Pukou Railway used rolling stock built by Japanese companies, even withdrawn old "Japanese National Railways" or "Imperial Taiwan Railway" stock (which is based on the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge Liu Mingchuan's railway' in Qing dynasty). When the Japanese invaded the Shanxi and Hebei provinces during the Sino-Japanese War, these two railways were converted to standard gauge.^[2]

Construction of the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Yunnan Burma line started in 1941 but had to be aborted due to Japanese advances, and has never been completed.

In many rural or suburban areas, metre-gauge railways were built to transport agricultural produce. Such was the case of two light railways east of Pudong, Shanghai. They were isolated systems using small tank engines, like 4-4-2Ts. Later, experiments were made with gasoline railcar and trailer sets having Ford engines. They were closed in the 1950s and 1970s respectively and replaced by bus services.^[2]

In many provinces 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge light railways were used for mines and prominently in Henan and Sichuan they were used for rural transportation. Most of them were built in an era when most European light railways had started to dwindle in favour of roads. The Shibanxi Railway in Sichuan is being preserved as China's first heritage steam railway.^[2] The Bagou–Shixi Railway is still operating with steam locomotives, partly for heritage purposes.^[5]

Sichuan Province

• Hongbitan coalmine near Shenzhenjiao, main coal mine railway line.^[19]

Sichuan Province

• Coal mine (cable and hand tramming) at Shuangxianzi between Guanzhou and Meisuling.^[18]

It ran during the 1950s and 1990s, carried wood, goods and passengers. Its highest speed is 60 km/h.

Xinyi Railway was a 42.5 km–long branch line of the Beijing-Hankou Railway (now the Beijing–Guangzhou railway) located in Hebei. It was built in the winter of 1902 to allow the Empress Dowager Cixi to travel from Beijing to the Western Qing Tombs. Although the railway had no economic benefit, it was the first railway to be financed and built by the Chinese alone.^{[citation needed]}

The empress dowager and the Guangxu Emperor fled to Xi'an in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion. After the Boxer Protocol was signed in September 1901, Cixi and the royal family made their way back from Xi'an to Beijing in December, taking a special train along the Lo-Han Railway (now also part of the Beijing–Guangzhou Railway) from Shijiazhuang to Beijing. To atone for the occupation of Beijing by the Eight-Nation Alliance,^{[citation needed]} the Empress first visited the Eastern Qing Tombs in April. Afterward she intended to go to Western Qing Tombs. Because of the distance, she thought of traveling by train. The Empress then ordered Governor^[which?] Yuan Shikai to construct a railway from Gaobeidian to Yi County, Hebei, within six months at a cost of tls. 600,000.

The Xinyi Railway headed west from Gaobeidian across two rivers. Yuan Shikai originally chose British engineer Claude W. Kinder to carry out the construction. Claude was the Kaiping Tramway's chief engineer, as well as the chief engineer of its extensions. Unexpectedly, this led to a French protest,^{[citation needed]} so Yuan Shikai decided that the Chinese would carry out the construction themselves, appointing Jeme Tien Yow chief engineer on 19 October.^{[citation needed]}

The project started in November and was completed by February 1903. The railway used old track and sleepers from the Guanneiwai Railway. On 5 April 1903, the empress and other members of the dynasty rode a special train from the Beijing Yongdingmen along the Beijing-Hankou line, then switching to the new track. The whole length was about 120 km, taking a little over two hours.^{[citation needed]} The Empress was very pleased with the railway and train and gave the engineer a yellow jacket, flowers, feathers, and the title of prefect.^{[citation needed]}

Cixi only used the railway once. The line was destroyed during the Second Sino-Japanese War, its track being used to repair other railways. Later, it was repaired and regauged during the Great Leap Forward.^{[citation needed]} In the 1990s, it was renamed the Gaoyi Railway.^{[citation needed]}

The following narrow gauge lines have been constructed in China (in chronological order, excluding Taiwan):

Image	Opening Date	Line	Gauge	Length
	1876	Shanghai to Wusong, Jiangsu	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	10 miles (16 km)[23]
	1886	Decauville railway Tianjin – Jinnan	600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)	2 kilometres (1.2 mi)
	1888	Xiyuan Railway	800 mm (2 ft 7+1⁄2 in)	2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi)[24][25][26]
	1900	Shanhaiguan to fort	600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)	4 kilometres (2.5 mi)[27]
	1900	Beidaihe to military depot	600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)	7 kilometres (4.3 mi)[28]
	1900	Kaiping to military depot	600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)	5 kilometres (3.1 mi)[28]
	1901	Beitang to Tianjin	600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)	4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi)[28]
	1904	Xinmindun to Mukden, Liaoning	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	38 miles (61 km)[23]
	1904	Sujiatun to Aigun, Liaoning	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	162 miles (261 km)[23]
	1904	Xingguo mining line, Hubei	unknown gauge	20 miles (32 km)[23]
	1905	Shijiazhuang to Fa-Iii-ling, Hebei	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	38 miles (61 km)[23]
	1905	Beijing to Nanyuan, Hebei	3 ft 3 in (991 mm)	5 miles (8.0 km)[23]
	1905	Wuchang Mint, Hubei	3 ft 8 in (1.12 m)	5 miles (8.0 km)[23]
	1906	Fa-Iii-ling to Pingtan, Shanxi	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	38 miles (61 km)[23]
	1907	Pingtan to Taiyuan, Shanxi	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	75 miles (121 km)[23]
	1907	Lokou to Xiaoqing River, Shandong	narrow gauge	4 miles (6.4 km)[23]
	1909	Qiqihar to Ang'angxi, Heilongjiang	narrow gauge	18 miles (29 km)[23]
	1909	Laoka to Mengzi, Yunnan	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	103 miles (166 km)[23]
	1910	Mengzi to Kunming, Yunnan	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	190 miles (310 km)[23]
	1911	Toli to Qingganggou, Hebei	unknown gauge	26 miles (42 km)[23]
	1911	Sha Tau Kok Railway, Hong Kong	2 ft (610 mm)	7.25 miles (11.67 km)
	1912	Jilin City to Changchun, Jilin	unknown gauge	79 miles (127 km)[23]
	1912	Shuikoushan lead/zinc mine, Hunan,	600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)	4 miles (6.4 km)[23]
	1913	Shuangcheng line, Jilin,	2 ft 2 in (660 mm)	4 miles (6.4 km)[23]
	1914	Benxihu to Niuxintai, Liaoning	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	9 miles (14 km)[23]
	1914	Nangang to Logang, Liaoning	narrow gauge	5 miles (8.0 km)[23]
	1914	Nanfen to Miao'ergou, Liaoning	narrow gauge	5 miles (8.0 km)[23]
	1914	Short segment of Tongpu Railway, Shanxi	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	5 miles (8.0 km)[23]
	1916	Liujiang coal line, Hebei	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	11 miles (18 km)[23]
	1916	Jiawang coal line, Jiangsu	narrow gauge	14 miles (23 km)[23]
	1916	Guangzhou to Longyen, Guangdong	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	23 miles (37 km)[23]
	1918	Xiangbishan to Wuwangmiao, Hubei	unknown gauge	16 miles (26 km)[23]
	1918	Tafeng coal line, Hebei	2 ft 8 in (813 mm)	4 miles (6.4 km)[23]
	1918	Yili coal line, Hebei	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	13 miles (21 km)[23]
	1918	Minxing coal line, Hebei	narrow gauge	1 mile (1.6 km)[23]
	1921	Gejiu to Bisezhai and Jijie to Shiping, Yunnan	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	84 miles (135 km)
	1921	Yihua iron mine, Anhui	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	12 miles (19 km)[23]
	1921	Jingfu salt line, Sichuan	3 ft (914 mm)	18 miles (29 km)[23]
	1922	Changxing coal line, Zhejiang	3 ft (914 mm)	16 miles (26 km)[23]
	1922	Liuhegou to Dudang, Henan	unknown gauge	4 miles (6.4 km)[23]
	1922	Baochang coal line, Hebei	narrow gauge	2 miles (3.2 km)[23]
	1923	Boshan coal line, Shandong	unknown gauge	13 miles (21 km)[23]
	1924	Laotougou to Korean border, Jilin	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	69 miles (111 km)[23]
	1924	Jitang coal line, Hebei	3 ft (914 mm)	39 miles (63 km)[23]
	1924	Qinhuangdao to Yiyuankou, Hebei	3 ft 3 in (991 mm)	20 miles (32 km)[23]
	1924	Tianyuan coal line, Shandong	1 ft 11+1⁄2 in (597 mm)	12 miles (19 km)[23]
	1924	Baoxing iron line, Anhui	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	6 miles (9.7 km)[23]
	1925	Qinhuangdao to Shilingzhuang, Hebei	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)	18 miles (29 km)[23]
	1925	Wangping to Sanjiadian, Hebei	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	14 miles (23 km)[23]
	1925	Addition to Yiyi coal line, Hebei	2 ft 6 in (762 mm)	4 miles (6.4 km)[23]
	1925	Nanzhang to Fengshan, Hebei	3 ft 3 in (991 mm)	4 miles (6.4 km)[23]
	1934	Yuanping to Linfen, Shanxi	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	230 miles (370 km)[23]
	1935	Xinxian to Hebian, Shanxi	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	25 miles (40 km)[23]
	1936	Yuanping to Ningwu, Shanxi	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	25 miles (40 km)[23]
	1937	Yuanping to Yangming, Pingyao to Fenyang and Ningwu to Datong, Shanxi	1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)	182 miles (293 km)[23]

• Transport in the People's Republic of China

• Steam railway photographs – China