National Center on Sexual Exploitation

Not to be confused with National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.
National Center on Sexual Exploitation
AbbreviationNCOSE
Founded1962
TypePolitical, media watchdog, anti-pornography
13-2608326
Legal status501(c)(3) organization[1]
Location
President
Patrick A. Trueman
Websiteendsexualexploitation.org Edit this at Wikidata
Formerly called
  • Operation Yorkville (1962-1968)
  • Morality In Media (1968–2015)

The National Center on Sexual Exploitation (NCOSE), previously known as Morality in Media and Operation Yorkville, is an American conservative anti-pornography organization.[2][3] The group has also campaigned against sex trafficking, same-sex marriage, sex shops and sex toys, decriminalization of sex work, comprehensive sex education, and various works of literature or visual arts the organization has deemed obscene, profane or indecent. Its current president is Patrick A. Trueman. The organization describes its goal as "exposing the links between all forms of sexual exploitation".[4]

The group was started as a part of the religious right and was primarily Catholic.[5] It began as an interfaith group of three New York clergymen concerned about pornography and "salacious" magazines. The group became involved in several landmark court battles regarding obscenity laws and freedom of speech in the United States. The group's influence later declined due to the decreasing interest in the anti-obscenity cause among prosecutors, politicians and religious leaders. After modernizing its message from morality to exploitation, the group changed its name and has stated that pornography constitutes a public health crisis, but this is not backed by any global health agency. The organization has been criticized for advancing medical claims that are false, misleading or unsupported.

History

[edit]

Operation Yorkville

[edit]

Operation Yorkville (OY) was founded by an interfaith group of three New York City clergymen in 1962.[6] Father Morton A. Hill of St. Ignatius Loyola Catholic Church became the public face of the group.[7] The group connected exposure to different types of "salacious" magazines and pornography to atheism, obscenity, homosexuality, juvenile delinquency, masturbation, murder, sexually transmitted diseases and "high school sex clubs", but did not provide evidence for its claims.[8] Although the group's actions emphasized the protection of minors, First Amendment Law Review wrote that "at times the organization seemed to be using children as a pretext for a society-wide ban".[9] The group maintained that they were fighting obscenities and not advocating censorship.[10] In 1963, the organization began a long-running effort to ban John Cleland's erotic novel Fanny Hill, which ended with the 1966 Supreme Court decision Memoirs v. Massachusetts.[11]

Morality in Media

[edit]

Operation Yorkville was renamed to Morality in Media (MIM) in 1968.[12] Hill, president of MIM until his death in 1985, was appointed to serve on the 18-member President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography by President Lyndon B. Johnson.[13] A report was submitted in 1970 that said all "adult" obscenity laws should be repealed.[13] Hill called the commission's report a "magna carta for the pornographers".[14] After the four justices nominated by President Richard Nixon reshaped the Supreme Court, the Burger Court disregarded the commission's report and upheld obscenity laws in 1973, citing the dissenting reports by Hill, minister Winfrey Link and Charles Keating, the leader of the Citizens for Decent Literature.[15] In 1973, a member of the group complained to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) about George Carlin's anti-censorship routine "Seven Dirty Words", leading to the 1978 decision FCC v. Pacifica Foundation.[16] In 1980, the organization launched an unsuccessful lawsuit over the New York premiere of the film Caligula.[17] The group also condemned the Monty Python film Life of Brian as a "direct, aggressive, deliberate violation of the rights of believing persons".[18] In 1983, MIM asked for federal action against pornography in a White House meeting with President Ronald Reagan.[19]

In the 1990s, the organization attacked the National Endowment for the Arts for funding what it deemed as obscene and profane art.[2] The group also pressured adult stores by picketing them, contacting landlords and prosecutors and by lobbying for changes in zoning laws.[20] In 1992, the group called for a boycott of all Time Warner products due to the publication of Madonna's book Sex.[21] In the mid-1990s, MIM was part of a religious boycott campaign against The Walt Disney Company after they began offering spousal benefits to same-sex partners of employees.[22][23] The organization was an active supporter of the 1996 Communications Decency Act, although the group stated that many of its proposals were not implemented.[24] After the Supreme Court struck down the law as unconstitutional in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, MIM began advocating for internet filters.[24] Primarily Catholic,[25] the organization joined other groups in the religious right to criticize the Waxman report, which found that abstinence-only sex education programs were unscientific and contained false information.[26] MIM has argued that safer-sex information is indecent.[27]

Once affiliated with the Christian Coalition, MIM would state that it "strongly upholds traditional family values and Judeo-Christian precepts".[28] The organization was part of the Coalition for Marriage, a religious right collective that sought a ban on the partner recognition of gay couples and opposed the anti-discrimination laws protecting LGBT people.[28] After the 2009 Binghamton shootings happened on the same day as Iowa's Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage, the organization released a statement titled "Connecting the Dots: The Line Between Gay Marriage and Mass Murders".[29] The group's president Bob Peters said that the sexual revolution and the "decline of morality" were the underlying cause of mass murders.[29] In 2010, MIM hoped that government officials would take action against adult stores and sex toys, which Peters likened to "a cancer, a slow-moving cancer".[30] The organization's influence had declined due to the decreasing interest in the anti-obscenity cause among prosecutors, politicians and religious leaders.[31] Peters conceded that "the war is over and we have lost".[32]

National Center on Sexual Exploitation

[edit]

The group's current CEO and president is Patrick A. Trueman, an attorney and a registered lobbyist.[33] He served as Chief of the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, a United States Department of Justice Criminal Division, when the George H. W. Bush administration aggressively prosecuted obscenity cases against adult pornography.[34] The organization underwent its most significant change in 2015 when it transformed into the National Center on Sexual Exploitation (NCOSE) in order to expand its focus to the social science and data on the intersectionality of sexual exploitation.[35][36][37][38][39] Sexuality Research and Social Policy writes that the name change reflects the group's modernization "from morality to exploitation".[40] NCOSE's flagship campaign is their Dirty Dozen List, an annual list of "mainstream facilitators of sexual exploitation".[41][42][43][44][45] In 2015, the organization successfully pressured Walmart to remove Cosmopolitan from its checkout aisles.[46] In 2016, NCOSE criticized Amnesty International after the human rights group joined Human Rights Watch and the World Health Organization in supporting the decriminalization of sex work.[47][48] NCOSE said the policy was irresponsible and that decriminalization would encourage human trafficking.[49][47][48] The group has also opposed legalized prostitution in Nevada.[50] In 2017, the organization was one of the principal supporters of the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA).[51]

Elizabeth Nolan Brown of Reason has criticized the group for promoting claims about sexuality and pornography that she claims contradict the findings of peer-reviewed studies.[37] Brown has also noted of the group: "The purity culture ethos of shame, abstinence, and fallen women still permeates these groups' activism. But it's been repackaged as a bid to protect women and kids from trauma and sexual harm rather than to uphold the sanctity of marriage and biblical womanhood."[52] Anti-Trafficking Review made assertions against NCOSE by claiming they "use misleading 'research reports' to fabricate a false medical consensus about the harms of pornography".[51] Since the 2010s, the group has stated that pornography constitutes a public health crisis.[40] NCOSE drafted much of the language when Utah passed a resolution labeling pornography a "public health hazard leading to a broad spectrum of individual and public health impacts and societal harms".[40][53] The resolution called for action against "the pornography epidemic that is harming the citizens of Utah and the nation".[40] The claims are not backed by global health agencies,[40] and outside experts criticized the language for its assertions.[53] 15 other states replicated the resolution using mostly identical language.[40]

NCOSE has roots in and ties with extreme-right and anti-gay organizations.[22]

Campaigns

[edit]

The organization operations can be categorized into three primary areas: grassroots corporate and legislative advocacy, legal advocacy through its law center, and public awareness and education.

Grassroots Corporate and Legislative Advocacy

[edit]

EARN IT Act

[edit]

The National Center on Sexual Exploitation was one of over 70 groups that came out in support of the controversial EARN IT Act in 2020 and called it "the best piece of accountability in the tech space since the passage of FOSTA-SESTA in 2018, which makes it illegal for interactive computer services to knowingly facilitate sex trafficking."[54]

EBSCO controversy

[edit]

In 2017, NCOSE placed EBSCO on its Dirty Dozen List because its databases, widely used in schools in the United States, "could be used to search for information about sexual terms."[55] The group said that some articles from Men's Health and other publications indexed by EBSCO included articles with sexual (but not pornographic) content, and that other articles in the database linked to websites that included pornography.[55] EBSCO responded by saying that it took the complaint seriously, but was unaware of any case "of students using its databases to access pornography or other explicit materials" and that "the searches NCOSE was concerned about had been conducted by adults actively searching for graphic materials, often on home computers that don't have the kinds of controls and filters common on school computers."[55]

James LaRue, the director of the American Library Association's Office for Intellectual Freedom, said that students have a right to receive information, even about topics that some groups deem inappropriate. He said that NCOSE's goal seems to be to get rid of any content "that will offend any parent in America."[55] "NCOSE has the right to advocate for greater restrictions on access to sexual content", said LaRue, "but they often do this by suppressing content. When they try to impose their standards on other families, the American Library Association would call that censorship."[55] NCOSE also put the American Library Association on their Dirty Dozen List, along with Amazon.com.[55]

Pornhub

[edit]

The National Center on Sexual Exploitation has advocated against pornography for decades and has taken aim at adult website Pornhub many times, including efforts to convince payment processing companies to stop working with the MindGeek-owned pornography site.[56] One of NCOSE's lawyers was mentioned by Nicholas Kristof in his article "The Children of Pornhub" for The New York Times in December 2020—a piece which may have been influential in Visa and Mastercard's decisions to stop working with Pornhub.[57]

On April 13, 2021, an article in Vice alleged that the National Center on Sexual Exploitation's rhetoric risked spilling over into real-world violence. The organization responded by alleging that institutionalized racism in pornography "fuel[ed] the demand for radicalized sexual violence."[58]

Visa and Mastercard

[edit]

In the early months of 2020, the National Center on Sexual Exploitation led a group of NGOs from around a dozen countries internationally in a grassroots public advocacy effort in hopes of pressuring payment processing companies to recognize the allegations of abuse and criminality being levied by groups like NCOSE against pornography websites and cut ties with them. In December 2020, in the wake of that campaign and a public awareness boost from an Opinion article about Pornhub by Nicholas Kristof in The New York Times, both Visa and Mastercard announced their intentions to end their work with Pornhub.[59][60]

Technology companies

[edit]

NCOSE criticized Parler after the events at the U.S. Capitol Building on January 6, 2021, saying that Parler has failed to moderate violence on its platform. It also criticized Google and Amazon for their treatment of sexual violence and exploitation in their platforms and products.[61]

After the Facebook Files were leaked by whistleblower Frances Haugen in October 2021, NCOSE called for the United States Congress to regulate Big Tech companies, saying, "Time and again, Big Tech has proven that it cannot regulate itself, and therefore Congress must step in".[62]

[edit]

Wyndham

[edit]

In early 2020, a lawsuit against Wyndham Hotels was brought by the National Center on Sexual Exploitation Law Center on behalf of a child sex trafficking survivor who was serially raped in Wyndham hotels.[63]

Twitter

[edit]

The National Center on Sexual Exploitation Law Center issued a lawsuit against Twitter, Inc. in January 2021. The lawsuit, John Doe v Twitter, claimed that Twitter had knowingly refused to remove widely-shared child sexual abuse material (a.k.a. child pornography) even after Doe verified his age to Twitter and requested it be taken down. According to the legal filing, Twitter's response to Doe said that its investigation "didn't find a violation of [Twitter's] policies, so no action will be taken." The lawsuit said that the video was removed after Doe's mother contacted an agent of the US Department of Homeland Security, who contacted Twitter about the matter.[64]

As of August 2021, a second plaintiff was represented in the lawsuit, referred to as John Doe #2. In August 2021, Chief Magistrate Judge Joseph C. Spero of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California said that the plaintiffs could proceed with a claim that Twitter Inc. benefited from sex trafficking involving them as teenagers when it published child pornography videos (a.k.a. child sexual abuse material[65]) on its website.[66][67]

MindGeek/Pornhub

[edit]

MindGeek, an international corporation that owns and operates sites like Pornhub, found itself the target of a class action lawsuit brought by NCOSE and several other law firms in February 2021. The litigation, a federal class action lawsuit, alleges that MindGeek hosted multiple rape videos of child sex trafficking victims and profited from that material while not doing anything to verify the age or consent of the children in the material.[68] During the same month (February 2021), the Canadian Parliament began hearings to investigate the allegations against Pornhub.[69]

WebGroup Czech Republic/XVideos

[edit]

The world's most-visited pornography website, XVideos, was prominently included as a part of a class action lawsuit against its parent company, WebGroup Czech Republic, that was filed by the National Center on Sexual Exploitation Law Center and several partnering law firms in March 2021. The lawsuit, filed on behalf of Plaintiff Jane Doe, alleges that the company benefited from a sex trafficking venture and distributing child pornography (a.k.a. child sexual abuse material[70]), and also failed to report child sexual abuse material.[71][72]

The case was dismissed with prejudice.[73] That has been appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.[74][75] On 2 January 2024, that Court partly reversed, partly vacated, and remanded the case, the essence being that the District Court has to properly investigate whether it has jurisdiction over those foreign entities.[76]

Funding

[edit]

The organization has previously received funding from Philip Anschutz and the Coors Brewing Company family.[77][78] Joseph Coors was also a member of the organization's board of directors.[78] U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) grants of $150,000 in the 2005 and 2006 federal budgets funded Morality in Media's review of citizen-generated obscenity complaints submitted to the group's ObscenityCrimes.org website. MIM deemed 67,000 complaints legitimate by August 2007 and referred them to the DOJ,[79] but the program never resulted in a prosecution.[80] The grants were created by Congressional earmarks by U.S. Representative Frank Wolf of Virginia.[79]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "National Center on Sexual Exploitation | Washington, DC | Cause IQ". www.causeiq.com.
  2. ^ a b Lewis, Andrew R. (2017). The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics: How Abortion Transformed the Culture Wars. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
  3. ^ Gold, Michael (March 28, 2018). "Walmart Pulls Cosmo From Checkout. Plus! Guess Who's Claiming Victory". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  4. ^ "About - National Center on Sexual Exploitation". National Center on Sexual Exploitation. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
  5. ^ Carroll, Jason; Padilla-Walker, Laura; Nelson, Larry; Olson, Chad; Barry, Carolyn; Madsen, Stephanie (January 2008). "Generation XXX: Pornography Acceptance and Use Among Emerging Adults". Journal of Adolescent Research. 23 (1): 6–30. doi:10.1177/0743558407306348. S2CID 145395436.
  6. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 218–222.
  7. ^ Bates 2010, p. 221.
  8. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 238–240.
  9. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 235–236.
  10. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 233–234.
  11. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 217–219.
  12. ^ Bates 2010, p. 219.
  13. ^ a b "Rev. Morton Hill, 68, pornography opponent". Chicago Tribune. November 7, 1985. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  14. ^ "Members Hit Pornography Conclusions". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 24 September 1970. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  15. ^ Strub, Whitney (2013). Perversion for Profit: The Politics of Pornography and the Rise of the New Right. Columbia University Press. pp. 152, 169, 256.
  16. ^ Sanburn, Josh (June 25, 2012). "You Can't Say That on Television: 40 Years of Debating Dirty Words". Time. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  17. ^ Vaughn, Stephen (2006). Freedom and Entertainment: Rating the Movies in an Age of New Media. Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–74.
  18. ^ "'Life of Brian' Film Attacked by Clergymen". The Washington Post. September 7, 1979. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  19. ^ Hoffman, David (March 29, 1983). "Reagan Hears Pleas to Battle Pornography". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  20. ^ Chicurel, Judy (June 17, 1990). "Morality in Media Takes On Adult Stores". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  21. ^ "Morality in Media backs Time Warner boycott". Tampa Bay Times. October 31, 1992. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  22. ^ a b Wilson, Jason (30 May 2024). "Revealed: how a US far-right group is influencing anti-gay policies in Africa". the Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  23. ^ Lyon, David (2013). "Signs of the Times". Jesus in Disneyland: Religion in Postmodern Times. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0745669373. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  24. ^ a b Lane, Frederick S. (2001). Obscene Profits: Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age. Routledge. p. 100.
  25. ^ Brint, Steven; Reith Schroedel, Jean (2011). Evangelicals and Democracy in America: Religion and Society, Volume 1. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 311.
  26. ^ Klein, Marty (2006). America's War on Sex: The Attack on Law, Lust and Liberty. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 18–19.
  27. ^ Heins, Marjorie (2007). Not in Front of the Children: 'Indecency,' Censorship, and the Innocence of Youth. Rutgers University Press. p. 176.
  28. ^ a b Cahill, Sean; Tobias, Sarah (2007). Policy Issues Affecting Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Families. University of Michigan Press. pp. 102, 104, 121.
  29. ^ a b Corn, David (April 9, 2009). "Gay Marriage Leads To Mass Murder?". Mother Jones. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  30. ^ "Alabama Sex Toy Drive-Thru Business on the Rise". CBS News. Associated Press. December 30, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  31. ^ Bates 2010, pp. 281–282.
  32. ^ Stone, Geoffrey R. (2018). "Sexual Expression and Free Speech: How Our Values Have (D)evolved". Human Rights. 43 (4). American Bar Association: 24. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  33. ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Public Disclosure > client list index > client list T". Jcp.senate.gov. 2011-10-13. Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
  34. ^ Krause, Jason (February 1, 2008). "The End of the Net Porn Wars". ABA Journal. 94 (2): 52–56. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  35. ^ Sunshine de Leon, for (2013-07-17). "Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge". CNN Digital. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  36. ^ "National Foster Youth Institute | Sex Trafficking". Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  37. ^ a b Brown, Elizabeth Nolan (14 July 2015). "Anti-Porn Summit on Capitol Hill Mixes Moralist, Feminist, and Public Health Rhetoric With Insane Results". Reason.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-07-15.
  38. ^ Westen, John-Henry (2015-01-28). "Want to Stop Sex Trafficking? Look to America's Porn Addiction". HuffPost. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  39. ^ "AP Exclusive: Big child webcam sex bust reveals rising abuse". AP NEWS. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  40. ^ a b c d e f Weitzer, Ronald (2019). "The Campaign Against Sex Work in the United States: A Successful Moral Crusade". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 17 (3). Springer Science+Business Media: 399–414. doi:10.1007/s13178-019-00404-1. S2CID 203525179. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  41. ^ Fordham, Evie (2020-02-05). "TikTok, Visa make 'Dirty Dozen' list: Sexual exploitation watchdog group". FOXBusiness. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  42. ^ Dunn, Adrienne. "Fact check: TikTok a security threat used by hackers and child-traffickers?". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  43. ^ Oui, Ann. "Morality in Media Names 'Dirty Dozen' Facilitators of Porn". Adult Video News. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  44. ^ Staff. "MiM Releases 2014 'Dirty Dozen' List of Leading Porn Facilitators". Adult Video News. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  45. ^ "Full Article". 2011-12-13. Archived from the original on 2011-12-13. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
  46. ^ Wang, Amy B (March 28, 2018). "Walmart pulls Cosmopolitan from checkout aisles after pressure from anti-porn group". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  47. ^ a b Bassett, Laura (May 27, 2016). "Buying And Selling Sex Should Be Decriminalized, Human Rights Groups Say". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  48. ^ a b Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "The Link Between Prostitution and Sex Trafficking". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  49. ^ School, Harvard Law (2014-06-12). "Does Legalized Prostitution Increase Human Trafficking?". Harvard Law and International Development Society. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  50. ^ "Nevada Sells Sex But Does That Make It Worse For Women?". Nevada Public Radio. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  51. ^ a b Chapman-Schmidt, Ben (2019). "'Sex Trafficking' as Epistemic Violence". Anti-Trafficking Review (12). Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women: 172–187. doi:10.14197/atr.2012191211. hdl:1885/288046. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  52. ^ Brown, Elizabeth Nolan (2022-04-09). "The New Campaign for a Sex-Free Internet". Reason. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  53. ^ a b Alberta, Tim. "How the GOP Gave Up on Porn". Politico Magazine. No. November/December 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  54. ^ "STATEMENT - National Center on Sexual Exploitation Supports EARN IT Act". National Center on Sexual Exploitation. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  55. ^ a b c d e f Jackie Zubrzycki, Do Online Databases Filter Out Enough Inappropriate Material? Archived 2018-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, Education Week (July 14, 2017).
  56. ^ "Call for credit card freeze on porn sites". BBC News. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  57. ^ Kristof, Nicholas (2020-12-04). "Opinion | The Children of Pornhub". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  58. ^ Cole, Samantha (13 April 2021). "The Crusade Against Pornhub Is Going to Get Someone Killed". Vice. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  59. ^ Friedman, Gillian (2020-12-10). "Mastercard and Visa stop allowing their cards to be used on Pornhub". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  60. ^ "International Coalition Calls on Major Card Companies to Cease Work with Porn Industry". National Center on Sexual Exploitation. 7 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  61. ^ "STATEMENT - Yes, Parler Has Issues. But Google and Amazon Must Also Confront Violence, Exploitation". National Center on Sexual Exploitation. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  62. ^ Wright, Sarafina (3 November 2021). "Google Allows Unwanted Photos of Minors to Be Removed from Search". The Washington Informer. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  63. ^ Fordham, Evie (2020-02-05). "TikTok, Visa make 'Dirty Dozen' list: Sexual exploitation watchdog group". FOXBusiness. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  64. ^ Elder, Jeff. "A minor is suing Twitter, claiming it took 9 days and intervention from Homeland Security for it to take down a sexually explicit video of him at 13 posted by a predator". Business Insider. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  65. ^ "Child Sexual Abuse Material". National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  66. ^ Barash, Martina (20 August 2021). "Twitter Faces Claim It Benefited From Child Sex Trafficking". Bloomberg Law. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  67. ^ Shields, Todd (6 August 2021). "Twitter Judge Rejects Early Escape From Youth Exploitation Suit". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  68. ^ Fonrouge, Gabrielle (2021-02-13). "Pornhub, MindGeek hosted rape videos of teen sex-trafficking victims: lawsuit". New York Post. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  69. ^ Cole, Samantha (February 8, 2021). "Watch Pornhub Execs Being Grilled for Abuse on Their Platform". Vice News. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  70. ^ "Child Sexual Abuse Material". www.missingkids.org. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  71. ^ "Porn Giant Faces Class Action for Hosting Child Sex Trafficking Videos". Top Class Actions. 2021-03-25. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  72. ^ "Jane Doe v. WebGroup Czech Republic, as, et al". www.law360.com. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  73. ^ "Jane Doe v. WebGroup Czech Republic, as, et al (2:21-cv-02428), California Central District Court". PacerMonitor Federal Court Case Tools. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  74. ^ "Jane Doe v. WebGroup Czech Republic, a.s." United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  75. ^ "Jane Doe v. WebGroup Czech Republic, a.s., et al (0:22-cv-55315), Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals". PacerMonitor Federal Court Case Tools. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  76. ^ Sources for 'appeal':
  77. ^ Barnett, Antony (June 16, 2002). "US probe into Dome's new owner". The Guardian. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  78. ^ a b Bellant, Russ (1991). The Coors Connection: How Coors Family Philanthropy Undermines Democratic Pluralism. South End Press. p. 63.
  79. ^ a b Lewis, Neil A. Federal Effort on Web Obscenity Shows Few Results Archived 2017-09-04 at the Wayback Machine New York Times, via nytimes.com, 2007-08-10. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  80. ^ Stone, Geoffrey R. (2017). "To Advance the Cause of Justice". Sex and the Constitution: Sex, Religion, and Law from America's Origins to the Twenty-First Century. Liveright Publishing. ISBN 9781631493652. Retrieved May 19, 2020.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Center_on_Sexual_Exploitation&oldid=1256947517"