Nduga people

Nduga People
Ndugwa, Dauwa, Dawa, Pesekhem, Pesegem
Nduga people in Kenyam
Total population
96.928 (2010)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia (Central Papua, South Papua,[2] dan Highland Papua)
Languages
Nduga, Indonesian
Related ethnic groups
Ngalik [id] • Dani • Lani

Nduga is an indigenous tribe in the Central Highlands region of southern Papua, particularly in the Nduga Regency and surrounding areas. The territory of the Nduga people borders the Dani and Lani to the north, the Asmat to the south, the Damal to the west, and the Ngalik [id] to the east.[3][4]

The Nduga tribe is divided into two groups: the Nduga tribe in the hot areas (lowlands), such as in Mapenduma [id], Central Mbua [id] up to Kora [id]-Lower, Wosak [id]-Lower, Kenyam, Geselma [id], Wandud [id], and Alama [id]. The second group consists of the Nduga tribe living in cold areas (highlands), such as in Yigi [id], Upper Mbuwa [id], Iniye [id], Upper Wosak [id], and Upper Kora [id].[3][4]

Etymology

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The name "Nduga" derives from a variation of the pronunciation of the word ndawa, which means people who live off hunting between the stone holes in the southern region of the Jayawijaya Mountains.[5]

History

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Pesegem people during the Third Southern New Guinea Expedition, 1912–1913.

The Nduga tribe believes that their ancestors were from the Seinma region in Yahukimo Regency and later they migrated to the Baliem Valley.[4] Many explorations were conducted in highland Papua during the early 20th century. One of these was the Second South New Guinea Expedition led by Lorentz and composed of the Kamoro [id] and Apo Kayan Dayak tribes in 1909–1910, which successfully met with representatives from the Pesegem tribesman in the south of Mount Trikora, although they failed to reach the Baliem Valley. The third expedition in 1912–1913, led by Herderschee, also managed to contact the Pesegem again. Pesegem is a Nduga-speaking group considered to be part of the Dani at the time. Additionally, the expedition team also encountered the Morup group, though they were not studied further.[6][7][8]

According to a Nduga community leader, when World War II occurred in the 1940s, the Nduga people had already migrated to Tsinga and Alama. There was then a migration back to Agimuga [id] in the 1950s because the Dutch opened this area for agriculture and coffee plantations due to the cold climate in Tsinga and Alama. In the 1960s, the Dutch government opened up the Kokonau [id], leading to another Nduga migration, albeit only reaching Mapuru Jaya before stopping at Kwamki.[9] The Ndugas became more widely known through evangelization missions by the Zending C&MA (Christian and Missionary Alliance) in 1963, which was led by a Sumatran-born Dutch-American missionary, Rev. Adriaan Van Der Bijl.[10] At first, he served in Enarotali. Then, at the C&MA conference in Jayapura, he decided to serve in the Nduga region. From Hitadipa [id] he went to Jila [id] by plane, then continued on foot to the Nduga territory in Mapenduma. As a token of appreciation, he was known by the name Ndugamende, meaning "this missionary belongs to us, the Ndugas," while his second wife, Elfrieda Toews, was known as Ndugakwe, meaning "Nduga woman."[11]

Language

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The Nduga tribe has its own language called Nduga Language, a member of the Ngalik-Nduga in the Baliem Valley or Dani language family. On its cultural language map, the Ministry of Education called this language Kenyam Niknene.[12] Some sub-groups of the Nduga tribe can speak surrounding languages apart from Nduga, such as Lani Nduga, who can speak Lani; Amung-Tau who can speak Amung-kal; Nduga-Loremeye who can speak Moni; and Nduga-Nayak who can speak Dani.[3] The Nduga language has several dialects, estimated to be over ten based on their locations, such as Hiburzt, Tundu, Tumbut, Suburu,[5] Mapenduma, Mbua, Kenyam, etc.[13]

Customs

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Kinship

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The Nduga tribe practices exogamous moieties, where the Nduga tribe is divided into two moieties: Gwijangge and Wandikbo, and married couples must belong to different moieties. Under those moieties, there are clans such as Kelnea, Tabuni, Nirigi, Nimiangge, and Pokneangge belonging to the Wandikbo moiety, while Lokbere, Murip, Bugiangge, Mbetmbere, and Debengen belong to the Gwijangge moiety.[4]

Marriage

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The Nduga people have four different kinds of marriage:

  • agreed marriage (kwemin apmin indimsigat)
  • marriage without parental consent (kwembalukbriknak)
  • a marriage arranged by the parents of both parties (itja nen lidludtakpidnak)
  • marriage as a result of witchcraft (nggawusawaniknakwee)

Nduga people also believe in aphrodisiac leaves to enchant a partner, which are kulalok, nabisinggi, and kwelbe leaves found in Puncak Trikora. The traditional dowries of the Nduga are pigs (wam), 3-5 strings of cowrie shells (ijebasik), 1-2 large shells (tol), 2-5 stone axes (wanggokme), and 1-2 plates of tobacco (ebekanem).[4]

Social Structure

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A housing complex consisting of several kince houses (traditional Nduga houses for men) or family clans in the Nduga tribe is called osiri, which is led by a tribal chief or big/rich man called ap noe or ap ngak/nggok and a warlord called wimbo or ndugure. Ap nggak cannot be replaced, and if he is a bad leader, the community will not obey him. Ap nggak is the leader of the war and organizes the coronation ceremony (liwitmbaruge). Meanwhile, wimbo selects the soldiers, whereas kwalembo presides over traditional ceremonies related to healing and the opening of new gardens or harvest ceremonies. At harvest ceremonies, the kwalembo utters sacred words (wusama) to bless noken bags full of yams. Ndugure is the Nduga term for the main actors in a conflict, either the perpetrator who caused the problem and initiated the conflict or the victims who wanted revenge by initiating fighting. So ndugure will be appointed the person responsible for which the warlords conducted war; he will be responsible for demanding and paying customary punishment.[4][14]

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References

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  1. ^ Ananta, A.; Arifin, E.N.; Hasbullah, M.S.; Handayani, N.B.; Pramono, A. (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 112. ISBN 978-981-4519-87-8. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  2. ^ Rahawarin, Yohanes Y.; Kilmaskossu, M. St E.; Kerepea, Y.; Mofu, Wolfram Y.; Angrianto, Rusdi; Peday, Hans F. Z.; Sinery, Anton S.; Dimara, Petrus A. (2013-11-17). "Perburuan Kasuari (Casuarius Spp.) Secara Tradisional Oleh Masyarakat Suku Nduga Di Distrik Sawaerma Kabupaten Asmat (the Traditional Hunting of Kasuari (Casuarius SP.) by Nduga Tribe in Sawaerma District, Asmat Regency)". Journal of People and Environment. 21 (1). Gadjah Mada University: 98–105. doi:10.22146/jml.18517 (inactive 2024-11-03). ISSN 0854-5510. Retrieved 2024-05-26.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  3. ^ a b c "Sejarah Kab:nduga". enggianusunue (in Indonesian). 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Somantri, Lili. Papua Sudah; Mengenal Suku Bangsa di Pegunungan Tengah Papua (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jurusan Pendidikan Geografi FPIPS UPI. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  5. ^ a b Prasetyo, S. (2020). Carstensz I'm Coming: Panduan Mendaki Gunung Tertinggi di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Lingkar Bumi. p. 57. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  6. ^ Leny, Veronika (July–December 2013). "Memahami Sistem Pengetahuan Budaya Masyarakat Pegunungan Tengah, Jayawijaya, Papua dalam Konteks Kebencanaan". Indonesian Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology. 34 (2): 134–151. URL to English abstract, with link to downloadable text in Indonesian.
  7. ^ "Papua Insects Foundation (3rd South New Guinea Expedition)". Papua Insects Foundation. 1913-02-21. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  8. ^ Pulle, A. (1914). Naar het Sneeuwgebergte van Nieuw-Guinea met de Derde Nederlandsche Expeditie (PDF). Amsterdam: Maatschappij voor goede en goedkoope lectuur. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  9. ^ Naskah Akademik Rancangan Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Mimika Tentang Pengakuan dan Perlindungan Masyarakat Hukum Adat (PDF). Mimika: Kabupaten Mimika. 2022. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
  10. ^ "KABUPATEN NDUGA". Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Papua. 2020-10-06. Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  11. ^ "Adriaan Van Der Bijl; Sang Nduga Mende Pembawa Terang Peradaban". Papua60Detik. 1929-11-19. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  12. ^ "Kenyam Niknene". Peta Bahasa (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  13. ^ Wandikbo, Menias; N.N Sitokdana, Melkior (2019-12-14). "Perancangan Kamus Digital Bahasa Suku Nduga Berbasis Android". Jurnal Mnemonic. 2 (1). LPPM ITN Malang: 47–52. doi:10.36040/mnemonic.v2i1.51. ISSN 2614-4808.
  14. ^ Taga, Eurico Hawunio; Hakim, Fany N. R. (2024-06-29). "Analisis Hubungan Adat Istiadat Dan Konflik Dalam Tinjauan Kriminologi: Studi Kasus Suku Nduga Papua". UNES Law Review. 6 (4): 11009–11023. doi:10.31933/unesrev.v6i4.2017 (inactive 2024-11-03). ISSN 2622-7045. Retrieved 2024-09-03.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
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