Neo Geo (system)

This article is about the original Neo Geo arcade and console systems. For the Neo Geo brand as a whole, see Neo Geo.
Neo Geo

Neo Geo AES console (top) and 4-slot MVS arcade cabinet (bottom)
ManufacturerSNK Corporation
Product familyNeo Geo
TypeArcade system board
Home video game console
GenerationFourth
Release date
Introductory priceUS$649.99
Discontinued1997[3]
Units sold1.18 million[a]
MediaROM cartridge
CPUMotorola 68000 @ 12 MHz
Zilog Z80A @ 4 MHz
Memory64 KB RAM, 84 KB VRAM, 2 KB sound memory
StorageMemory card
Display320×224 resolution, 3840 on-screen colors out of a palette of 65536
SoundYamaha YM2610
Power8 W older systems
5 W newer systems
Dimensions325 × 237 × 60 mm
SuccessorNeo Geo CD
Hyper Neo Geo 64

The Neo Geo (Japanese: ネオジオ, Hepburn: Neojio), stylized as NEO•GEO and also written as NEOGEO, is a ROM cartridge-based video gaming system released on April 26, 1990, by Japanese game company SNK Corporation. Designed as both an arcade system board (Multi Video System; MVS) and home video game console (Advanced Entertainment System; AES), the Neo Geo was marketed as the first 24-bit system; its CPU is actually a 16/32-bit 68000 with an 8-bit Z80 coprocessor, while its GPU chipset has a 24-bit graphics data bus. It was a very powerful system when released, more powerful than any video game console at the time, and many arcade systems such as rival Capcom's CPS, which did not surpass it until the CP System II in 1993.[6] Neo Geo hardware production lasted seven years; it was succeeded by Hyper Neo Geo 64.

The Neo Geo MVS coin-operated arcade machine offers owners the ability to put up to six different cartridges into a single cabinet. This unique feature was a key economic consideration for operators with limited floorspace, as well as saving money long term.[7] The Neo Geo AES was originally released solely as a rental console for video game stores in Japan called the Neo Geo Rental System, with its high manufacturing costs causing SNK not to release it for retail sale. This was later reversed due to high demand and it was released at retail as a luxury console. Adjusted for inflation, it was the most expensive home video game console ever released, costing US$649.99 (equivalent to $1,450 in 2023).[8] The AES had identical hardware to the MVS, allowing home users to play the games exactly as they were in the arcades;[9] however, cartridges are not inter-compatible due to different physical sizes, meaning that software releases differed for the two systems. In 1994, SNK released the Neo Geo CD console which utilizes cheaper compact disc media as opposed to the cartridges used on the AES.

The Neo Geo MVS was a success during the 1990s due to the cabinet's low cost, multiple cartridge slots, and compact size. Several successful video game series were released for the platform, such as Fatal Fury, Art of Fighting, Samurai Shodown, World Heroes, The King of Fighters, Twinkle Star Sprites and Metal Slug; game software production lasted until 2004,[10] making Neo Geo the longest-supported arcade system of all time.[11] The AES had a very niche market in Japan, though sales were very low in the U.S. due to its high price for both the hardware and software, but it has since gained a cult following and is now considered a collectable. Worldwide, one million Neo Geo MVS units have been shipped[b][12] and 980,000 Neo Geo AES and CD units combined.[c][13]

History

[edit]

Development

[edit]
MVS (Multi Video System) logo
Logo used for the MVS (Multi Video System)

The Neo Geo hardware was an evolution of an older SNK/Alpha Denshi M68000 arcade platform that was used in Time Soldiers in 1987, further developed in the SNK M68000 hardware platform as used for P.O.W.: Prisoners of War in 1988. Contrary to other popular arcade hardware of the time, the SNK/Alpha Denshi hardware used sprite strips instead of the more common tilemap-based backgrounds.[14] The Neo Geo hardware was essentially developed by Alpha Denshi's Eiji Fukatsu, adding sprite scaling through the use of scaling tables stored in ROM as well as support for a much higher amount of data on cartridges and better sound hardware.[15][16][17] The system's hardware specifications were finalized in December 1989.[1]

Takashi Nishiyama left Capcom, where he had created the fighting game Street Fighter (1987), to join SNK after they invited him to join the company. There, he was involved in developing the Neo Geo. He proposed the concept of an arcade system that uses ROM cartridges like a game console, and also proposed a home console version of the system. His reasons for these proposals were to make the system cheaper for markets such as China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Central America, and South America, where it was difficult to sell dedicated arcade games due to piracy. Nishiyama also created the Fatal Fury fighting game franchise, as a spiritual successor to the original Street Fighter. He also worked on the fighting game franchises Art of Fighting and The King of Fighters, as well as the run and gun video game series Metal Slug.[18]

Release

[edit]

The Neo Geo was announced and demonstrated on January 31, 1990, in Osaka, Japan.[19][20][21] SNK exhibited several Neo Geo games at Japan's Amusement Machine Operators' Union (AOU) show in February 1990, including NAM-1975, Magician Lord, Baseball Stars Professional, Top Player's Golf and Riding Hero.[22] The Neo Geo then made its overseas debut at Chicago's American Coin Machine Exposition (ACME) in March 1990, with several games demonstrated.[23][24][21] The system was then released in Japan on April 26, 1990.[25] Initially, the AES home system was only available for rent to commercial establishments,[26] such as hotel chains, bars and restaurants. When customer response indicated that some gamers were willing to buy a US$650 console, SNK expanded sales and marketing into the home console market in 1991.

The Neo Geo AES shipped with large, arcade-style controllers.

Neo Geo's graphics and sound are largely superior to other contemporary home consoles, computers (such as the X68000) and even some arcade systems. Unlike earlier systems, the Neo Geo AES was intended to reproduce the same quality of the game as the arcade MVS system. The MVS was one of the most powerful arcade units at the time, allowing the game ROM to be loaded from interchangeable cartridges instead of using custom, dedicated hardware cabinets for each game.[27]

In the United States, the console's debut price was planned to be US$599 and included two joystick controllers and a game: either Baseball Stars Professional or NAM-1975. However, the price was raised and its American launch debuted as the Gold System at US$649.99 (equivalent to $1,454 in 2023). Later, the Gold System was bundled with Magician Lord and Fatal Fury. The Silver System package, launched at US$399.99, included one joystick controller and no pack-in game. Other games were launched at about US$200 and up. At double or quadruple the price of the competition, the console and its games were accessible only to a niche market.[28] However, its full compatibility meant that no additional money was being spent on porting or marketing for the AES, since the MVS' success was automatically feeding the AES, making the console profitable for SNK.[citation needed]

Lifetime and discontinuation

[edit]

In January 1991, Romstar released an arcade conversion kit version of the Neo Geo in the United States, allowing the conversion of an arcade cabinet into a Neo Geo system.[29] The same month, the Neo Geo home console version made its North American debut at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). SNK also announced that there would generally be a roughly six-month gap between the arcade and home releases of Neo Geo games.[30]

When real-time 3D graphics became the norm in the arcade industry, the Neo Geo's 2D hardware was unable to do likewise. Despite this, Neo Geo arcade games retained profitability through the mid-1990s,[31] and the system was one of three 1995 recipients of the American Amusement Machine Association's Diamond Awards (which are based strictly on sales achievements).[32] SNK developed a new home console in 1994, called the Neo Geo CD. A new arcade system was also made in 1997, called Hyper Neo Geo 64. However, these two systems had low popularity and only a few games.

While it ceased manufacturing home consoles by the end of 1997, SNK continued making software for the original 2D Neo Geo. Despite being very aged by the end of the decade, the Neo Geo continued getting popular releases, such as the critically acclaimed The King of Fighters 2002. The last official game by SNK for the Neo Geo system, Samurai Shodown V Special, was released in 2004, 14 years after the system's introduction.

On August 31, 2007, SNK stopped offering maintenance and repairs to Neo Geo home consoles, handhelds, and games.[3][33]

Technical details

[edit]
Inside a four cartridge Neo Geo arcade machine
Neo Geo AES motherboard

Each joystick controller is 280 mm (width) × 190 mm (depth) × 95 mm (height) (11 × 8 × 2.5 in.) and contains the same four-button layout as the arcade MVS cabinet.

The arcade machines have a memory card system by which a player could save a game to return to at a later time and could also be used to continue play on the SNK home console of the same name.[34]

The arcade version of the video game hardware is often referred to as the "MVS", or Multi Video System (available in 1-slot, 2-slot, 4-slot, and 6-slot variations, differing in the amount of game cartridges loaded into the machine at the time), with its console counterpart referred to as the "AES", or Advanced Entertainment System. Early motherboard revisions contain daughterboards, used to enhance the clarity of the video output.

The MVS and AES hardware can execute identical machine code. Owners can move EPROMs from one type to the other, and the game will still run. The program specifics for both MVS and AES game options are contained on every game ROM, whether the cartridge is intended for home or arcade use. However, the arcade and home cartridges do have a different pinout. They were designed this way to prevent arcade operators from buying the cheaper home carts and then using them in arcades. In a few home version games,[which?] the arcade version of the game can be unlocked by inputting a special code.[which?][citation needed]

ROM sizes and startup screens

[edit]

The original specification for ROM size is up to 330 megabits, hence the system displaying "Max 330 Mega Pro-Gear Spec" upon startup. While no technical advances were required to achieve it, some games over 100 megabits, such as Top Hunter, followed this screen by displaying an animation proclaiming "The 100Mega Shock!". The original ROM size specification was later enhanced on cartridges with bank switching memory technology, increasing the maximum cartridge size to around 716 megabits. These new cartridges also cause the system to display "Giga Power Pro-Gear Spec" upon startup or during attract mode, indicating this enhancement.

  • The 100Mega Shock!
    The 100Mega Shock!
  • Giga Power
    Giga Power

Specifications

[edit]
The game cartridges measure 19 cm (7.5 in) by 14 cm (5.5 in) by 2.5 cm (0.98 in).
Neo Geo Memory Card

The system uses seven different specialist processors, which divide the workload for the visuals, audio and gameplay.[35]

CPU

[edit]

Memory

[edit]

RAM: 214 KB SRAM[37][1]

  • Main 68000 RAM: 64 KB (32 KB SRAM ×2)
  • Video RAM: 84 KB SRAM
    • Main VRAM: 64 KB (32 KB SRAM ×2)
    • Palette memory: 16 KB (8 KB SRAM ×2)
    • Fast video sprite RAM: 4 KB (2 KB SRAM ×2)
  • Z80 sound RAM: 2 KB SRAM
  • Battery-backup save NVRAM: 64 KB SRAM

On-board ROM: 512 KB[37]

  • Zoom look-up table: 128 KB
  • Fix layer graphics: 128 KB
  • Z80 sound: 128 KB
  • 68000 BIOS: 128 KB

Display

[edit]
The die of the SNK LSPC2-A2

The SNK custom video chipset allows the system to draw sprites in vertical strips of tiles (blocks of 16x16 pixels), and can be 32 tiles tall (total of 512 pixels); it can draw up to 380 sprites on the screen at a time, with the limitation of 96 sprites per scanline. Each tile can be assigned a palette, which defines 15 colors (+ transparency). Allowing up to 256 palettes at the same time, the system can display 3840 colors simultaneously. Unlike most other video game consoles of its time, the Neo Geo does not use scrolling tilemap background layers. Instead, it has a single non-scrolling tilemap layer called the fix layer, while any scrolling layers rely exclusively on drawing sprites to create the scrolling backgrounds (like the Sega Y Board). By laying multiple sprites side by side, the system can simulate a tilemap background layer. The Neo Geo sprite system represents a step between conventional sprites and tilemaps.[37]

  • GPU chipset:[38]
    • SNK LSPC2-A2 (line sprite generator & VRAM interface) @ 24 MHz[37]
    • SNK PRO-B0 (palette arbiter)[39]
    • SNK PRO-A0, NEO-B1, NEO-GRC[40]
  • GPU graphics data bus: 24-bit[41][42]
  • Display resolution: 320×224 px (many games only use the centermost 304 px),[37] progressive scan
  • Color palette: 65,536 (16-bit) (not RGB565, but RGB666, where the lowest bit of each channel is shared, being common to the three RGB components)[37]
  • Maximum colors on screen: 3840
  • Maximum sprites on screen: 380[1]
  • Minimum sprite size: 16×16 px[1]
  • Maximum sprite size: 16×512 px[1]
  • Maximum sprites per scanline: 96[1]
  • Maximum sprite pixels per scanline: 1536 px[37]
  • Static tilemap plane: 1 (512×256 px fix layer)[37]
  • Background planes: Up to 3 planes,[23] which enable parallax scrolling (large sprites can be chained together to make objects that function similarly to tilemap backgrounds)[37]
  • Aspect ratio: 4:3
  • A/V output: RF, composite video/RCA audio, RGB (with separate 21 pin RGB cable FCG-9, or European standard RGB SCART cable).

Sound

[edit]

The onboard Yamaha YM2610 sound chip provides 15 channels of sound.

Other

[edit]
Power
  • Source: separate DC 5 V (older systems) and DC 9 V adapter (newer systems).
  • Consumption: 8 W older systems, 5 W newer systems
Dimensions
  • Console: 325 mm (width) × 237 mm (depth) × 60 mm (height)
  • Controller: 280 mm (width) × 190 mm (depth) × 95 mm (height)
Console storage
  • Removable memory card: 2 KB or 68-pin JEIDA ver. 3 spec memory.[44] Any 68-pin memory that fits the JEIDA version 3 spec will work.
Arcade storage
  • Removable memory card: 68-pin. Cartridge is composed of two PCBs.[45]

Reception

[edit]

The Neo Geo MVS was a worldwide commercial success upon release in arcades, becoming one of the highest-earning machines at various arcades across markets such as North America and Australia in 1990.[2] In North America, three Neo Geo games were later among the ten top-grossing arcade software conversion kits in December 1992: Art of Fighting at number one, World Heroes at number two, and King of the Monsters 2 at number ten.[46][47] The Neo Geo MVS received Diamond awards from the American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) two years in a row, for being among America's top four best-selling arcade machines of 1992 (with Street Fighter II: Champion Edition, Mortal Kombat and Terminator 2)[48] and 1993.[49] In 1994, the Neo Geo MVS was best-selling arcade printed circuit board (PCB) worldwide.[50]

In the 1990 Gamest Awards, the Neo Geo received the Special Award.[51] At the 1991 AMOA Awards held by the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA), the Neo Geo won the "Most Innovative New Technology" award.[52]

In a 1993 review, GamePro gave the Neo Geo a "thumbs up". Though they voiced several criticisms, noting that the system was not as powerful as the soon-to-launch 3DO and had few releases which were not fighting games, they generally praised both the hardware and games library and recommended that gamers who could not afford the console (which was still priced at $649.99) play the games in the arcade.[53]

Legacy

[edit]

The Neo Geo is the first home game console to feature a removable memory card for saved games.[54]

The GameTap subscription service has included a Neo Geo emulator and a small library of Neo Geo games. In 2007 Nintendo announced that Neo Geo games would appear on the Wii's Virtual Console,[55][56][57][58] starting with Fatal Fury: King of Fighters, Art of Fighting, The King of Fighters '94, and World Heroes. Neo Geo games were released through Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network (For the PlayStation 3/PlayStation Network, the service was called NEOGEO Station), including Fatal Fury Special, Samurai Shodown II, Metal Slug 3, Garou: Mark of the Wolves and The King of Fighters '98. Many Neo Geo games were released on the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Windows, and Nintendo Switch through the Arcade Archives service.

Homebrew activity began after the console's discontinuation, both by noncommercial hobbyists and commercially.[59]

Neo Geo has a community of collectors. Because of the limited production runs received by cartridges amongst the sizable available arcade library, some of the rarest Neo Geo games can sell for well over $1,000. The most valuable game is the European AES version of Kizuna Encounter: Super Tag Battle. The MVS market provides a cheaper alternative to the expensive and rare home cartridges, and complete arcade kits are priced at a premium.[60] It is also possible to play the MVS cartridges, which generally cost much less, on the AES home system through the use of adapters.

In 2009, the Neo Geo was ranked 19th out of the 25 best video game consoles of all time by video game website IGN.[61]

Recreated hardware

[edit]

Since the 2010s, SNK have revived the Neo Geo in new form factors with built-in games, created both by themselves and by officially licensed third-parties.

Neo Geo X

[edit]

The Neo Geo X, an officially licensed device with a collection of Neo Geo games pre-installed,[62] was first released in 2012 by TOMMO Inc. After just one year and a lukewarm reception due to its price and poor quality of the emulation, on October 2, 2013, SNK Playmore terminated the license agreement and demanded an immediate cease and desist of distribution and sales of all licensed products.[63][64][65]

Neo Geo Mini

[edit]
Neo Geo Mini (original Japanese version)

On June 9, 2018, SNK announced the Neo Geo Mini, a miniature sized semi-portable arcade cabinet loosely resembling the appearance of a Japanese Neo Geo MVS, which features 40 built-in SNK titles, and was released on July 24, 2018, in Japan to celebrate SNK's 40th anniversary.[66][67] The games on the system are the AES home console versions with limited continues, however, the Neo Geo Mini features a save/load state system which allows players to save and load the game at any time to continue the game and has up to four save files per game. In addition to its 320x224 pixel display, it can be connected to a TV via an HDMI cable and it has two ports for external Neo Geo Mini control pads based on the Neo Geo CD controllers.[68]

The Neo Geo Mini International Edition

SNK also released an international version of the Neo Geo Mini, which was released outside Japan on October 15, 2018, and later in Japan on November 15, 2018. The international version contains the same features as the Japanese Neo Geo Mini but 14 out of the 40 titles are different (including all of the Metal Slug games) and a different interface. As such, both versions have 54 different SNK titles in total.[68] On July 19, 2019, SNK announced the discontinuation of the original Neo Geo Mini and the international version.[5]

In December 2018, a limited edition Christmas themed Neo Geo Mini was released, featuring nine games previously unreleased on the other two versions.[69] On June 27, 2019, a limited edition called "Samurai Shodown" was released, in three colors; white, red, and blue, with a black edition being released later on. This edition has 40 games, featuring all of the Samurai Shodown games, including three new games that have never been included in prior versions. Another limited edition was released exclusively in Japan on September 30, 2019, called "Samurai Spirits Kuroko", with 48 games.[70]

List of games on Neo Geo Mini
Games International
Edition 		Japan
Edition 		Christmas
Edition 		Samurai Shodown
Editions 		Samurai Spirits Kuroko
Edition
3 Count Bout Yes No No No No
Aggressors of Dark Kombat No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Alpha Mission II No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Art of Fighting Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Blazing Star Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Blue's Journey Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Burning Fight No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Crossed Swords Yes No No No No
Cyber-Lip No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fatal Fury: King of Fighters No No Yes Yes Yes
Fatal Fury 2 No No Yes Yes Yes
Fatal Fury Special Yes Yes No No No
Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory No No Yes No No
Real Bout Fatal Fury Yes Yes No No No
Real Bout Fatal Fury Special No No Yes Yes Yes
Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Garou: Mark of the Wolves Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Football Frenzy Yes No No No No
Ghost Pilots Yes No No No No
The King of Fighters '94 No Yes No No No
The King of Fighters '95 Yes Yes No No No
The King of Fighters '96 No Yes No No No
The King of Fighters '97 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
The King of Fighters '98 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
The King of Fighters '99 No Yes Yes Yes Yes
The King of Fighters 2000 Yes Yes No No No
The King of Fighters 2001 No Yes Yes No Yes
The King of Fighters 2002 Yes Yes Yes No Yes
The King of Fighters 2003 No Yes No No No
King of the Monsters Yes No Yes No Yes
King of the Monsters 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kizuna Encounter: Super Tag Battle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
The Last Blade No Yes No No No
The Last Blade 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Last Resort Yes No No No No
League Bowling No No Yes Yes Yes
Magician Lord Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Metal Slug (1996) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Metal Slug 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Metal Slug X Yes No Yes No Yes
Metal Slug 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Metal Slug 4 Yes No Yes No Yes
Metal Slug 5 Yes No Yes No Yes
Mutation Nation Yes No No No Yes
Ninja Combat No No Yes No No
Ninja Commando No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ninja Master's Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Puzzled Yes Yes No No No
Robo Army Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Samurai Shodown (1993) No No No Yes Yes
Samurai Shodown II Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Samurai Shodown III No No No Yes Yes
Samurai Shodown IV Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Samurai Shodown V No No No Yes Yes
Samurai Shodown V Special Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Savage Reign No No Yes No No
Sengoku 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Shock Troopers Yes No Yes No Yes
Shock Troopers: 2nd Squad Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Soccer Brawl No No Yes Yes Yes
Super Sidekicks Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
The Super Spy No No Yes No No
Top Hunter: Roddy & Cathy No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Top Player's Golf Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Twinkle Star Sprites No Yes Yes Yes Yes
World Heroes Perfect Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Number of games Included 40 40 48 40 48
Games International
Edition 		Japan
Edition 		Christmas
Edition 		Samurai Shodown
Editions 		Samurai Spirits Kuroko
Edition

Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro

[edit]

In September 2019, SNK announced the release of the Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro. Resembling a large white arcade stick complete with joystick and 8 buttons, it has 20 built-in games as well as HDMI output for TVs. It can also be used on any of the Neo Geo Mini units via an included adapter and is also backwards compatible with the game pads released for the Mini.[71][72] The initial 20 built-in games were all fighting games,[73] but more games were added by SNK through software updates to make a total of 40.

In November 2020, a special limited Christmas edition of the Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro was released. The package includes a Neo Geo CD style control pad, a cover for the arcade stick, an arcade stick ball cover, a sticker sheet and a Neo Geo 30th anniversary artbook. All 40 games are included, unlocked from the start.[74]

List of Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro games
Initial games Additional games released throughout 2020

Unico

[edit]

In August 2020, the company Unico announced the Neo Geo MVSX, an arcade table top system capable of playing MVS and AES titles that are pre-installed on the system itself, with 2 player support with a 17-inch screen, and pre-loaded with 50 games. Also available is a 32-inch stand to allow it to work as a free-standing unit resembling a vintage MVS cabinet. It was released in November 2020 in North America.[75][76][77]

In late 2023, Unico released another Neo Geo Mini, this one in the style of an MVS arcade cabinet. It could be purchased with or without an additional Unico red controller, modelled the same way as the pre-existing Neo Geo mini controllers and an HDMI cable. It comes pre-loaded with 45 games, most of them are the same as those found on the MVSX, but with five games removed from the line up.[78]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 1 million in Japan.[4] 180,000 overseas.[5]
  2. ^ As of April 1997
  3. ^ As of March 1997

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j NEO•GEO Hardware Specification. 18 June 1991. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
  2. ^ a b "American operators vote for Neo-Geo". Leisure Line. Australia: Leisure & Allied Industries. August 1990. p. 27.
  3. ^ a b "ネオジオ修理のお問い合わせ" (in Japanese). SNK Playmore. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  4. ^ "Hardware Totals". Game Data Library. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Tokyorama". Consoles + (in French). No. 73. February 1998. pp. 46–7. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ "Neo Geo History". Neo Geo, Arcade & Retro Games. Archived from the original on 2012-12-31. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
  7. ^ "SNK Neo-Geo 101: A Beginner's Guide - RetroGaming with Racketboy". 20 May 2011.
  8. ^ Plunkett, Luke (December 17, 2013). "36 Years of Console Prices, Adjusted for Inflation". Kotaku. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  9. ^ Slaven, Andy (2002). Video Game Bible, 1985-2002. Trafford Publishing. pp. 338–. ISBN 978-1-55369-731-2.
  10. ^ Hirohiko Niizumi, [1], GameSpot, July 23, 2004, Accessed June 8, 2008.
  11. ^ "Longest support for an arcade system". Guinness World Records.
  12. ^ "Overseas Readers Column - SNK To Intro "NEO•GEO 64" In Summer". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 539. Amusement Press, Inc. 15 April 1997. p. 22.
  13. ^ "Japon Previews: Tokyorama - Les Ventes De L'année". Consoles + (in French). No. 73. M.E.R.7. February 1998. p. 47.
  14. ^ "MAME - BryanMcPhail.com". www.bryanmcphail.com.
  15. ^ "ADK会社案内". 3 August 2001. Archived from the original on 3 August 2001.
  16. ^ "ADK". www.neo-geo.com. 6 November 2002.
  17. ^ "100,000 + 1 things you never new about neo - Page 9". www.neo-geo.com. 28 January 2003.
  18. ^ "The Man Who Created Street Fighter from 1UP.com". 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  19. ^ "Mortal Shang - Neo-Geo". Mortal Shang. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
  20. ^ "News Digest: SNK Smiling With 2 Fine Dedicated Games; Multi-Game System Coming at ACME". RePlay. Vol. 15, no. 5. February 1990. p. 14.
  21. ^ a b "Cover story: SNK Corp. Readies Multi-Game Neo-Geo Video System For World Release; Stateside Debut Slated for ACME". RePlay. Vol. 15, no. 6. March 1990. pp. 83–6.
  22. ^ "Overseas Readers Column: Many Videos Unveiled At AOU Expo '90 Chiba" (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 377. Amusement Press, Inc. 1 April 1990. p. 26.
  23. ^ a b c "ACME: New Product Review". RePlay. Vol. 15, no. 7. April 1990. pp. 50–84.
  24. ^ "Sneak Preview: sizzling new equipment of all stripes will be on display at ACME". RePlay. Vol. 15, no. 6. March 1990. pp. 30–8.
  25. ^ "Arcade Gear - Neo Geo". MArcade Gear. Archived from the original on 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
  26. ^ "SNK's Neo-Geo Vidgame System is Cooking". RePlay. Vol. 16, no. 1. October 1990. p. 18.
  27. ^ Nicoll, Benjamin (2015). "Bridging the Gap: The Neo Geo, the Media Imaginary, and the Domestication of Arcade Games". Games and Culture. doi:10.1177/1555412015590048. S2CID 147981978.
  28. ^ "Which Game System is the Best!?". Next Generation. No. 12. December 1995. p. 75. The original Neo-Geo home system basically brought the exact same arcade experience home. Cartridges, however, cost upward of $200, which relegated the system to a very select market.
  29. ^ "News Digest: Romstar Set To Ship One-Slot Neo-Geo Hardware Kits". RePlay. Vol. 16, no. 4. January 1991. pp. 20, 88.
  30. ^ "Kawasaki Puts Coin-Op First In New Neo-Geo Scheme". RePlay. Vol. 16, no. 5. February 1991. p. 23.
  31. ^ Webb, Marcus (November 1995). "Arcadia". Next Generation. No. 11. p. 26. Basically, SNK's Neo Geo system has proved the existence of a die-hard market for lower-cost videogames in arcades ...
  32. ^ "And the Winner Is...". Next Generation. No. 17. May 1996. p. 21.
  33. ^ "No Love: SNK Stop Neo Geo Support". Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.
  34. ^ "This Fall Everything Turns To Gold With Neo-Geo: The Player's Gold Card Keeps Them Coming Back For More". RePlay. Vol. 16, no. 2. November 1990. pp. 26–7.
  35. ^ Elizabeth Olson, "Neo Geo: The Shape of Things to Come?", Game Informer, issue 2 (November–December 1991), page 14
  36. ^ a b "Lud's RetroComputing Info". drolez.com.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i MacDonald, Charles. "Neo*Geo MVS Hardware Notes". Retrieved 2012-01-26.
  38. ^ "GPU - NeoGeo Development Wiki". Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
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