2009 New York's 23rd congressional district special election

2009 New York's 23rd congressional district special election

← 2008 November 3, 2009 (2009-11-03) 2010 →

New York's 23rd congressional district
 
Nominee Bill Owens Doug Hoffman Dede Scozzafava
(withdrawn)
Party Democratic Conservative Republican
Alliance Working Families Independence
Popular vote 73,137 69,553 8,582
Percentage 48.3% 46.0% 5.7%


U.S. Representative before election

John M. McHugh
Republican

Elected U.S. Representative

Bill Owens
Democratic

The 2009 special election for New York's 23rd congressional district was held on November 3, 2009, to select the successor to Republican John M. McHugh. McHugh was nominated to become United States Secretary of the Army on June 2, 2009, and resigned as representative of New York's 23rd congressional district on September 21, 2009, after being confirmed by the Senate.[1][2]

The Democratic Party and the Working Families Party nominated businessman and attorney Bill Owens, and the Conservative Party of New York nominated businessman and accountant Doug Hoffman. The Republican Party and Independence Party nominated State Assembly member Dede Scozzafava, who withdrew from the race three days before the election[3] and endorsed Owens.[4] On Election Day, Owens defeated Hoffman.[5]

The 2009 special election received significant national attention, and was alternately described as "a referendum on President Barack Obama" and "a fight over the identity of the Republican Party."[6][7] The race was also noteworthy due to the Tea Party movement influence on its outcome,[8][9] and for its impact on same-sex marriage legislation in New York.[10][11][12]

Background

[edit]

New York's 23rd congressional district had historically been one of the most Republican districts in the United States. The district's seat had been in Republican hands since 1873.[13] The far northern portion of the district—including the largest city, Watertown—had not been represented by a Democrat since the 1850s. In parts of the district, the last non-Republican to represent the district had been a Whig.[14] McHugh was first elected in 1992, and was reelected eight times with over 60% of the vote, including running unopposed in 2002.

Although McHugh was consistently elected with over 60% of the vote, in recent years the district had been more competitive in United States presidential elections. George W. Bush narrowly carried the district in both 2004 against John Kerry, 51%–47%. However, Gore narrowly defeated Bush in what was then the 24th district in 2000,[15] repeating Bill Clinton's victory there in 1996. Barack Obama defeated John McCain in the district 52%–47% in 2008.[16]

Democrats had also recently done well in the district at the state level. In a 2008 special election for New York's 48th State Senate district (which is coextensive with the northwestern portion of the 23rd congressional district and includes Watertown), Democratic Assemblyman Darrel Aubertine defeated heavily favored Republican Assemblyman Will Barclay. Aubertine became the first Democrat to represent what is now the 48th Senate district in over a century.[17]

On September 29, 2009, New York Governor David Paterson issued a proclamation setting the special election to fill the vacancy for November 3, 2009, to coincide with the 2009 general election.[18][19] New York law does not provide for a primary election in cases of a special election for a vacant House seat. Instead, each party's nominee is chosen by that party's county leaders within the district.[20]

Candidates

[edit]

Republican Party

[edit]

Seven Republicans announced their intentions to run.[21] Three other Republicans[22][23][24] were considered potential candidates, but declined to run.

Assemblymember Dede Scozzafava was designated as the Republican nominee. On October 31, 2009, Scozzafava suspended her campaign[25] and, on November 1, 2009, endorsed the Democratic candidate for the seat.[26]

Democratic Party

[edit]

State Senator Darrel Aubertine, who represents most of the northern portion of the congressional district, was the most widely rumored potential Democratic candidate, but he declined.[27] State Senator David Valesky, who represents most of the southern portion of the congressional district, initially said he was interested in running, but later decided against it.[22][28] Also declining to run was assemblywoman Addie Jenne Russell, whose district includes Watertown.

The chair of the New York Democratic Party stated that Scozzafava's husband had spoken with key local Democrats about the possibility of her switching to the Democratic Party before running for the seat.[29]

The party eventually selected Bill Owens, a military veteran and attorney from Plattsburgh.[30]

Conservative Party

[edit]

The Conservative Party chose Doug Hoffman as its nominee after three other potential candidates said they would support him,[31] even though Hoffman did not live in the district.[32] The Conservative Party declined to support the Republican Party's nomination of pro-choice, pro-same-sex-marriage, pro-union Assemblymember Dede Scozzafava, who Conservative Party Chairman Mike Long described as a "nice lady who is too liberal."[33]

Hoffman had previously sought the Republican nomination. In July, when Scozzafava was nominated instead, Hoffman offered to help her. His email to her read: "Hi Dede, Congratulations and the best of luck in your candidacy. Let me know if there is anything I can do to help. Doug."[34] Shortly thereafter, however, he contacted Conservative Party leaders, seeking support for his own candidacy.[35] One Republican leader said that Hoffman, while seeking the Republican nomination, had "repeatedly" pledged to support the nominee.[36]

Other parties

[edit]

The chairman of the Independence Party of New York announced that the party would have cross-endorsed Aubertine had he run,[37] but with his decision not to run, the party instead backed Scozzafava.[38] After she suspended her campaign, the state chairman of the party endorsed Bill Owens, though several local chairmen instead endorsed Hoffman.[39] Scozzafava remained on the ballot on the Independence Party line (as well as the Republican line).

The Working Families Party backed Owens. Under New York's fusion rule, Owens's votes on the Democratic line and on the Working Families line were combined into a single total.

Campaign

[edit]

The race drew significant national attention because of the relatively large amount of support for a third-party candidate from the national conservative base. The Susan B. Anthony List embarked on a $100,000 independent expenditure campaign for Hoffman.[40] Many notable Republicans, including former Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin, Republican Governor Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota and former U.S. Senator Fred Thompson, endorsed Hoffman rather than the Republican candidate because they deemed Scozzafava insufficiently conservative and ideologically indistinguishable from the Democrat.[41][42] Scozzafava also drew strong opposition from the Tea Party movement, with national Tea Party leader Michael Johns saying that his opposition to Scozzafava "was the first time in my 25-year political and policy career that I ever opposed a Republican candidate."[43][better source needed]

The Hoffman campaign ran television advertisements depicting Scozzafava and Owens as "two peas in a liberal pod."[44] Hoffman indicated support for tax cuts,[45] and support for criminalization of abortion, as well as opposition to same-sex marriage, the Obama health reform proposal,[46] card-check legislation,[47] and cap-and-trade legislation.[48]

Scozzafava's record in the New York State Assembly included votes in favor of same-sex marriage,[49] and she had also received an award from a Planned Parenthood affiliate in 2008.[50][51] Scozzafava's political positions included support for "card check" legislation,[47] support for federal funding for abortion,[52] support for President Obama's 2009 stimulus package,[53] and a refusal to rule out support for health care reform that includes a "public option."[54] While Bill Owens did not favor public funding for abortion, he did support President Obama's 2009 stimulus package[53] and "card check" legislation.[47]

An October 1, 2009, poll by the Siena Research Institute put Hoffman in third place with 16% support, behind Scozzafava with 35% and Owens with 28%.[55] However, a Siena poll released two weeks later indicated that Owens led Scozzafava by four percentage points and Hoffman by 10%.[56] Polls taken a few days before the election showed Scozzafava's support collapsing; an October 31 poll showed Scozzafava trailing both Hoffman and Owens by 15% and 16%, respectively.[57]

Scozzafava suspended her campaign on October 31.[25][58] In response to the Scozzafava withdrawal, the Republican National Committee (RNC), which had strongly backed Scozzafava's candidacy, issued a statement applauding her decision and announcing it was now supporting Hoffman.[3] National Democrats immediately began a "vigorous effort" to convince Scozzafava to endorse Owens. On November 1, Scozzafava endorsed Democratic nominee Owens.[4]

Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, while having initially supported the GOP nominee,[59] remarked that he was "deeply upset" about her endorsement of Owens after Scozzafava's withdrawal from the race.[60] RNC Chairman Michael S. Steele questioned party leaders in upstate New York for using a committee process to select a congressional candidate. "Maybe you should have a primary the next time instead of having 11 guys in a room sit around and select your nominee," said Steele.[3] The New York Republican Party issued a statement saying Scozzafava's endorsement was a "betrayal" of the party and said "In contacting Scozzafava, the Obama White House has once again played its Chicago-style politics here in New York."[61]

On November 2, one day before the election, Siena released the results of a new poll showing Hoffman leading Owens 41% to 36%.[62][63] Vice President Joe Biden appeared with Owens at a campaign rally in Watertown on November 3, while former U.S. Senator and 2008 presidential candidate Fred Thompson appeared with Hoffman.[64]

On Election Day, police were called to at least two polling sites in St. Lawrence County following "overzealous electioneering" by supporters of Hoffman.[65] Later, Hoffman accused the Democratic Party of "bringing in ACORN" and trying to "steal this election away from the 23rd district", asserting that a campaign volunteer's tires had been slashed.[66] Anton Troianovski of The Wall Street Journal later quoted Captain Michael Branch of the Plattsburgh City Police Department as saying "This was not a tire slashing—this was some guy who drove over a bottle and cut his tire."[67]

Polling

[edit]
Source Date Dede Scozzafava Bill Owens Doug Hoffman
Siena Research Institute[68][69] November 2, 2009 6% 36% 41%
Public Policy Polling[70] November 1, 2009 13% 34% 51%
Siena Research Institute[71] October 26–28, 2009 20% 36% 35%
Research 2000[72] October 26–28, 2009 21% 33% 32%
Neighborhood Research§[73] October 25–26, 2009 14% 29% 34%
Basswood Research[74] October 24–25, 2009 20% 27% 31%
Research 2000[75] October 19–21, 2009 30% 35% 23%
Siena Research Institute[76] October 11–13, 2009 29% 33% 23%
Siena Research Institute[77] September 29, 2009 35% 28% 16%
Basswood Research[78] September 17, 2009 20% 17% 17%
McLaughlin & Associates[79] September 9, 2009 30% 20% 19%

† Poll commissioned by Conservative Party candidate Doug Hoffman
‡ Poll commissioned by the Club for Growth, which endorses Doug Hoffman
§ Poll commissioned by the Minuteman PAC, which endorses Doug Hoffman

Endorsements

[edit]

Dede Scozzafava

[edit]
Changes after withdrawal
No known change Endorsed Owens Endorsed Hoffman
Oswego County ATV Club[80] New York State United Teachers[81] House Minority Leader John Boehner[82]
The Wish List[83] Watertown Daily Times[84] Michael Steele, chairman of the Republican National Committee[85][86]
State Senator Betty Little[87] Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich[88][89]
Assemblywomen Teresa Sayward[87] Representative Jeb Hensarling, former Republican Study Committee Chair[90]
Assemblywoman Janet Duprey[87] New York State Young Republicans[91]
Assemblyman Jim Tedisco, former assembly minority leader[92] Assemblyman Will Barclay[93][94]
Assemblyman Robert Oaks[93] NRA Political Victory Fund[95]
John Faso, former assembly minority leader, 2002 comptroller candidate and 2006 gubernatorial candidate[96] Assemblyman David Townsend[93][97]
Daily Kos founder, Markos Moulitsas[98] Jeffrey Graham, mayor of Watertown[99]
US Senator Susan Collins[100]
Representative Ginny Brown-Waite[100]
Former Representative Tom Reynolds, former chairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee[101]
Representative Peter King[96]

Bill Owens

[edit]
Endorsements

Doug Hoffman

[edit]
Endorsements

Results and aftermath

[edit]
2009 NY-23 special congressional election[162]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Bill Owens 66,548
Working Families Bill Owens 6,589
Total Bill Owens 73,137 48.3 +14.0
Conservative Doug Hoffman 69,553 46.0
Republican Dede Scozzafava 7,260
Independence Dede Scozzafava 1,322
Total Dede Scozzafava 8,582 5.7 −59.6
Majority 3,584 2.4 −28.2
Turnout 151,272 −24.0
Democratic gain from Republican Swing 13.6

On Election Day, Owens appeared to defeat Hoffman, with the margin of defeat initially reported as 49.0% to 45.5%. Although Hoffman initially conceded, an initial re-canvass resulted in a Hoffman gain of approximately 2,000 votes before military and absentee ballots were further factored in. Poll inspectors reported Mr. Hoffman had inadvertently received zero votes in four districts.[163]

With absentee ballots having yet to be tallied, the results of the election could not be officially certified by the State of New York, though Owens was sworn in based upon unofficial results.[164] Owens was seated in time to vote "yea" on the Affordable Health Care for America Act on November 7, 2009.[165]

Hoffman withdrew his concession on November 17, 2009.[166] On November 18, in a letter posted on his campaign website, Hoffman declared that "ACORN, the unions and Democratic Party...tampered with the ballots of voters in NY-23."[167] Jerry O. Eaton, Jefferson County Republican elections commissioner, called Hoffman's assertion "absolutely false".[168] On November 19, the Gouverneur Times alleged that a computer virus had "tainted" results and "cast doubt on the accuracy of the counts retrieved from any of the machines."[169] John Conklin, director of public information for the NY State Board of Elections, stated that "the article...unfortunately quoted a single word from a commissioner who mischaracterized the issue in question."[170] Hoffman later retracted his accusations.

With the tallying of absentee-ballots near completion, on November 20, 2009, Owens' lead over Hoffman surpassed the total number of absentee ballots left, making it mathematically impossible for Hoffman to win.[169] On November 24, Hoffman ended his campaign, stating "...it is with a heavy heart that we declare this election over. We will formally end this election and not ask for a recount."[171] The final election results showed that Owens prevailed by a margin of 48.3% to 46%.[172]

Owens was later re-elected to Congress in 2010 and 2012.

A week after the 2009 election, Scozzafava was stripped of her Republican leadership position in the State Assembly.[173] After Scozzafava's unsuccessful congressional campaign, she acknowledged that her name had begun being used as a verb: "scozzafavaed."[174][175] Commentator Chris Good described the term as follows: "The gist, basically, is that if you're a moderate Republican and the conservative wing of the GOP sets out to get you, and does, you got Scozzafavaed."[176] In April 2010, Scozzafava announced that she would not run for re-election to the New York State Assembly in November 2010.[177] In January 2011, Scozzafava was appointed New York Deputy Secretary of State for Local Government by Democratic Governor Andrew M. Cuomo.[178]

Analysis

[edit]

While some observers called the race "a referendum on President Barack Obama" and "a fight over the identity of the Republican Party",[6][7] others saw "a victory for populist conservatism".[179] One commentator stated that "Hoffman's third-party candidacy is striking for how much it has galvanized the Republican Party's base."[180] According to one commentator, "[t]ea party conservatives see the GOP loss as a victory for conservativism over mere political party loyalty. They’re describing the defeat as a warning shot fired in defense of principle."[181] According to Marilyn Musgrave of Susan B. Anthony List, "Republican party leaders in Washington should take the message of the campaign and the election seriously, that the Party base should not be taken for granted."[181] Elected officials and observers opined that Scozzafava's showing in the congressional race affected the New York State Senate's December 2, 2009, vote against same-sex marriage legislation.[10][11][12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Weiner, Mark (September 16, 2009). Rep. John McHugh is confirmed as Secretary of the Army Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Syracuse Post-Standard.
  2. ^ "McHugh Becomes Secretary Of the Army, Resigns Congressional Seat". WWNY-TV. September 21, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
  3. ^ a b c Adam Nagourney; Jeremy W. Peters (October 31, 2009). "G.O.P. Moderate, Pressed by Right, Abandons Race". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2009. The Republican National Committee, which had strongly backed Scozzafava's candidacy, issued a statement applauding her decision and announcing it was now supporting Hoffman.
  4. ^ a b c Mike McAndrew (November 1, 2009). "Republican Dede Scozzafava urges friends to vote for Democrat Bill Owens after exiting NY-23 House race". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, NY. Archived from the original on November 4, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009. One day after suspending her campaign, Republican Dede Scozzafava urged her supporters this afternoon in a private e-mail to vote for Democrat Bill Owens instead of Conservative Doug Hoffman for the 23rd Congressional District seat.
  5. ^ Peters, Jeremy W. (November 4, 2009). "Conservative Loses Upstate House Race in Blow to Right". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  6. ^ a b Hoffman concedes 23rd Congressional race to Owens Archived November 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, November 4, 2009
  7. ^ a b Peters, Jeremy W. (November 4, 2009). "Conservative Loses Upstate House Race in Blow to Right". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  8. ^ "Green grass-roots at University of Nebraska". CNN. May 7, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
  9. ^ Jonsson, Patrik (October 31, 2009). "Tea Party Express jubilant as Scozzafava exits in NY-23". CSMonitor.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  10. ^ a b "Gay marriage not likely to come to Senate again soon". Archived from the original on December 5, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
  11. ^ a b Vick, Karl (December 3, 2009). "N.Y. State Senate votes down gay marriage bill by wide margin". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  12. ^ a b Hakim, Danny (November 6, 2009). "Marriage for Gays on Agenda in New York". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  13. ^ "District Detail: NY-23". Congressional Quarterly. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010.
  14. ^ silver spring (June 6, 2009). "The Amazing Political History of NY-23". Swing State Project. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  15. ^ New York 2000 presidential election results by district Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine from Dave Leip's Election Atlas
  16. ^ "Rep. John M. McHugh". Congressional Quarterly. Archived from the original on December 15, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
  17. ^ Dwyer, Brian (February 27, 2008). "Aubertine wins Senate race in huge upset". Capital News 9. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
  18. ^ After being notified of the vacancy, Paterson was legally required to issue a proclamation for a special election to be held between thirty and forty days thereafter, but New York law does not specify a timeframe within which such a proclamation must be issued. "Gillibrand's House seat could be GOP opportunity". CNN. January 23, 2009. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
  19. ^ "NY-23: Election Day Is... Election Day". National Journal. September 29, 2009. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  20. ^ Feldmann, Linda (October 27, 2009), "New York House race lays bare Republican infighting", The Christian Science Monitor, archived from the original on October 29, 2009, retrieved October 29, 2009
  21. ^ Seymour, Jude (July 7, 2009). "Barclay won't run to replace McHugh". Watertown Daily Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
  22. ^ a b "McHugh to Be Army Secretary, Special Election Looms". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  23. ^ State Senator Griffo No Longer Interested in McHugh's Seat. News release, released via newzjunky.com. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  24. ^ Rubado, Meghan and Mark Weiner (July 6, 2009). Assemblyman Will Barclay says he won't run for John McHugh's Congressional seat Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. The Post-Standard. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
  25. ^ a b Seymour, Jude (October 31, 2009). "Scozzafava suspends campaign". Watertown Daily Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
  26. ^ Jonathan Martin & Charles Mahtesian (November 1, 2009) Scozzafava endorses opponent Winning Dede Scozzafava: How Democrats got her nod Archived November 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Politico.com.
  27. ^ Aubertine, Darrel (July 23, 2009). I'm Not Running for Congressional Seat. Press release via newzjunky.com. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  28. ^ Delen Goldberg (June 5, 2009)David Valesky has no plans to run for NY's 23rd Congressional District seat Archived June 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, The Post-Standard
  29. ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth. Democrats Fan The Flames Of Scozzafava's Tax Troubles Archived July 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. New York Daily News. July 22, 2009.
  30. ^ Liu, Irene Jay (July 23, 2009). "NY-23: Who's Left?". Times Union. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  31. ^ Conzola, E.J. (August 7, 2009). "Conservative Party will run Hoffman for Congress". Adirondack Daily Enterprise. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  32. ^ Ambinder, Marc (November 4, 2009). "What Doug Hoffman's Loss Means to Conservatives". CBS News. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  33. ^ "New York Trading Down". Human Events. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  34. ^ Seymour, Jude (September 28, 2009), "Hoffman was for Scozzafava before he was against her", Watertown Daily Times, archived from the original on October 4, 2009, retrieved October 27, 2009
  35. ^ Seymour, Jude (August 3, 2009), "Hopeful courts another party", Watertown Daily Times, archived from the original on October 8, 2009, retrieved October 27, 2009
  36. ^ Bendavid, Naftali (October 16, 2009), "Tea-Party Activists Complicate Republican Comeback Strategy", The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, archived from the original on September 23, 2017, retrieved October 29, 2009
  37. ^ "McHugh's Congressional Seat Sparks Debate". WWNY-TV. June 9, 2009. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  38. ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth (July 24, 2009). The Indys Try Again In NY-23, Go With Scozzafava Archived September 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. New York Daily News. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  39. ^ David Weigel (October 31, 2009). "NY-23: Independence Party Chairman Endorses Bill Owens". Archived from the original on November 3, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
  40. ^ "Independent Expenditures – SBA List". Opensecrets.org. May 30, 2012. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  41. ^ "Palin: Ready to shake things up in New York". Reuters. October 22, 2009. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
  42. ^ Hook, Janet (November 3, 2009). "Conservatives emboldened by moves in New York". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  43. ^ ""Interview with National Tea Party Founder and Leader Michael Johns," About.com". Usconservatives.about.com. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  44. ^ Drake, Bruce. "Down the Stretch: Three-Way Race Heats Up in New York Special Election". Politicsdaily.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  45. ^ "Hoffman vows not to raise government tax take". Watertown Daily Times. September 1, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  46. ^ "Meet the 23rd Congressional District candidates: Doug Hoffman". syracuse.com. October 12, 2009. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  47. ^ a b c "Candidates for 23rd District split on labor issues". Watertown Daily Times. August 30, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  48. ^ "Acid rain amendment not in Senate cap-trade bill". Adirondack Daily Enterprise. October 13, 2009. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  49. ^ "Siena College poll shows tight three-way race to fill seat of Rep. John McHugh in N.Y. 23". syracuse.com. Associated Press. October 2009. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  50. ^ Malkin, Michelle (October 16, 2009). "Calling them out: NRCC, RNC & Gingrich back Margaret Sanger Award winner". Michelle Malkin. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  51. ^ "Dede Scozzafava Is No GOP Moderate | Conservative News, Views & Books". Humanevents.com. November 14, 2009. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  52. ^ "Congressional candidates address health-care issues at forum » Local News". Press-Republican. October 4, 2009. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  53. ^ a b Harding, Robert (October 4, 2009). "NY-23: Bill Owens On (Some Of) The Issues". Daily Kos. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  54. ^ "Public option skirted in race". Watertown Daily Times. October 11, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  55. ^ Liu, Irene Jay (October 16, 2009). "Democrat surging in House race". Times Union.
  56. ^ Weiner, Mark (October 15, 2009). "Siena poll: Bill Owens surges past Dede Scozzafava in NY-23 congressional race". syracuse.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  57. ^ "Under pressure, GOP assemblywoman suspends campaign". Newsday. October 31, 2009. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  58. ^ Madore, James T. (October 31, 2009). "Under pressure, GOP assemblywoman suspends campaign". Newsday. Archived from the original on November 4, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
  59. ^ Weiner, Mark (October 16, 2009). "Newt Gingrich endorses Dede Scozzafava in NY-23 House race". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, NY: Advance Publications Inc. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010. In a major coup for her campaign, Republican Dede Scozzafava today will pick up the endorsement of Newt Gingrich...
  60. ^ Eric Kleefeld (November 2, 2009). "Gingrich 'Deeply Upset' That Scozzafava Endorsed Democrat After He'd Supported Her". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  61. ^ "Winning Dede Scozzafava: How Democrats got her nod". Politico. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  62. ^ Kraushaar, Josh. "Polls: Hoffman leads in New York 23". Politico. Archived from the original on December 13, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  63. ^ "Hoffman Leads Owens 41-36%; Undecided up to 18%" (PDF) (Press release). Siena Research Institute. November 2, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 22, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
  64. ^ Bauman, Valerie (November 2, 2009). "Stars shine on once-obscure upstate NY campaign". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  65. ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth (November 3, 2009). "Police Called To NY-23 Polling Sites (Updated)". Daily News. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  66. ^ Weigel, David (November 3, 2009). "NY-23: [UPDATE] Hoffman Accuses Democrats of 'Stealing the Election'". The Washington Independent. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  67. ^ Troianovski, Anton (November 3, 2009). "A Flat Tire Leads to Accusations in NY-23 Race". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  68. ^ "Hoffman Leads Owens 41-36%; Undecided up to 18%" (PDF) (Press release). Siena Research Institute. November 2, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
  69. ^ Vielkind, Jimmy (November 2, 2009). Poll: Scozzafava exit favors Hoffman, 18% now undecided Archived November 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. New York Observer. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  70. ^ "Hoffman primed for dominant victory" (PDF) (Press release). Public Policy Polling. November 1, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  71. ^ "Poll: Dem and Conservative in Tight Race for NY-23, GOPer in Third". Talking Points Memo. October 31, 2009. Archived from the original on November 3, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
  72. ^ "Daily Kos/Research 2000 NY-23 Poll". Daily Kos. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
  73. ^ Kleefeld, Eric (October 27, 2009). "Conservative Pollster Puts Hoffman Ahead In NY-23". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  74. ^ "CFG Poll: Hoffman Leading in NY-23". Club for Growth. October 26, 2009. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  75. ^ Singiser, Steve (October 23, 2009). "NY-23: Democrat Leads Way In Special Election". Daily Kos. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  76. ^ "Siena New York 23rd Congressional District Poll: Owens Leads Scozzafava by 4 & Hoffman by 10 Points" (PDF). Siena Research Institute. October 15, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  77. ^ "Siena New York 23rd Congressional District Poll: Scozzafava Has Early 7-Point Lead in Tight 3-Way Race" (PDF). Siena Research Institute. October 1, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  78. ^ "New Poll Shows Statistical Three Way Tie in NY-23 Special Election" (PDF). Club for Growth. September 24, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  79. ^ "McLaughlin & Associates recently conducted a survey of 300 likely special election voters in New York Congressional District 23" (PDF). McLaughlin & Associates. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  80. ^ "Scozzafava Endorsed by ATV Club". Archived from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  81. ^ Karlin, Rick (October 13, 2009). "NYSUT endorses Scozzafava". Times Union. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  82. ^ Seymour, Jude (September 17, 2009). "Boehner will push Scozzafava for House Armed Services post if elected". Watertown Daily Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  83. ^ "The WISH List". Archived from the original on March 24, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  84. ^ A Changed Race: Owens is best-equipped to represent NNY Archived November 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Watertown Daily Times, November 1, 2009
  85. ^ "Steele Still On Board With Scozzafava". The Atlantic Politics Channel. October 28, 2009. Archived from the original on September 28, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  86. ^ a b Nagourney, Adam; Peters, Jeremy W. (November 1, 2009). "G.O.P. Moderate, Pressed by Right, Abandons Race". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  87. ^ a b c "North Country Leaders Endorse Dede". The Gouverneur Times. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  88. ^ Weiner, Mark (October 16, 2009). "Newt Gingrich endorses Dede Scozzafava in NY-23 House race". The Post-Standard. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  89. ^ Meredith Jessup (October 31, 2009). "Blog: Meredith Jessup: NY-23: Gingrich Tweets Support for Hoffman". Townhall.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  90. ^ Blake, Aaron; Hooper, Molly K. (October 30, 2009). "N.Y. special-election endorsements places Republicans in tough position". The Hill. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  91. ^ a b "NYSYR Endorse Hoffman for Congress – Krogh: Scozzafava shows pettiness in her choice to support Democrat". November 1, 2009. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
  92. ^ a b Vielkind, Jimmy (October 23, 2009). Is There a Hoffman Scenario? Archived October 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine New York Observer. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  93. ^ a b c "Scozzafava Endorsed by Oswego County Leaders". newzjunky.com. September 30, 2009. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  94. ^ "Barclay Disappointed in Scozzafava's Actions". Newzjunky.com. November 1, 2009. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  95. ^ Seiler, Casey (October 7, 2009). "NRA endorses Scozzafava". Times Union. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009. Dear Assemblywoman Scozzafava, On behalf of our four million members, the National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund is proud to endorse your candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives in the special election in New York's 23rd congressional district.
  96. ^ a b Vielkind, Jimmy (October 30, 2009). In the NY-23 Race, Conservatives Scare the Would-Be Moderates Away Archived November 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  97. ^ "Townsend Surprised by Scozzafava's Move". Newzjunky.com. October 31, 2009. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  98. ^ Pascoe, Bill (October 2, 2009). "Kos Endorses a Republican". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  99. ^ Graham, Jeff (November 2, 2009). Hoffman for Congress Archived November 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Mayor Graham's View. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
  100. ^ a b Ellen, Martha (October 25, 2009). "Collins stumps for GOP hopeful". Watertown Daily Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  101. ^ Dan (October 28, 2009). "Update: Exclusive: How The NRCC Bungled NY – 23". Riehl World View. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  102. ^ Kraushaar, Josh (October 22, 2009). "Obama for Owens". The Politico. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  103. ^ LoTemplio, Joe (October 8, 2009). "Bill Clinton to help Owens candidacy". Press-Republican. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  104. ^ Kraushaar, Josh (October 30, 2009). "Biden campaigning for Owens in NY 23". The Politico. Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  105. ^ Brown, Nathan (August 28, 2009). "Schumer endorses Owens for Congress". Adirondack Daily Enterprise. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  106. ^ Seymour, Jude (October 29, 2009). "Gillibrand coming to Lowville to stump for Owens". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  107. ^ Benjamin, Elizabeth (October 29, 2009). "Paterson Endorses Owens, Republicans Rejoice". Daily News. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  108. ^ "Attorney General Andrew Cuomo Endorses Owens in NY-23". newzjunky.com. October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  109. ^ "State Sen. Aubertine endorses Owens in congressional race". Watertown Daily Times. September 19, 2009. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  110. ^ "Bill Owens for Congress Welcomes Endorsement from Senator David Valesky". Oswego County Today. October 5, 2009. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  111. ^ Seiler, Casey (October 8, 2009). "Update: Working Families Party endorses Owens in 23rd CD". Times Union. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  112. ^ "Owens emerges in three-way race for Congress". The Post-Standard. October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  113. ^ Brown, Nathan (September 23, 2009). "Endorsements: Hoffman gets PBA, Owens health-care union". Adirondack Daily Enterprise. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  114. ^ a b "Owens, Hoffman announce endorsements". WWTI. October 23, 2009. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  115. ^ "Moveon joins the NY 23 fight". 73wire. The Minority Report. Archived from the original on November 3, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  116. ^ Liu, Irene Jay (October 31, 2009). "Once split, AFL-CIO now backs Owens". Times Union. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  117. ^ Liu, Irene Jay (October 31, 2009). "NYSUT switches endorsement to Owens". Times Union. Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  118. ^ Weigel, David (October 31, 2009). "NY-23: Independence Party Chairman Endorses Bill Owens". The Washington Independent. Center for Independent Media. Archived from the original on November 3, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  119. ^ "A changed race: Owens is best-equipped to represent NNY". Watertown Daily Times. November 1, 2009. Archived from the original on November 4, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  120. ^ CWPAC Endorses Hoffman for 23rd Archived July 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  121. ^ "State Police PBA Backs Hoffman". Vote Smart (Press release). September 23, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  122. ^ Blake, Aaron (September 28, 2009). "Fred Thompson spurns GOP special election nominee – The Hill's Blog Briefing Room". The Hill. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  123. ^ Blake, Aaron (September 28, 2009). "Club for Growth backs Hoffman, too – The Hill's Blog Briefing Room". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  124. ^ "NY-23 Special Election: SBA List Candidate Fund Endorses Doug Hoffman, Conservative Party Candidate – Christian Newswire". Christiannewswire.com. November 3, 2009. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  125. ^ David Weigel (September 29, 2009). "Club for Growth, American Conservative Union, Endorse Third-Party Congressional Candidate « The Washington Independent". Washingtonindependent.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  126. ^ Oswego County Today [dead link]
  127. ^ "Gary Bauer Endorses Doug Hoffman". Earthtimes.org. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  128. ^ Right To Life Endorses Hoffman Archived November 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  129. ^ "The Weekly Standard". The Weekly Standard. October 16, 2009. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  130. ^ "Mark Levin". Marklevinshow.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  131. ^ Limbaugh, Rush (October 21, 2009). The Problem with Today's GOP Archived October 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. The Rush Limbaugh Show transcript. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  132. ^ "Now They've Turned on Newt: The Pink Flamingo". Thepinkflamingoblog.com. October 24, 2009. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  133. ^ a b Michaels, Dave (October 19, 2009). Dick Armey to endorse 3rd party candidate over Republican in NY House race Archived October 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Dallas Morning News. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  134. ^ David Weigel (October 22, 2009). "NY-23: Bachmann Endorses Hoffman « The Washington Independent". Washingtonindependent.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  135. ^ a b "Palin endorses in New York race, while Pawlenty holds back". CNN. October 23, 2009. Archived from the original on October 24, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
  136. ^ Blake, Aaron (October 9, 2009), "Family Research Council PAC picks Hoffman over Scozzafava", The Hill, archived from the original on October 12, 2009, retrieved October 25, 2009
  137. ^ doughoffmanforcongress.com"
  138. ^ Eric Kleefeld (October 26, 2009). "GOP Rep. John Linder Endorses Conservative Party's Hoffman In NY-23 | TPMDC". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  139. ^ "Doug Hoffman for Congress". New York Post. December 5, 2009. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
  140. ^ Blake, Aaron (October 21, 2009). "Minuteman PAC backs Hoffman in N.Y. special – The Hill's Blog Briefing Room". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  141. ^ "Dana Rohrabacher". Rohrabacher.com. October 16, 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  142. ^ Eric Kleefeld (October 27, 2009). "GOP Reps. Cole And Rohrabacher Back Conservative Party's Hoffman In NY-23 | TPMDC". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  143. ^ "America's Independent Party's enthusiastic endorsement of Doug Hoffman for Congress in NY-23!". Aipnews.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  144. ^ "GING-PAC ENDORSES HOFFMAN IN NY-23". Gingpac.org. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  145. ^ "NOM Latest News – National Organization for Marriage". Nationformarriage.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  146. ^ Loesch, Dana (October 27, 2009). "Todd Akin Endorses Hoffman «". Thedanashow.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  147. ^ "Country Music Star to Stump For Hoffman? Not Likely". Wwnytv.com. October 28, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  148. ^ "Home". Goapvf.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  149. ^ administrator (February 5, 2009). "Life and Liberty PAC". Life and Liberty PAC. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  150. ^ "Catholic Families for America PAC, a Key Catholic Activism Group, Endorses Doug Hoffman in NY-23 Special Election – Christian Newswire". Christiannewswire.com. November 3, 2009. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  151. ^ a b Kraushaar, Josh (October 29, 2009). "Conservative leaders endorse Hoffman – The Scorecard –". Politico. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  152. ^ "TRAIL BLAZERS Blog | The Dallas Morning News". Trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com. October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  153. ^ Pataki endorses Hoffman Archived October 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. The Politico (October 29, 2009).
  154. ^ "Two Big Endorsements for Hoffman – WCAX.COM Local Vermont News, Weather and Sports". Wcax.com. October 30, 2009. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  155. ^ Blake, Aaron (October 30, 2009). "Rep. Issa switches from Scozzafava – The Hill's Blog Briefing Room". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  156. ^ a b c McCormack, John (October 31, 2009). "House GOP Leadership Endorses Hoffman; Update: NY GOP Chair Endorses Hoffman". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved October 31, 2009.[dead link]
  157. ^ Huck PAC (October 31, 2009). "Huck PAC – Blogs – Statement on Doug Hoffman". Huckpac.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  158. ^ "I Am Endorsing Doug Hoffman". Archived from the original on November 4, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
  159. ^ "The Collapse of Dede Scozzafava, Moderate Republican". Observer. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  160. ^ Vielkind, Jimmy. "Kolb: There Will Be 'Frank Discussions' About Dede's Endorsement | The New York Observer". Observer.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  161. ^ "Bill Owens running for Congress in NY as a Dem?". Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  162. ^ "STATEMENT OF CANVASS" (PDF). New York State Board of Elections. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
  163. ^ Seymour, Jude (November 13, 2009). "Vote: Hoffman closes in on Owens". Watertown Daily Times. Watertown, NY. Archived from the original on November 16, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2009. Sean M. Hennessey, Jefferson County Democratic elections commissioner, said poll inspectors in four districts reported Mr. Hoffman had received zero votes after inadvertently reading the wrong line of the poll system's printout.
  164. ^ Madsen, Nancy (November 4, 2009). "Owens takes election". Watertown Daily Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  165. ^ "Roll Call Vote on H.R. 3962". Clerk.house.gov. November 7, 2009. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  166. ^ Rudin, Ken (November 16, 2009). "Hoffman 'Unconcedes' In New York 23; Absentee Count Begins Today : It's All Politics". NPR. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  167. ^ Doug Hoffman (November 18, 2009). "Stop Another Stolen Election!". Archived from the original on November 20, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
  168. ^ Seymour, Jude (November 19, 2009). "Hoffman: ACORN, unions, Dems tampered with NY-23 election". Watertown Daily Times. Watertown, NY. Archived from the original on November 21, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009. Mr. Hoffman trails Rep. William L. Owens, D-Plattsburgh, by 2,832 votes after 42.6 percent of absentee ballots districtwide were reported Wednesday.
  169. ^ a b Jude Seymour (November 20, 2009). "Hoffman lacks votes to catch Owens". Watertown Daily Times. Watertown, NY. Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2009. As Mr. Owens' victory became certain, the Gouverneur Times alleged Thursday that a computer virus had "tainted" results and "cast doubt on the accuracy of the counts retrieved from any of the machines."
  170. ^ Jude Seymour (November 20, 2009). "State elections official: Gouverneur Times is "full of inaccurate information"". Watertown Daily Times. Watertown, NY. Archived from the original on December 31, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2009. John Conklin, the board's director of public information said: "There was no virus in the voting machines on Election Day in the 23rd District or anywhere else. The article is full of inaccurate information and unfortunately quoted a single word from a commissioner who mischaracterized the issue in question."
  171. ^ Kiely, Eugene (November 24, 2009). "Doug Hoffman: 'Full speed ahead to 2010'". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  172. ^ "Special election results certified". Watertown Daily Times. December 16, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  173. ^ Horowitz, Jason (November 10, 2009), "'Scozzafava' turns into epithet", The Washington Post, archived from the original on May 8, 2012, retrieved November 11, 2009
  174. ^ Slajda, Rachel (November 10, 2009). "Scozzafava: 'My Name's A Verb Now'". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
  175. ^ Horowitz, Jason (November 15, 2009). "'My name's a verb now': Dede Scozzafava sadder, wiser after bruising political race". Watertown Daily Times. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  176. ^ "A New Term: Scozzafavaed - Chris Good - Politics". The Atlantic. November 6, 2009. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
  177. ^ Kleefeld, Eric (April 21, 2010). "Former NY-23 GOP Nominee Dede Scozzafava To Retire From New York State Legislature". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
  178. ^ "Governor Cuomo Announces Appointments and Nominations" (Press release). Governor.ny.gov. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
  179. ^ Craig Shirley (November 6, 2009). "Elites overlook power of populists". Politico. Archived from the original on November 9, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  180. ^ Peters, Jeremy W. (October 27, 2009). "Republicans work to defeat one of their own - National". NewsObserver.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  181. ^ a b John Tomasic (November 4, 2009). "Musgrave to GOP: 'Don't just assume we're yours'". The Colorado Independent. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
[edit]