Norwegians

This article is about the ethnic group native to Norway. For other uses, see Norwegian.
For a specific analysis of the population of Norway, see Demographics of Norway.

Norwegians
Nordmenn
Nordmenn
Distribution of Norwegians worldwide
Total population
c. 10 milliona
Regions with significant populations
 Norway 4,459,166[1][2]
 United States4,642,526[3]
 Canada463,275[4]
 United Kingdom[a][b]13,798[5]
42,000
 Sweden48,385[6]
 Australia[c]25,700[7]
 Denmark17,350[8]
 Spain11,871[9]
 Germany11,000[10]
 Brazil10,618[11]
 France7,000[12]
  Switzerland2,234[13]
 Finland2,156[14]
 New Zealand1,400[15]
 Iceland1,369[16]
 Portugal1,086 [17]
 Italy1,024[18]
 Japan424[19]
Languages
Norwegian
Standard forms
Unofficial forms
Religion
Lutheranism (Church of Norway)[20] Historically Norse paganism and Catholic Christianity
a. ^ Based on table of given countries above. Includes those of partial Norwegian ancestry but does not include people of Faroese, Icelandic, Orcadian or Shetland ancestry.

b. ^ There are millions of Britons of Scandinavian ancestry and ethnicity, though mixed with others.

c. ^ 2,700 were born in Norway; 23,000 claim Norwegian ancestry or partial Norwegian ancestry.
Part of a series on
Norwegians
Culture
Diaspora
Other
Norwegian Portal

Norwegians (Norwegian: Nordmenn) are an ethnic group and nation native to Norway, where they form the vast majority of the population. They share a common culture and speak the Norwegian language. Norwegians are descended from the Norse of the Early Middle Ages who formed a unified Kingdom of Norway in the 9th century. During the Viking Age, Norwegians and other Norse peoples conquered, settled and ruled parts of the British Isles, the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland.[21] Norwegians are closely related to other descendants of the Norsemen such as Danes, Swedes, Icelanders and the Faroe Islanders, as well as groups such as the Scots whose nation they significantly settled and left a lasting impact in, particularly the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland).[22][23][24]

The Norwegian language, with its two official standard forms, more specifically Bokmål and Nynorsk, is part of the larger Scandinavian dialect continuum of generally mutually intelligible languages in Scandinavia. Norwegian people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom.[25][26] Norwegians are traditionally Lutheran since the Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein which made Lutheranism the only legal religion in the country, however large portions of the population are now either non-practicing, atheist or agnostic.[27][28]

History

Main articles: Germanic peoples, History of Norway, and History of Scandinavia

Towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, Proto-Indo-European–speaking Battle-Axe peoples migrated to Norway bringing domesticated horses, agriculture, cattle and wheel technology to the region.

During the Viking Age, Harald Fairhair unified the Norse petty kingdoms after being victorious at the Battle of Hafrsfjord in the 880s. Two centuries of Viking expansion tapered off following the decline of Norse paganism with the adoption of Christianity in the 11th century. During The Black Death, approximately 60% of the population died and in 1397 Norway entered a union with Denmark.

In 1814, following Denmark–Norway's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, Norway entered a union with Sweden and adopted a new constitution. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained officially neutral in World War I, the country was unofficially allied with the Entente powers. In World War II, Norway proclaimed its neutrality, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi Germany (1940–45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economy but in referendums held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU. Key domestic issues include integration of a fast-growing immigrant population, maintaining the country's generous social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness.[29]

Geographic distribution

Main article: Norwegian diaspora

Viking Age

Main articles: Viking Age, Norsemen, Vikings, Viking expansion, and Norse colonization of North America

Norwegian or Norse Vikings[30] raided and settled in Shetland, Orkney, Ireland, Scotland, and northern England. In the United Kingdom, many names for places ending in -kirk, -ness, -thorpe, -toft and -by are likely Norse in origin.[31] In 947, a new wave of Norwegian Vikings appeared in England when Erik Bloodaxe captured York. In the 8th century and onwards, Norwegian and Danish Vikings also settled in Normandy, most famously those led by Rollo; some of their Norman descendants would later expand to England, Sicily, and other Mediterranean islands.

Apart from Britain and Ireland, Norwegian Vikings established settlements in largely uninhabited regions.[citation needed] The first known permanent Norwegian settler in Iceland was Ingólfur Arnarson. In the year 874 he settled in Reykjavík.

After his expulsion from Iceland Erik the Red discovered Greenland, a name he chose in hope of attracting Icelandic settlers.[citation needed] Viking settlements were established in the sheltered fjords of the southern and western coast.[citation needed] Erik's relative Leif Eriksson later discovered North America.

Netherlands

During the 17th and 18th centuries, many Norwegians emigrated to the Netherlands, particularly Amsterdam.[32] The Netherlands was the second-most popular destination for Norwegian emigrants after Denmark.[33] Loosely estimated, some 10% of the population may have emigrated, in a period when the entire Norwegian population consisted of some 800,000 people.[citation needed]

The Norwegians left with the Dutch trade ships that when in Norway traded for timber, hides, herring, and stockfish (dried codfish). Young women took employment as maids in Amsterdam, while young men took employment as sailors. Large parts of the Dutch merchant fleet and navy came to consist of Norwegians and Danes. Most took Dutch names, leaving no trace of Norwegian names in the later Dutch population.[citation needed]

The emigration to the Netherlands was so devastating to the homelands that the Danish-Norwegian king issued penalties of death for emigration, but repeatedly had to issue amnesties for those willing to return, announced by posters in the streets of Amsterdam. Increasingly, Dutchmen who search their genealogical roots turn to Norway. Many Norwegians who emigrated to the Netherlands, and often were employed in the Dutch merchant fleet, emigrated further to the many Dutch colonies such as New Amsterdam (New York).[citation needed]

North America

A map of North America, with the percentage of Canadians and Americans of Norwegian descent in each province, territory and state in Canada and the U.S.
Norwegian student conducting research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States

United States

Main article: Norwegian American

Many Norwegians emigrated to the US between the 1850s and the 1920s. The descendants of these people are known as Norwegian Americans. Many Norwegian settlers traveled to and through Canada and Canadian ports while immigrating to the United States. In 1850, the year after Great Britain repealed its restrictive Navigation Acts in Canada, more emigrating Norwegians sailed the shorter route to the Ville de Québec (Quebec City) in Canada, to make their way to US cities like Chicago, Milwaukee, and Green Bay by steamship. For example, in the 1850s, 28,640 arrived at Quebec, Canada, en route to the US, and 8,351 at New York directly. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, three million Americans consider Norwegian to be their sole or primary ancestry. It is estimated that as many as a further 1.5 million more are of partial Norwegian ancestry. Norwegian Americans represent 2–3% of the non-Hispanic Euro-American population in the U.S. They mostly live in both the Upper Midwest and Pacific Northwest.[citation needed]

Canada

Main article: Norwegian Canadian
Leiv Eirikson Discovering America (1893) by Christian Krohg

As early as 1814, a party of Norwegians was brought to Canada to build a winter road from York Factory on Hudson Bay to the infant Red River settlement at the site of present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Norway House is one of the oldest trading posts and Native-Canadian missions in the Canadian West. Willard Ferdinand Wentzel served the North West Company of Canada in the Athabasca and Mackenzie regions and accompanied Sir John Franklin on his overland expedition in 1819–20 to the Canadian Arctic.

Norwegian immigration to Canada lasted from the mid-1880s until 1930, although Norwegians were already working in Canada as early as 1814. It can be divided into three periods of roughly fifteen years each. In the first, to about 1900, thousands of Norwegians homesteaded on the Canadian prairies. In the second, from 1900 to 1914, there was a further heavy influx of Norwegians immigrating to Canada from the United States because of poor economic conditions in the US, and 18,790 from Norway. In the third, from 1919 to 1930, 21,874 people came directly from Norway, with the peak year in 1927, when 5,103 Norwegians arrived, spurred by severe depression at home. They came with limited means, many leaving dole queues.

7% of the population in Saskatoon in Canada is of Norwegian ancestry.

From 1825 to 1900 some 500,000 Norwegians landed at Ville du Quebec in Canada (and other Canadian ports) for travelling through Canada was the shortest corridor to the United States' central states. In spite of efforts by the Government of Canada to retain these immigrants for Canada, very few remained because of Canada's somewhat restrictive land policies at that time and negative stories being told about Canada from U.S. land agents deterring Norwegians from going to Canada. Not until the 1880s did Norwegians accept Canada as a land of opportunity. This was also true of the many Americans of Norwegian heritage who immigrated to Canada from the US with "Canada Fever" seeking homesteads and new economic opportunities. By 1921 one-third of all Norwegians in Canada had been born in the US.

These new Canadians became British subjects in Canada, and part of the British Empire. Canadian citizenship, as a status distinct from that of a British subject, was created on 1 January 1947, with Canada being the first Commonwealth country to create their own citizenship. Prior to that date, Canadians were British subjects and Canada's nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom. On 1 January 1947, Canadian citizenship was conferred on most British subjects connected with Canada. Unlike the US, Canada was part of the British Empire and most Norwegians would have become Canadians and British subjects at the same time.

According to the 2011 Census, 452,705 Canadians reported Norwegian ancestry (Norwegian-Canadians).[34]

Australia

Main article: Norwegian Australian

As of 2011, there were 3,710 Norwegian-born Australians, and 23,037 Norwegians of Australian descent.

Russia

Further information: Kola Norwegians

In the 19th century a community known as the Kola Norwegians settled in the environs of the Russian city of Murmansk. They have suffered persecution under Joseph Stalin and after 1992 were offered a chance to get back to Norway. There are very few of them left there today.

Other

See also: Norwegian settlement in Iceland, Scandinavian migration to the United Kingdom, Early Scandinavian Dublin, Norwegian South African, and Scandinavian Brazilian

Genetics

According to recent genetic analysis, both mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) and Y-chromosome polymorphisms showed a noticeable genetic affinity between the Norwegian population and other ethnic groups in Northern and Central Europe, particularly with the Germans. This is due to a history of at least a thousand years of large-scale migration both in and out of Norway.[35]

Norwegians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:[36] Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, descended from a Cro-Magnon population that arrived in Europe about 45,000 years ago,[37] Neolithic farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago,[38] and Yamnaya steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the context of Indo-European migrations 5000 years ago.[36]

The Norwegian population is typical of the Northern European population with Haplogroup I1 being the most common Y-haplogroup, at about 37,3%.[39][40] Norwegians also show the characteristic R1a genes of the paternal ancestorship at 17.9%[41] to 30.8%.[42] Such large frequencies of R1a have been found only in East Europe and India.[43] R1b gene showing paternal descent is also widespread at 25.9%[41] to 30.8%.[42]

Norwegian genetic ancestry also exists in many locations where Norwegians immigrated. In particular, several northern states in the United States (Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana) show Scandinavian (which includes Norwegian) ancestry proportions among European descent (white) persons of 10 to 20%.[44] Similarly, Norwegian ancestry has been found to account for about 25% of ancestry of the population of the Shetland Islands and Danish-Norwegian ancestry has been found to account for about 25% of ancestry of the population of Greenland.[45][46]

Y-chromosome DNA

Y-Chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) represents the male lineage, The Norwegian Y-chromosome pool may be summarized as follows where haplogroups R1 & I comprise generally more than 85% of the total chromosomes.[47]

  • I – 55%
  • R1 – 35%
  • NOP ~ 5%
  • Other Haplogroups ~ 5%

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) represents the female lineage, Haplogroup H represent about 40% of the Norwegian mitochondrial DNA lineages[48]

  • H ~ 40%
  • JT ~ 23%
  • UK ~ 22%
  • IWX ~ 5%
  • V ~ 5%
  • Other lineages ~ 5%

Language

Main articles: Norwegian language and North Germanic languages

Norwegian is a North Germanic language with approximately 5 million speakers, of whom most are located in Norway. There are also some speakers of Norwegian in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Britain, Spain, Canada, and the United States, where the largest community of speakers exists, with 55,311 speakers as of 2000; approximately half of the speakers live in Minnesota (8,060), California (5,865), Washington (5,460), New York (4,200), and Wisconsin (3,520).[49]

As of 2006, in Canada, there are 7,710 Norwegian speakers, of whom 3,420 reside in British Columbia, 1,360 in Alberta, and 1,145 in Ontario.[50]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Norway

Norwegian culture is closely linked to the country's history and geography. The unique Norwegian farm culture, sustained to this day, has resulted not only from scarce resources and a harsh climate but also from ancient property laws. In the 18th century, it brought about a strong romantic nationalistic movement, which is still visible in the Norwegian language and media. In the 19th century, Norwegian culture blossomed as efforts continued to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature, art and music.

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Norway
Reinsdyrsteik (Reindeer steak), a traditional Norwegian dish served with lingonberry jam. It is served from the south to the north of Norway.

Norway's culinary traditions show the influence of long seafaring and farming traditions with salmon (fresh and cured), herring (pickled or marinated), trout, codfish and other seafood balanced by cheeses, dairy products and excellent breads (predominantly dark/darker). Lefse is a common Norwegian potato flatbread, common around Christmas. For renowned Norwegian dishes, see lutefisk, smalahove, pinnekjøtt, Krotekake and fårikål.

Music

Main article: Music of Norway

Along with the classical music of romantic composer Edvard Grieg and the modern music of Arne Nordheim, Norwegian black metal has become something of an export article in recent years.

Norway's classical performers include Leif Ove Andsnes, one of the world's more famous pianists, and Truls Mørk, an outstanding cellist.

The jazz scene in Norway is also thriving. Jan Garbarek, Mari Boine, Arild Andersen, and Bugge Wesseltoft are internationally recognised while Paal Nilssen-Love, Supersilent, Jaga Jazzist and Wibutee are becoming world-class artists of the younger generation.[51]

Norway has a strong folk music tradition which remains popular to this day.[52] Among the most prominent folk musicians are Hardanger fiddlers Andrea Een, Olav Jørgen Hegge, Vidar Lande and Annbjørg Lien, violinist Susanne Lundeng, and vocalists Agnes Buen Garnås, Kirsten Bråten Berg and Odd Nordstoga.[53]

Celebrations

Norwegian Constitution Day, 17 May

Norwegians celebrate their national day on 17 May, dedicated to the Constitution of Norway. Many people wear bunad (traditional costumes) and most participate in or watch the Norwegian Constitution Day parade that day, consisting mostly of children, through the cities and towns. The national romanticist author Henrik Wergeland was the founder of the 17 May parade. Common Christian holidays are also celebrated, the most important being Christmas (called Jul in Norway after the pagan and early Viking winter solstice) and Easter (Påske). In Norway, the Santa (called Nissen) comes at Christmas Eve, the 24 December, with the presents, not the morning after as in many English speaking countries. He usually comes late in the evening, after the Christmas dinner many children consider long, boring and unnecessary.

Jonsok (St. John's Passing), or St. Hans (St. John's Day), i.e. 24 June, is also a commonly revered holiday. It marks midsummer and the beginning of summer vacation, and is often celebrated by lighting bonfires the evening before. In Northern areas of Norway, this day has 24 hours of light, while southern areas have only 17.5 hours.

Religion

See also: Religion in Norway and Norwegian American § The Norwegian Lutheran Church in the United States
Heddal Stave Church is the largest stave church and one of the oldest preserved churches in Norway.

The conversion of Norway to Christianity from Norse paganism began in 1000. By the middle of the 11th century, Christianity had become well-established in Norway and had become dominant by the middle of the 12th century. The Norwegians were Catholics until the Danish king Christian III of Denmark forced them to convert to Lutheranism and established a state-governed church. The church undertook a program to convert the Sámi in the 16th and 17th century, with the program being largely successful.

In the 19th century, emigration from Norway for political and religious motives began and Lutheranism spread to the United States. As a result of this,[citation needed] many of the Norwegians remaining in Norway were religiously moderate; subsequently, church attendance declined throughout the 20th century, as reflected by 78% of the population stating that religion is unimportant in a Gallup poll[54] and low weekly church attendance, at 2%,[55] particularly when compared to that of North Dakota, the state in which Norwegians constitute approximately 30.4% of the population. Of all U.S. states, North Dakota has the lowest percentage of non-religious people and the largest number of churches per capita. It weekly church attendance is at 43%.[56][57]

In Norway the Church of Norway and state are not entirely separated. An act approved in 2016 created the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity, effective from 1 January 2017.[58][59] The Church of Norway was previously the country's official religion, and its central administrative functions were carried out by the Royal Ministry of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs until 2017.[60] The Lutheran Church is still mentioned in the constitution, for example, the King is still required to profess a Lutheran faith.[61] When baptised, children are registered in the Church of Norway's member register, leading to a large membership, although many people do not remain observant as adults. A majority of both ethnic Norwegians and Sámi are nominally Christian, but not necessarily observant. In Norway as of 2018, 70% of the population are members of the Lutheran Church,[62] though only 47.1% answered "Yes" to the question "Do you believe in God?" in a 2018 European Values Study.[63]

Other terms used

The Norwegians are and have been referred to by other terms as well.

Some of them include:

  • Nordmenn: a term used by Scandinavians to denote Norwegians. It translates as "Northmen". (Singular: Nordmann)
  • Northmen: old term used by other European peoples to denote the peoples originating in the northern regions of Europe.
  • Norsemen or Norse: Viking Age peoples of Nordic origin.
  • Vikings: used in the Nordic countries to denote people who went raiding, pillaging or slave catching during the Viking Age. Used in a similar way by other peoples but can also mean Scandinavians in general.
  • Minnewegian: colloquial term for a Norwegian Minnesotan.
  • Norski: common name for Northern American Norwegians.
  • Norrbagge: a Swedish (derogatory) term for Norwegians (first attested use in 1257) of uncertain meaning. Some claim that it is based on the root bagge meaning sheep's testicles in some Swedish dialects. Another explanation is that "bagge" refers to Bagaholm where Bohus Fortress lies, at an ancient border between Norway and Sweden. Nordbagge then means people who lives on the north (Swedish: norr) side of Bagaholm.[64]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Befolkning". ssb.no. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  2. ^ "05182: Personer, etter innvandringskategori og kjønn (F) 1970 – 2021". ssb.no. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  3. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder – Results". Factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "2016 National Household Survey: Data tables". Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  5. ^ Number of Norwegians registered at the Embassy for living in each of these countries.
  6. ^ "Swedish Statistics from 2005. Shows the official number of Norwegians in Sweden at page 20" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2007.
  7. ^ "Norway". Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  8. ^ "Statistics Denmark Q1 2020". Statistics Denmark. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  9. ^ "TablaPx". Ine.es. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  10. ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten". Statistisches Bundesamt. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil". www.nepo.unicamp.br. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  12. ^ Erwin Dopf. "Présentation de la Norvège, Relations bilatérales". diplomatie.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  13. ^ Federal Statistical Office, Switzerland (27 August 2020). "Permanent and non-permanent resident population by canton, citizenship (selection), country of birth, sex and age, 2019 – 2019 | Table". Federal Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  14. ^ "International migrant stock: The 2017 revision". United Nations. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  15. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". Statistics Norway. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  16. ^ Statistics, Iceland. "Population by country of birth, sex and age 1 January 1998–2020". Statistics Iceland. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  17. ^ "Estrangeiros em Portugal em 2022" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  18. ^ "Norvegesi in Italia – statistiche e distribuzione per regione nel 2022". Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  19. ^ "Japan-Norway Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  20. ^ "Church of Norway, 2015: Steady decline in number of church attendances". Statistics Norway. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  21. ^ "Viking | History, Exploration, Facts, & Maps". Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  22. ^ Yirka, Bob (3 September 2019). "Genetic study shows deep Norwegian lineage in people of northern Scotland". Medical Xpress. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  23. ^ "Scotland's genetic landscape reflects Dark Age populations". BBC News. 3 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  24. ^ How DNA reveals Vikings never left Scotland – BBC REEL, 6 June 2022, archived from the original on 21 June 2022, retrieved 21 June 2022
  25. ^ "The Norwegians | Scandinavian | Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  26. ^ "United Kingdom". Norgesportalen. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  27. ^ "Norway: religious identification, by type 2017". Statista. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  28. ^ "History and Main Religions / Living in Norway / StudyinNorway / Home – Study in Norway". www.studyinnorway.no. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  29. ^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  30. ^ Soanes, Catherine; Stevenson, Angus, eds. (2003). "Norse". The Oxford Dictionary of English (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1200. ISBN 0-19-8613474.
  31. ^ Nikel, David (17 June 2020). "Viking Settlements in Scandinavia and Beyond". Life in Norway. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  32. ^ Van Lottum, Jelle. Across the North Sea: The Impact of the Dutch Republic on International Labour Migration, c. 1550–1850. Vol. 1. Amsterdam University Press, 2007, pp. 73–77
  33. ^ de Bles, Harry, and Erlend des Bouvrie. Dutch Light in the" Norwegian Night": Maritime Relations and Migration Across the North Sea in Early Modern Times. Uitgeverij Verloren, 2004, p. 8
  34. ^ Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  35. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. ^ a b Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (11 June 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
  37. ^ Curry, Andrew (August 2019). "The first Europeans weren't who you might think". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  38. ^ Gibbons, Ann (21 February 2017). "Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population". Science. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  39. ^ Dupuy, Berit Myhre; Stenersen, Margurethe; Lu, Tim T.; Olaisen, Bjørnar (1 December 2006). "Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway". Forensic Science International. 164 (1): 10–19. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 16337760. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  40. ^ "Y-DNA Haplogrupper – Norway DNA Norgesprosjektet". www.norwaydna.no. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  41. ^ a b "Maintenance Page". Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland – Agnar Helgason et al., 2000, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67:697–717, 2000
  42. ^ a b Rosser et al. (2000)
  43. ^ F. Luca, F. Di Giacomo, T. Benincasa et al., "Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132:132–139 (2007).
  44. ^ Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (8 January 2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685. PMID 25529636.
  45. ^ Gilbert, Edmund; O'Reilly, Seamus; Merrigan, Michael; McGettigan, Darren; Vitart, Veronique; Joshi, Peter K.; Clark, David W.; Campbell, Harry; Hayward, Caroline; Ring, Susan M.; Golding, Jean (17 September 2019). "The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (38): 19064–19070. doi:10.1073/pnas.1904761116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6754546. PMID 31481615.
  46. ^ Moltke, Ida; Fumagalli, Matteo; Korneliussen, Thorfinn S.; Crawford, Jacob E.; Bjerregaard, Peter; Jørgensen, Marit E.; Grarup, Niels; Gulløv, Hans Christian; Linneberg, Allan; Pedersen, Oluf; Hansen, Torben (8 January 2015). "Uncovering the Genetic History of the Present-Day Greenlandic Population". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 54–69. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.012. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289681. PMID 25557782.
  47. ^ Helgason et al. 2000, Zerjal et al. 2001, Passarino et al. 2002, Rootsi et al. 2004, Dupuy et al. 2006, Lindqvist et al. 2006
  48. ^ Passarino et al. 2002, Loogväli et al. 2004, Tambets et al. 2004, Lappalainen et al. 2006
  49. ^ "Data Center Results". apps.mla.org. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  50. ^ "Detailed Mother Tongue (148), Single and Multiple Language Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". 2007. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  51. ^ Culture from Study in Norway Archived 19 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
  52. ^ Norwegian Folk Music from Norway, official site in the UK. Archived 26 March 2004 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  53. ^ Contemporary art from Norway the official site. Archived 8 September 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
  54. ^ "Access Crucial Data for Your Research". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  55. ^ "2 prosent går i kirken på en vanlig søndag". Aftenbladet.no. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  56. ^ "American Religious Identification Survey". Exhibit 15. The Graduate Center, City University of New York. Archived from the original on 24 October 2005. Retrieved 24 November 2006.
  57. ^ San Diego Times, May 2, 2006 Archived 13 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, from 2006 Gallup survey
  58. ^ Offisielt frå statsrådet 27. mai 2016 Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine regjeringen.no «Sanksjon av Stortingets vedtak 18. mai 2016 til lov om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.) Lovvedtak 56 (2015–2016) Lov nr. 17 Delt ikraftsetting av lov 27. mai 2016 om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.). Loven trer i kraft fra 1. januar 2017 med unntak av romertall I § 3 nr. 8 første og fjerde ledd, § 3 nr. 10 annet punktum og § 5 femte ledd, som trer i kraft 1. juli 2016.»
  59. ^ Lovvedtak 56 (2015–2016) Vedtak til lov om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.) Archived 3 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Stortinget.no
  60. ^ NOU 2006: 2: Staten og Den norske kirke [The State and the Church of Norway]. Utredning fra Stat – kirke-utvalget oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon av 14. mars 2003. (Official report to the Minister of Culture available online Archived 11 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine).
  61. ^ "The King prevented a real separation of church and state" (in Norwegian). NRK. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  62. ^ "Church of Norway". Statistics Norway. 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  63. ^ "European Values Study 2017: Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017) "do you believe in: God (Q18A)"". GESIS: ZACAT. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  64. ^ Per Egil Hegge: Norrbagge Archived 7 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Aftenposten, 8 December 2010 (in Norwegian)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwegians&oldid=1254026543"