Nubian ibex

Nubian ibex
Male
Female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Caprinae
Tribe: Caprini
Genus: Capra
Species:
C. nubiana
Binomial name
Capra nubiana

The Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) is a desert-dwelling goat species (Genus Capra) found in mountainous areas of northern and northeast Africa, and the Middle East.[2] It was historically considered to be a subspecies of the Alpine ibex (C. ibex), but is now considered a distinct species. The wild population is estimated at 4,500 mature individuals, and it is classified as vulnerable.[1]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Classification

[edit]

The Nubian ibex was first identified in modern science by Frédéric Cuvier in his 1825 Histoire naturelle des mammifères: avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans, in which he illustrated the animal with the label "Bouc sauvage de la Haute-Égypte" ("Wild goat of Upper Egypt").[3][4][5] It was initially classified as Capra ibex nubiana, a subspecies of the Alpine ibex (C. ibex), which had been previously identified by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[6] The first researcher to classify the Nubian ibex as a unique species, C. nubiana, was Hans-Peter Uerpmann in his 1987 book, The ancient distribution of ungulate mammals in the Middle East: fauna and archaeological sites in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa.[7][5] They are now broadly accepted as a unique species.[1]

Fossil history

[edit]

The earliest remains of Nubian ibex in Israel date back approximately 150,000 years to the Pleistocene, and they have been continually present in the region since then.[6][8] In spite of the growing presence of livestock like domesticated goats over the last 10,000 years, Nubian ibex in the region have remained present throughout this time.[9] However, their abundance has fluctuated over time in places like Ein Gedi, where they showed an increase in population in the Late Holocene between 949 and 5,164 years ago.[10] Radiocarbon dated bones from archaeological excavations indicate that the Nubian ibex has been in a predator-prey relationship with the Arabian leopard throughout the Holocene.[11]

Phylogeny

[edit]

The Nubian ibex shares a genus, Capra, with all other ibex and goats. Phylogenetic reconstructions of the ibex/goat family tree have mixed results, with different studies reaching different conclusions.

One Y-chromosomal DNA analysis suggests two clades (subgroups) within the genus: The first clade contains domestic goats (C. hircus), wild goats (C. aegagrus), and markhors (C. falconeri). The second clade contains all other ibex, including the Nubian ibex. In this analysis, the Nubian ibex is monophyletic (most closely related) to the Siberian ibex (C. sibirica).[12]

However, when the same study analyzed Mitochondrial DNA, it was suggested that all species in genus Capra are in one clade except for the Siberian ibex. The study's authors provide potential explanations for this discrepancy, including a possible ancient hybridization of the ancestors of the two Y-chromosome clades.[12]

A separate mitochondrial study suggests that the Nubian ibex forms a separate, more ancient offshoot from most other ibex and may be monophyletic with the Siberian ibex.[13]

An additional Y-chromosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA study concludes that Nubian ibex are most closely related to Ethiopia's Walia ibex (C. walie), and they may have separated about 800,000 years ago.[14]

Another study used multidimensional scaling (MDS) to suggest that Nubian ibex are more closely related to Alpine ibex and European ibex than to all others.[15]

Genetic analysis suggests that their population was relatively high during the last interglacial period, and decreased during the last ice age.[16] The genetic makeup of Nubian ibex as a species has remained unchanged for at least 2,000 years.[17] There is genetic evidence of ancient gene introgression between Nubian ibex and bezoar ibex, which, in turn, interbred with domestic goats and left genetic signatures.[18]

The following cladogram of seven Capra species is based on 2022 mitochondrial evidence:[19]

Capra

Description

[edit]
Nubian ibex near Mitzpe Ramon

Nubian ibex are the smallest ibex species on Earth, following Bergmann's rule. They stand around 65–75 cm (26–30 in) tall at the shoulder. They are sexually dimorphic: males are significantly larger than females, with males averaging 52–74.7 kg (115–165 lb) and females 25.3–32.7 kg (56–72 lb).[6][20]

Weights of Nubian ibex according to age classes[20]
Sex & Age Number of individuals (n) mean weight (kg)
Female (~4 years) 22 32.7
Male (2–3 years) 5 37.8
Male (4 years) 3 53.7
Male (~7 years) 8 74.7

They are a light tan color, with a white underbelly; males also have a dark brown mane down their backs. Their legs have a black and white pattern. They have a lighter rump with a dark brown tail. Males begin growing a beard at age 2 or 3, which continues to grow longer and darker as they age. During the autumn breeding season, mature males grow a "rutting fur" on their breast and sides which is very dark brown. It appears in October in 3–4-year-old males, but it may appear as early as July or August in older males age 6 and up. However, not all males develop rutting fur, even at a mature age.[6]

Nubian ibexes have long, thin horns that extend up and then backwards and down. In males, these reach around 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in length, while in females they are much smaller, reaching around 30 cm (12 in).[21] Male horns are thicker than female horns, and grow large bulges which prevent the horns from sliding while the males are locked in combat.[6] Male horn growth plateaus around age 7–8, where as female horn growth plateaus around age 4–6. There is a significant relationship between the individual's age and the number of horn ridges.[22]

Distribution

[edit]
Ibex (Capra) distribution

Historically, Nubian ibex were distributed across the Middle East and Northeastern Africa.[1] Its range today is within Egypt, Jordan, Oman, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia and Sudan.[1] It was extirpated in Lebanon, though a captive breeding and reintroduction process is underway.[23] It has also been extirpated in Syria.[24] Its presence is uncertain in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Yemen.[1]

Ecology and behavior

[edit]
Young Nubian ibex in Sde Boker

Feeding

[edit]

Nubian ibex live in rough, dry, mountainous terrain, where they eat mainly grasses and leaves, especially from Acacia trees (Genus Vachellia). They forage for food on the ground and may also rear up on their hind legs to reach leaves in trees. They can climb into trees while feeding.[6] They reduce feeding on plants with strong defenses, such as tannins and thorns.[25] Preferred plants vary depending on the amount of rain; rainy winters result in higher feeding preference for annual plants over perennials.[26] Ibex preferentially feed in spaces that are close to cliffs where they can easily escape predators, demonstrating a Landscape of Fear: the farther from cliffs, the more vigilant ibex become.[27][28] Ibex will also spend more time feeding in green patches with high nutritional quality and that are closer to water sources.[29][30] Female Nubian ibex in Oman have been recorded consuming small bone fragments (osteophagy), a common behavior in mammals to supplement calcium and phosphorus in their diet.[31]

Ecological relationships

[edit]

They are preyed upon by Arabian leopards (Panthera pardus nimr),[32][33] Arabian wolves (Canis lupus arabs),[34][35] golden jackals (Canis aureus),[36] caracals (Caracal caracal),[37] red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos),[38] Eurasian eagle owls (Bubo bubo),[38] and bearded vultures (Gypaetus barbatus).[39] When alarmed, they emit a shrill call to alert other ibex of danger. They share their habitat with numerous other herbivores, including rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), gazelles (Genus gazella), and Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus).[6] Nubian ibex have a mutualistic relationship with Tristram's starling (Onycognathus tristrumil), a small bird that eats the parasites on the ibex's skin.[40]

They may host parasites including: the ibex fly (Lipoptena chalcomelanea), blood sucking lice (Linognathus africanus and Damalinia sp.), ticks (Hyalomma rhipicephaloides, Boophilus annulatus, and others), mites (Psoroptes cuniculi and Sarcoptes scabiei), biting flies (Oestrus sp.) and fleas.[6][41] They have also been found with brain cysts caused by the parasite Taenia multiceps.[42]

Disease

[edit]

Nubian ibex have been detected with a strain of the malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus group of ruminant rhadinoviruses, closely related to caprine herpesvirus 2 (CpHV-2) found in domestic goats.[43] Nubian ibex in Qatar's Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation have been infected by caprine pleuropneumonia.[44][45] In Jerusalem’s Biblical Zoo, the Nubian ibex herd suffered an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants.[46]

Social behavior

[edit]

Ibex are social, and herds tend to consist of females, young, and males up to the age of about three years. Herds are typically up to 20 individuals, but may reach as high as 50.[6][20] Groups can also be smaller (less than 10) in habitats with fewer resources.[47] Female herds are often composed of related individuals that follow a dominance hierarchy.[48] The males are solitary or form more transitory bands of up to eight individuals. During the breeding season, males join the female-based herds for the six- to eight-week rut. Large males then do battle with much clashing of horns.[21]

Movement

[edit]

Nubian ibexes are diurnal, meaning they are active during the day, and rest at night. Like other ibex and goats, Nubian ibex spend much of their time on and around cliffs, which offer safety from potential predators. Ibex perceive a greater predation risk as they move farther away from cliffs.[28] They climb and leap with ease, spanning several meters horizontally and vertically in a single leap. Ibex typically traverse cliffs in single file when possible, and keeping relatively horizontal. Their repeated movement over time creates well-worn hillside trails.[6]

Ibex migrate throughout the day and throughout the year. During the day, they navigate between food patches as they forage. They may rest throughout the day to chew their cud, especially around midday.[6] Additionally, on cold winter days, ibex in Egypt have been documented following the path of the sun each day to stay warm.[49] At night, they sleep on cliff sides in small depressions that they dig. These shallow diggings create microhabitats where a diverse range of seedlings can germinate, adding to the habitat's diversity.[50] In winter and early spring, the Middle East's rainy season, ibex often disperse to open plateaus where they can feed on new plant life. In the hot, dry summer, they congregate around shaded oases with water and greenery.[6]

Reproduction and life history

[edit]

Mating season is typically in October and November, during which a dominant male will pursue several females. Males produce a strong scented secretion when females are in estrous. As they pursue potential mates, they smell the females' anal region with lip curled up (Flehmen). Males can reach breeding maturity as young as 2 years, but may not be allowed to mate until age 5 when they are strong enough to fend off rival males. Females can breed as young as six months old, but often don't breed until age 1-3.[6] Studies suggest that some Nubian ibex subpopulations are developing a second mating season in the spring, in response to hyper-arid climates.[37]

Gestation lasts 5 months. Litters of 1-2 kids are born between March and July, although the majority of births are synchronized in a 3-4 week period that peaks in late March and April. Females leave the herd to give birth in a secluded space. Newborns can stand within 15 minutes of birth, and can nurse within two hours. The mother and young rejoin the herd in a few days, joining other mothers and young to form a crèche for several weeks.[6] Leaving kids in a sheltered crèche allows mothers to seek out richer food patches and spaces that are farther from cliffs, compared to mothers that keep their kids with them at all times.[51] Kids are weaned around 4 months old. Females reach mature size at age 3-4, while males reach it around 6 years old. Nubian ibex can live up to 12 years in the wild and 18 years in captivity.[6]

Physiology

[edit]

Eyes and vision

[edit]

Nubian ibex vision is adapted to navigating visually on mountainous terrain. A study of their retinal ganglion cell density shows that they share many traits with other artiodactyls: a temporal area, horizontal streak, and dorsotemporal extension. They have a potentially unique dorsotemporal area of high ganglion cell density that benefits vision in the lower visual field, helpful for navigating varied terrain. Additionally, they have a more loosely organized horizontal streak than other hoofed animals. Their tapetum lucidum is morphologically similar to that of goats. It is blue-green, and enhances their night vision and vision of the horizon. The spatial resolving power in their temporal area is 17 cycles/degree, meaning that they can distinguish objects as small as 3 mm (0.12 in) from a distance of up to 30 metres (98 ft), allowing for food identification and predator detection.[52] The Nubian ibex's standard intraocular pressure is estimated to be 17.95 ± 4.78 mmHg.[53] They produce relatively low rates of tears compared to other animal species, leaving them highly susceptible to infection.[54]

Blood composition

[edit]

Nubian ibex can balance their body's nitrogen levels on poor quality diets by reabsorbing large quantities of their bodies' urea.[55] This slows their metabolism when only poor quality food is available, but Nubian ibex can regain lost body mass rapidly upon returning to a higher quality diet.[56] Nubian ibex and other desert-dwelling ungulates have elevated isotopes of Nitrogen (δ15N) due to their diet of plants that grow in denitrified soils.[57]

Most hematological, serum biochemical, and electrolyte values are consistent between males and females. However, females have significantly higher red blood cell counts, hematocrit, total leucocyte (white blood cell) counts, and total serum bilirubin than males.[58]

Genetic adaptations to the desert

[edit]

Genetic analyses identify 22 positively selected genes in Nubian ibex, when compared to domestic goats (Capra hircus). The genes affect such functions as immune response, protein ubiquitination, olfactory transduction, and visual development. 3 of the genes have evolved to develop skin barriers that mitigate solar radiation in the hot desert.[59] They also have copy number variations (CNVs) of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and energy metabolism, due to processing desert plants with many secondary metabolites.[60] Additional solar radiation mitigation adaptations include genes associated with hair follicle development and increased DNA repair mechanisms. Nubian ibex also have CNVs for expanded toxic compound removal, to deal with more toxic foods than other goat species eat.[61]

Yaez (Nubian ibex x domestic goat hybrid) physiology studies

[edit]

In the 1970s, researchers in Lahav, Israel, began breeding and studying hybrids of Nubian ibex and domestic goats, called "Yaez" ("יעז").[62] In one study of these hybrids, plasma testosterone peaked in August and testes size peaked in September–October.[63] In a study on reproduction, researchers found that females were more likely to abort their young if they were first-time pregnancies and triplets (as opposed to smaller litters). Mortality rates of young were highest in spring and lowest in winter. Kid mortality rates increased with a higher proportion of ibex genes.[64] When researchers compared the growth rate of male goat and Yaez kids, they found that young goats experience a higher growth rate in spring while Yaez kids grow faster in summer.[65]

Human impacts and conservation status

[edit]
Two Nubian ibex kids

Human impacts

[edit]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified the Nubian ibex as "vulnerable" on the basis that fewer than 10,000 mature individuals remain and the population is declining. Threats faced by the animal include competition with livestock for water and fodder, hunting pressure, climate change, habitat fragmentation, and habitat destruction.[1][66][67]

Ecotourism and outdoor recreation may disturb ibex in nature reserves, causing them to change their behavior in order to avoid people. When possible, they seek out water sources with lower human presence, and more readily abandon high quality food patches when human disturbance is high.[39][68] Human presence in nature reserves may also contribute to decreased reproductive rates in ibex; when tourists stopped visiting Israel's Ein Avdat National Park during COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020, the ratio of young to female ibex more than doubled.[69]

Conversely, some ibex have become habituated to human settlements and popular nature reserves, leading to potential conflict.[70][36] Habituation is demonstrated by decreased vigilance in areas with greater human presence.[71] These subpopulations seek out towns due to abundant food, shelter, and protection from predators.[72][30] Their habituation leads to property damage, consumption of harmful substances like garbage, reproductive isolation from other subpopulations, and reduced antipredator behavioral responses.[73][74][36] Ibex have been recorded standing on vehicles and entering buildings.[75]

Conservation and population status by country

[edit]

As of 2020, the IUCN and other sources estimate wild Nubian ibex populations by country as follows:

Country Population Details
Egypt 600–1,250[1] Two main populations are present, one in the Eastern Desert to the east of the Nile River and one in the South Sinai. The Eastern Desert population contains 400–1,000 individuals in reserves that include Elba Protectorate and Wadi Gemal Protected Area. A further 200–250 individuals reside in the South Sinai region, sheltered by the St. Katherine Protectorate, Taba Protected Area and Abu Gallum Protected Area.[1][30] The populations are declining due to poaching.[76] Egypt's Nubian ibex are officially protected by Agricultural Law No. 53/l 966 and amendment 1012 July 1992.[77]
Eritrea Population and presence unknown[1] Due to civil unrest, no recent population estimates have been documented.[1] On 16 March 1959, the British established the Yob Wildlife Reserve in northern Eritrea specifically to protect significant populations of Nubian ibex in the area.[78][79]
Ethiopia Population and presence unknown[1] Due to civil unrest, no recent population estimates have been documented.[1]
Israel and Palestine 1,200–1,500[1][6][80]

The historically dense ibex population was decimated in the wake of the First World War when the sudden availability of rifles enabled Bedouin to hunt them to near extinction. After the establishment of the State of Israel, when hunting was outlawed and nature reserves were created in which they were protected, the ibex population rebounded.[81][82] In 1966, the recovering population was estimated at 800 individuals nationwide.[83]

Three primary ibex populations exist in Israel: in the Negev Highlands, Eilat Mountains, and the Judaean Desert, which traverses into the Palestinian West Bank.[1][84] There is habitat connectivity between these population centers, with an especially strong wildlife corridor between the Judaean Desert and Negev Highlands. This allows for gene flow.[85][86] An additional small population was established in the Golan Heights through reintroduction in 1970, and now numbers at least 100 individuals.[6] The Judaean Desert population is home to approximately 800 individuals, the Negev Highlands are inhabited by around 400, and the Eilat Mountains to at least 150.[1][6] Israel's population is relatively stable and strongly protected, with over 80% of the population range located within wildlife reserves.[1] Israel's Nature and Parks Authority conducts an annual population count using visual surveys and trail cameras.[87] Israel's Nubian ibex are officially protected by the 1955 Wildlife Protection Law.[82]

Jordan 480–600[88] Once nearly extirpated in the country, Jordan has re-established their ibex population through captive breeding and reintroduction programs. Population strongholds exist within protected areas, including around 250 ibex in Dana Biosphere Reserve, 200 in Wadi Mujib Biosphere Reserve, and 100 in Wadi Rum World Heritage Area. Additionally, at least 60 ibex have been released into the wilderness to join other small populations. Reports suggest that the population is growing within protected areas.[89] Their main threat is hunting.[88][1] Jordan's Nubian ibex are officially protected from hunting under Agriculture Law No. 13, Appendix I.[90]
Lebanon 19; reintroduction in progress[91] Nubian ibex have been extinct in Lebanon since the mid-19th Century. In 2017, a small herd was brought to Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve from Jordan to re-establish a breeding population. Now the herd is living semi-wild in an enclosure within the reserve, with plans to fully release them into the wild in the near future.[23][91][92]
Oman 700–1,350[1] Oman's largest ibex population stronghold is in the Dhofar Mountains, with 600–1,100 individuals. Another 100–250 ibex live in and near Al Wusta Wildlife Reserve, in the Huqf Escarpment and Janabi Hills. The population is in decline due to poaching, habitat degradation, and human expansion.[1] Oman's Nubian ibex are protected under Ministry of Diwan Affairs, Ministerial Decision No. 4 (1976).[1]
Saudi Arabia Present, no official population estimate[1] Small ibex populations are present in protected areas, including the Hawtat bani Tamim Ibex Reserve. The population of this reserve has declined by 75% since 2005 due to poaching.[1] In 2022, Saudi Arabia began a reintroduction program in an effort to rescue the population.[93] Saudi Arabia's Nubian ibex are officially protected by a 1979 hunting by-law.[1]
Sudan Potentially a few hundred; no official population estimate[1] Prior to 2010, surveys suggested a small population in the Red Sea Hills and the areas around Port Sudan, where they have been recorded for many decades.[94] Historically they were documented in the Erkawit and Sinkat Sanctuaries, as well as the Tokar Game Reserve.[95] However, due to civil unrest, no recent population estimates have been documented.[1] Sudan's Nubian ibex are listed as a permit-only hunted species under the 1992 Wildlife Conservation Act, and limited hunting programs continue.[1][96]
Yemen Likely present, no official population estimate[1] Ibex have occasionally been detected in the Hawf Protected Area.[97] Due to civil unrest, no recent population estimates have been documented.[1]

Captive populations

[edit]
Continent Details
Africa Nubian ibex live in Egypt's Giza Zoo.[98]
Asia Nubian ibex live in 16 zoos across Israel, including a breeding herd in the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo.[99] They live in 3 zoos across the United Arab Emirates, 1 zoo in Gaza, and 1 zoo in Singapore.[100] Nubian ibex live in at least one facility in Oman, the Al Baraka Palace breeding centre. Oman's wild ibex population is genetically distinct from its captive population, suggesting that the captive animals descend from a different population.[101][102]
Europe Nubian ibex live in one zoo in each of the following countries: Estonia, France, Germany, Poland, and Switzerland.[100]
North America As of December 2013, at least 34 males and 39 females live across 8 captive facilities; 7 of these facilities are accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). They are all descend from ibex that lived in Israel's Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve.[103] Captive ibex managers worried that one ibex group had hybrid ancestry due to morphological differences from other Nubian ibex, but genetic analysis suggested that they were pure-bred, and that differences were only due to intraspecific genetic variation.[104] There are many captive and semi-wild populations in the United States that are kept on private ranches for trophy hunting.[105][106][107][108]

Cultural significance and human exploitation

[edit]

Ancient Middle Eastern cultures

[edit]

Nubian ibex have been a common image in petroglyphs (rock art), metal work, pottery, and other artwork across the Middle East for thousands of years, with some artwork dating back to the late Pleistocene.[109][110][111][112] One example is a life-sized image carved in sandstone in Egypt, dated to the Upper Paleolithic.[113] In petroglyphs, ibex are often portrayed as hunted by dogs and human archers. They are also frequently depicted alongside celestial imagery such as a star, sun, cross, or circle.[114] They were commonly hunted using desert kites (long, narrowing walls that form an enclosure), dogs, stone enclosures, and nets.[115][116][117]

The ibex's role in artwork has been suggested as representing literal acts like ritual hunts, as well as spiritual and metaphorical concepts such as resurrection, seasonal cycles of rain and drought, and the interplay of life and death. Ibex may have represented ancient Middle Eastern deities such as Dumuzi (Tamuz), Almaqah and Dushara.[114][115] They are often identified with the constellation Capricorn in Mesopotamian-Iranian artwork from the 4th Millennium BCE.[114]

A common motif in ancient Middle Eastern art contains a sacred tree, often the Tree of Life, flanked on each side by an ibex. This motif is present across the region, from Iran and Mesopotamia to Arabia and the Horn of Africa.[118][119][120] Assyrian travelers brought bronze artwork bearing the motif as far as Olympia, Greece.[121] This motif is exemplified by the Cult Stand from Ta-anakh from the 10th Century BCE, which also contains two ibex next to a sacred tree, and other nature-themed carvings. It is thought to depict the relationship of Yahweh/El (God) and Asherah, a Semitic, nature-oriented goddess whose essence was later integrated into Judaism.[122][123]

Further information: Asherah pole

Judaism

[edit]

The Biblical heroine Yael's name means "Ibex" in Hebrew.[124] The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) contains several references to ibex: "The high mountains belong to the ibex" (Psalm 104:18);[125][126] "A loving female ibex" (Proverbs 5:19).[127] "Do you know the season when the mountain goats give birth?" (Job 39:1).[128][129] The spring of Ein Gedi, near the Dead Sea, translates to "Spring of the goat-kid;" the location features in King David's story, where he is sought "in the direction of the rocks of the wild goats" (1 Samuel 24:3).[130][131] Ibex are one of the species whose horns can be used to construct a Shofar (Jewish religious musical horn): "The shofar that was used on Rosh HaShana in the Temple was made from the straight horn of an ibex, and its mouth, the mouthpiece into which one blows, was plated with gold" (Mishnah Rosh Hashana 3:4).[132] They are a Kosher species, meaning that, when prepared properly, the ibex can be eaten under religious law.[133]

Ibex skin was sometimes used to make parchments in ancient Israel.[9] Ibex imagery is present in ancient Jewish artwork such as the Huqoq Synagogue mosaic from the 5th Century.[134][135] The ibex was one of many animals invoked in parables written by Medieval Jewish scholars, such as in Isaac ibn Sahula's Meshal ha-kadmoni ("Proverb of the Ancient").[136] In the early 20th Century, Russian Jewish performer Ida Rubinstein was characterized as "the great ibex of the Jewish Ghetto."[137][138]

Yael (יָעֵל) remains a common name for Jews, and is one of the most popular female baby names in Israel.[139] The Nubian ibex is the symbol of the Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA). It was chosen due to its iconic representation of Israeli wildlife, as well as for the resemblance of its rounded horn to a Roman arch, representing local archaeological history. The INPA works to conserve both nature and culture, and they provide veterinary aid to wild ibex and other wildlife that are injured.[140][141]

Bedouin culture

[edit]

Bedouin have historically raised young Nubian ibex in integrated herds with domestic goats, with whom the ibex can viably interbreed.[6] The Ma'aza Bedouin of Egypt's Eastern Desert have named several locations based on ibex presence and behavior.[142] In Israel, the Azāzmeh tribal wasm (symbol) on petroglyphs was made by modifying older ibex rock art.[143] Bedouin have traditionally hunted ibex for food and skin, and were often historically hired as hunters and guides by British and Egyptian officials.[144][145] More recently, some Bedouin in the Sinai region have worked as protectors of ibex and other wildlife.[146]

Yemen

[edit]

In Yemen, the ibex is a longstanding symbol of national identity, representing many positive attributes of the Yemeni people. An annual National Ibex Day, on 22 January, has been proposed to help protect the animal.[147][148]

Contemporary media

[edit]

The Nubian ibex in particular was in the BBC documentary Life, and featured prominently in the popular television documentary series Planet Earth (episode five, "Deserts").[149]

Ecotourism

[edit]

Nubian ibex imagery is prominent in ecotourism promotion. The Israeli town of Mitzpe Ramon, where habituated ibex are frequently found, features a hotel called the Ibex Inn.[150] Jordan's Wadi Rum features a tour and camping company called Wadi Rum Ibex.[151]

Many Middle Eastern tour companies encourage clients to join them for an opportunity to view these animals in the wild.[152][153][154][155]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capra nubiana.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Ross, S.; Elalqamy, H.; Al Said, T.; Saltz, D. (2020). "Capra nubiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3796A22143385. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3796A22143385.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Capra nubiana F.Cuvier, 1825". Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
  3. ^ É. Geoffroy and F. Cuvier. 1825. Hist. Nat. Mammifères, pt. 3, 6(50):2 pp. "Bouc sauvage de la Haute-Egypte"
  4. ^ "Ruminans Bouc sauvage de la Haute-Égypte". NYPL Digital Collections. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  5. ^ a b Grubb, Peter (1993). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (2nd ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 405–406. ISBN 978-1-56098-217-3.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Mendelssohn, H.; Yom-Tov, Y. (1999). Mammalia of Israel (Fauna Palestina). The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. pp. 271–280. ISBN 978-965-208-145-2.
  7. ^ Uerpmann, Hans-Peter (1987). The ancient distribution of ungulate mammals in the Middle East: fauna and archaeolog. sites in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Reihe A, Naturwissenschaften. Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 978-3-88226-395-4.
  8. ^ Marom, Nimrod; Lazagabaster, Ignacio A.; Shafir, Roee; Natalio, Filipe; Eisenmann, Vera; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (14 March 2022). "The Late Middle Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Oumm Qatafa Cave, Judean Desert: taxonomy, taphonomy and palaeoenvironment". Journal of Quaternary Science. 37 (4): 612–638. Bibcode:2022JQS....37..612M. doi:10.1002/jqs.3414. ISSN 0267-8179. PMC 9314136. PMID 35915614.
  9. ^ a b Faerman, M.; Kahila Bar-Gal, G.; Hershkovitz, I.; Spigelman, M.; Greenblatt, C.L. (2008). "Molecular archaeology: People, animals, and plants of the Holy Land". Israel Journal of Earth Sciences. 56: 217–230. doi:10.1560/IJES.56.2-4.217 (inactive 1 November 2024). Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  10. ^ Lazagabaster, I.A.; Égüez, N.; Ullman, M.; Porat, R.; Wachtel, I.; Davidovich, U.; Marom, N. (2022). "Cave paleozoology in the Judean Desert: assembling records of Holocene wild mammal communities". Journal of Quaternary Science. 37 (4): 651–663. Bibcode:2022JQS....37..651L. doi:10.1002/jqs.3405. ISSN 0267-8179. S2CID 245480714. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  11. ^ Marom, N.; Wolkowski, U. (2024). "A note on predator-prey dynamics in radiocarbon datasets". Peer Community Journal. 4. doi:10.24072/pcjournal.395. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  12. ^ a b Pidancier, N.; Jordan, S.; Luikart, G.; Taberlet, P. (2006). "Evolutionary history of the genus Capra (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): Discordance between mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome phylogenies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (3): 739–749. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..739P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.002. PMID 16757184. S2CID 12743878.
  13. ^ Kazanskaya, E. Y.; Kuznetsova, M. V.; Danilkin, A. A. (2007). "Phylogenetic reconstructions in the genus Capra (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) based on the mitochondrial DNA analysis". Russian Journal of Genetics. 43 (2): 181–189. doi:10.1134/S1022795407020135. S2CID 7291545.
  14. ^ Gebremedhin, B.; Ficetola, G.F.; Naderi, S.; Rezaei, H.-R.; Maudet, C.; Rioux, D.; Luikart, G.; Flagstad, Ø.; Thuiller, W.; Taberlet, P. (2009). "Combining genetic and ecological data to assess the conservation status of the endangered Ethiopian walia ibex". Animal Conservation. 12 (2): 89–100. Bibcode:2009AnCon..12...89G. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00238.x. S2CID 43923119.
  15. ^ Daly, K.G.; Arbuckle, B.S.; Rossi, C.; Mattiangeli, V.; Lawlor, P.A.; Mashkour, M.; Sauer, E.; Lesur, J.; Atici, L.; Erek, C. M.; Bradley, D.G. (2022). "A novel lineage of the Capra genus discovered in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey using ancient genomics". eLife. 11. doi:10.7554/eLife.82984. PMC 9529249. PMID 36190761.
  16. ^ Al-Said, T. (2023). Conservation priorities for two ungulate species in the subfamily Caprinae in Oman (Masters thesis). Durham University. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  17. ^ Kahila Bar-Gal, G. 2000. Genetic change in the Capra species of Southern Levant over the past 10,000 years as studied by DNA analysis of ancient and modern populations. Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem. 163 pp.
  18. ^ Pogorevc, N.; Dotsev, A.; Upadhyay, M.; Sandoval-Castellanos, E.; Hannemann, E.; Simčič, M.; Antoniou, A.; Papachristou, D.; Koutsouli, P.; Rahmatalla, S.; Brockmann, G.; Sölkner, J.; Burger, P.; Lymberakis, P.; Poulakakis, N. (2023). "Whole-genome SNP genotyping unveils ancestral and recent introgression in wild and domestic goats". Molecular Ecology. 33 (1): e17190. doi:10.1111/mec.17190. PMID 37909668.
  19. ^ Robin, M.; Ferrari, G.; Akgül, G.; Münger, X.; von Seth, J.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Dalén, L.; Grossen, C. (2022). "Ancient mitochondrial and modern whole genomes unravel massive genetic diversity loss during near extinction of Alpine ibex". Molecular Ecology. 31 (13): 3548–3565. Bibcode:2022MolEc..31.3548R. doi:10.1111/mec.16503. PMC 9328357. PMID 35560856.
  20. ^ a b c Gross, J.E.; Alkon, P.U.; Demment, M.W. (1995). "Grouping patterns and spatial segregation by Nubian ibex". Journal of Arid Environments. 30 (4): 423–439. Bibcode:1995JArEn..30..423G. doi:10.1006/jare.1995.0037.
  21. ^ a b Alkon, P.U. (2013). "Nubian Ibex". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. A&C Black. pp. 600–603. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-2.
  22. ^ Attum, O.; Soultan, A.; Bender, L.C. (2021). "Horn growth patterns of Nubian ibex from the Sinai, Egypt". Mammalia. 85 (6): 494–502. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2020-0144. S2CID 235233532.
  23. ^ a b "The reintroduction of the Nubian ibex in Lebanon". www.istituto-oikos.org. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023.
  24. ^ Masseti, M. (2004). "Artiodactyls of Syria". Zoology in the Middle East. 33 (1): 139–148. doi:10.1080/09397140.2004.10638072. S2CID 87806576.
  25. ^ Kiekebusch, Elsita M.; Kotler, Burt P. (18 May 2016). "Effects of plant defenses and water availability on seasonal foraging preferences of the Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana)". Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution. 62 (3–4): 128–137. doi:10.1080/15659801.2015.1112657. ISSN 2224-4662. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  26. ^ Hakham, Edna; Ritte, Uzi (1 January 1993). "Foraging pressure of the Nubian ibex Capra ibex nubiana and its effect on the indigenous vegetation of the En Gedi Nature Reserve, Israel". Biological Conservation. 63 (1): 9–21. Bibcode:1993BCons..63....9H. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90068-C. ISSN 0006-3207. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  27. ^ Hochman, Valeria; Kotler, Burt P. (2007). "Patch use, apprehension, and vigilance behavior of Nubian Ibex under perceived risk of predation". Behavioral Ecology. 18 (2): 368–374. doi:10.1093/beheco/arl087.
  28. ^ a b Iribarren, Cecilia; Kotler, Burt P. (2012). "Foraging patterns of habitat use reveal landscape of fear of Nubian ibex Capra nubiana". Wildlife Biology. 18 (2): 194–201. doi:10.2981/11-041. S2CID 85088966.
  29. ^ Hochman, Valeria; P. Kotler, Burt (2006). "Effects of food quality, diet preference and water on patch use by Nubian ibex". Oikos. 112 (3): 547–554. Bibcode:2006Oikos.112..547H. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14214.x. S2CID 84192088. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  30. ^ a b c El Alqamy, Husam; Soultan, Alaaeldin; Abdelhameed, Adnan; Nagy, Abdullah; Hamada, Ayman; Rashad, Sabreen; Kamel, Mohamed (January 2010). "Predicting the status and distribution of the Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana) in the high-altitude mountains of south Sinai (Egypt)". Galemys 22 (Nº Especial): 517–530. ISSN 1137-8700.
  31. ^ Ross, Steve; Al Harsusi, S.N.; Al Said, T. (2023). "First record of bone eating (osteophagia) in the Nubian ibex found in the Sultanate of Oman". Caprinae News: Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group (1/2023): 11–13.
  32. ^ Mazzolli, Marcelo (January 2009). "Arabian Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr, status and habitat assessment in northwest Dhofar, Oman: (Mammalia: Felidae)". Zoology in the Middle East. 47 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1080/09397140.2009.10638341. ISSN 0939-7140. S2CID 53510526. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  33. ^ Atzeni, Luciano; Ilany, Amiyaal; Geffen, Eli; Cushman, Samuel A.; Kaszta, Żaneta; Macdonald, David W. (1 March 2024). "Reviving the Arabian leopard: Harnessing historical data to map habitat and pave the way for reintroduction". Biological Conservation. 291: 110440. Bibcode:2024BCons.29110440A. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110440. ISSN 0006-3207.
  34. ^ Barocas, A.; Hefner, R.; Ucko, M.; Merkle, J. A.; Geffen, E. (October 2018). "Behavioral adaptations of a large carnivore to human activity in an extremely arid landscape". Animal Conservation. 21 (5): 433–443. Bibcode:2018AnCon..21..433B. doi:10.1111/acv.12414. S2CID 91922916. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  35. ^ "WATCH: Wolf Pursues Baby Mountain Goat in Dramatic Desert Chase in Southern Israel". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  36. ^ a b c Zukerman, Yuval; Berger-Tal, Oded (28 February 2024). "Exposure of Nubian ibex ( Capra nubiana ) to humans reduces behavioural responses to potential threats". People and Nature. 6 (2): 562–572. Bibcode:2024PeoNa...6..562Z. doi:10.1002/pan3.10570. ISSN 2575-8314.
  37. ^ a b Massolo, A.; Spalton, J. A.; Tear, T. H.; Lawrence, M. W.; Said al Harsusi, L.; Lovari, S. (March 2008). "Dynamic social system in Nubian ibex: can a second mating season develop in response to arid climate?". Journal of Zoology. 274 (3): 216–225. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00373.x. ISSN 0952-8369. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  38. ^ a b Levy, Nadav; Bernadsky, Gilad (5 May 1990). "CRECHE BEHAVIOR OF NUBIAN IBEX CAPRA IBEX NUBIANA IN THE NEGEV DESERT HIGHLANDS, ISRAEL". Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution. 37 (3): 125–137. doi:10.1080/00212210.1991.10688649 (inactive 2 November 2024). ISSN 2224-4662. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  39. ^ a b Tadesse, Solomon A.; Kotler, Burt P. (2012). "Impact of tourism on Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana) revealed through assessment of behavioral indicators". Behavioral Ecology. 23 (6): 1257–1262. doi:10.1093/beheco/ars110.
  40. ^ Yosef, Reuven; Yosef, Dalit (October 1991). "Tristram's grackles groom Nubian ibex". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 103 (103): 518–520. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  41. ^ Yeruham, I.; Rosen, S.; Hadani, A.; Braverman, Y. (1999). "Arthropod parasites of Nubian ibexes (Capra ibex nubiana) and Gazelles (Gazella gazella) in Israel". Veterinary Parasitology. 83 (2): 167–173. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00073-4. PMID 10392972. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  42. ^ Merbl, Yael; Shilo-Benjamini, Yael; Chai, Orit; Chamisha, Yael; Anglister, Nili; King, Roni; Horowitz, Igal; Aizenberg, Zahi; Shamir, Merav H. (March 2014). "Taenia multiceps brain cyst removal in two wild Nubian ibex (Capra nubianas)". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 45 (1): 193–196. doi:10.1638/2013-0175R.1. ISSN 1042-7260. PMID 24712185. S2CID 929588. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  43. ^ Li, Hong; Gailbreath, Katherine; Bender, Louis C.; West, Keith; Keller, Janice; Crawford, Timothy B. (2003). "Evidence of Three New Members of Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus Group in Muskox (Ovibos moschatus), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), and Gemsbok (Oryx gazella)". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 39 (4): 875–880. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-39.4.875. PMID 14733283. S2CID 22793830. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  44. ^ Deiss, R.; Hammer, C.; Müller, Dennis W. H.; Deb, A.; Clauss, Marcus; Hammer, S. (15 May 2010). "Mortality patterns in nondomestic hoofstock (Ovis orientalis laristanica, Capra aegagrus, Capra ibex nubiana) indicate species-specific differences in disease susceptibility in small ruminants". Deiss, R; Hammer, C; Müller, Dennis W H; Deb, A; Clauss, Marcus; Hammer, S (2010). Mortality patterns in nondomestic hoofstock (Ovis orientalis laristanica, Capra aegagrus, Capra ibex nubiana) indicate species-specific differences in disease susceptibility in small ruminants. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Diseases of Zoo and Wild Animals, Madrid, 12 May 2010 - 15 May 2010, 59-66. 2. Madrid: University of Zurich: 59–66. doi:10.5167/uzh-34755. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  45. ^ Spickler, Anna Rovid (2015). "Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia". Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  46. ^ Berkowitz, Asaf; Avni-Magen, Nili; Bouznach, Arieli; Waner, Trevor; Litvak, Arie; Friedgut, Orly; Bombarov, Velizar; Guini-Rubinstein, Marisol; Stram, Yehuda; Eldar, Avi; Erster, Oran (1 August 2019). "Pathological and molecular characterisation of peste des petits ruminants in Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) in Israel". Archives of Virology. 164 (8): 1997–2003. doi:10.1007/s00705-019-04269-y. ISSN 1432-8798. PMID 31089959.
  47. ^ Habibi, K. (1997). "Group dynamics of the Nubian ibex ( Capra ibex nubiana ) in the Tuwayiq Canyons, Saudi Arabia". Journal of Zoology. 241 (4): 791–801. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05748.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
  48. ^ Greenberg-Cohen, Dalia; Alkon, Philip U.; Yom-Tov, Yoram (26 April 2010). "A Linear Dominance Hierarchy in Female Nubian Ibex". Ethology. 98 (3–4): 210–220. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01072.x. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  49. ^ Baharav, Dan; Meiboom, Uzi (1 December 1982). "Winter thermo regularity behaviour of the Nubian ibex in the southern Sinai Desert". Journal of Arid Environments. 5 (4): 295–298. Bibcode:1982JArEn...5..295B. doi:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31610-0. ISSN 0140-1963.
  50. ^ Gutterman, Yitzchak (1 December 1997). "Ibex diggings in the Negev Desert highlands of Israel as microhabitats for annual plants. Soil salinity, location and digging depth affecting variety and density of plant species". Journal of Arid Environments. 37 (4): 665–681. Bibcode:1997JArEn..37..665G. doi:10.1006/jare.1997.0305. ISSN 0140-1963. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  51. ^ Kohlmann, Stephan G.; Müller, Daniel M.; Alkon, Philip U. (1996). "Antipredator Constraints on Lactating Nubian Ibexes". Journal of Mammalogy. 77 (4): 1122–1131. doi:10.2307/1382794. JSTOR 1382794.
  52. ^ Coimbra, João Paulo; Alagaili, Abdulaziz N.; Bennett, Nigel C.; Mohammed, Osama B.; Manger, Paul R. (December 2019). "Unusual topographic specializations of retinal ganglion cell density and spatial resolution in a cliff-dwelling artiodactyl, the Nubian ibex ( Capra nubiana )". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 527 (17): 2813–2825. doi:10.1002/cne.24709. ISSN 0021-9967. PMID 31045240. S2CID 143421721. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  53. ^ Ofri, Ron; Horowitz, Igal H.; Kass, Philip H. (1998). "Tonometry in three herbivorous wildlife species". Veterinary Ophthalmology. 1 (1): 21–24. doi:10.1046/j.1463-5224.1998.00004.x. PMID 11397205.
  54. ^ Ofri, R.; Horowitz, I.; Kass, P.H. (1999). "Tear Production in Three Captive Wild Herbivores in Israel". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 35 (1): 134–136. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-35.1.134. PMID 10073364. S2CID 31299488. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  55. ^ Choshniak, I; Arnon, H (1 January 1985). "Nitrogen metabolism and kidney function in the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex nubiana)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 82 (1): 137–139. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(85)90717-0. ISSN 0300-9629. PMID 2864193. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  56. ^ CHOSHNIAK, I.; ARNON, H.; SHKOLNIK, A. (21 March 2011). "Digestive Efficiency in a Wild Goat: The Nubian Ibex". Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 64 (5): 160–162. doi:10.4141/cjas84-204.
  57. ^ Hartman, Gideon (February 2011). "Are elevated δ 15 N values in herbivores in hot and arid environments caused by diet or animal physiology?". Functional Ecology. 25 (1): 122–131. Bibcode:2011FuEco..25..122H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01782.x. ISSN 0269-8463.
  58. ^ Aljumaah, Riyadh S.; Hussein, Mansour F. (2012). "Hematological, biochemical and electrolyte values of the Nubian Ibex (Capra ibex nubiana Cuvier1825, Bovidae: Caprinae)". Asia Life Sciences. 21 (2): 325–335.
  59. ^ Chebii, V.J.; Oyola, S.O.; Kotze, A.; Domelevo Entfellner, J.-B.; Musembi Mutuku, J.; Agaba, M. (2020). "Genome-Wide Analysis of Nubian Ibex Reveals Candidate Positively Selected Genes That Contribute to Its Adaptation to the Desert Environment". Animals. 10 (11): 2181. doi:10.3390/ani10112181. PMC 7700370. PMID 33266380.
  60. ^ Chebii, V.J.; Mpolya, E.A.; Oyola, S.O.; Kotze, A.; Entfellner, J.-B.D.; Mutuku, J.M. (2021). "Genome scan for variable genes involved in environmental adaptations of Nubian Ibex". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 89 (7): 448–457. Bibcode:2021JMolE..89..448C. doi:10.1007/s00239-021-10015-3. PMC 8318948. PMID 34142199.
  61. ^ Chebii, V. (2021). Genome scan for signatures of adaptive evolution in wild African goat (Capra nubiana) (Master of Science thesis). NM-AIST. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  62. ^ "About". Lahav CRO. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  63. ^ Degen, A. A; Sod-Moriah, U. A; Levy, Y; Rattner, D (1 January 1981). "Seasonal fluctuations in plasma testosterone levels and testes size in male goat (Capra hircus)-ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) crosses". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 69 (4): 713–716. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(81)90163-8. ISSN 0300-9629.
  64. ^ Rattner, D.; Riviere, J.; Bearman, J. E. (1 January 1994). "Factors affecting abortion, stillbirth and kid mortality in the Goat and Yaez (Goat × ibex)". Small Ruminant Research. 13 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1016/0921-4488(94)90028-0. ISSN 0921-4488. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  65. ^ Rattner, D.; Landau, J. (1987). "Comparative growth-performance of male goat kids and Yaez (ibex* goat) kids". Annales de zootechnie. 36 (3): 337–338. doi:10.1051/animres:19870366. HAL hal-00888596.
  66. ^ "'New generation of irresponsible hunters' prey on once-extinct Nubian ibex — RSCN". Jordan Times. 11 March 2017. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  67. ^ Khayat, Rana O.; Dakhil, Mohammed A. (16 August 2024). "Conservation assessment of the vulnerable species Capra nubiana under changing precipitation: a decision- support tool for conservation planning". Mammalian Biology. doi:10.1007/s42991-024-00445-z. ISSN 1618-1476.
  68. ^ Attum, Omar; Noby, Sayed K. El; Hassan, Ibrahim N. (October 2009). "The influence of landscape characteristics and anthropogenic factors on waterhole use by Vulnerable Nubian ibex Capra nubiana". Oryx. 43 (4): 564–567. doi:10.1017/S0030605309990457 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 1365-3008. S2CID 83679030.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  69. ^ Zukerman, Yuval; Sigal, Zehava; Berger-Tal, Oded (2021). "COVID-19 Restrictions in a Nature Reserve Reveal the Costs of Human Presence for the Threatened Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.751515. ISSN 2296-701X.
  70. ^ "Negev Desert / Afternoon in the Nubian ibex human domain | Guy Shachar". Guy Shachar | Multidisciplinary view of the world. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  71. ^ Saltz, D.; Berger-Tal, O.; Motro, U.; Shkedy, Y.; Raanan, N. (2019). "Conservation implications of habituation in Nubian ibex in response to ecotourism". Animal Conservation. 22 (3): 220–227. Bibcode:2019AnCon..22..220S. doi:10.1111/acv.12456. S2CID 92396002.
  72. ^ Tadesse, Solomon A.; Kotler, Burt P. (6 May 2010). "Habitat Choices of Nubian Ibex (Capra Nubiana) Evaluated with A habitat Suitability Modeling and Isodar Analysis". Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution. 56 (1): 55–74. doi:10.1560/IJEE.56.1.55. ISSN 1565-9801. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  73. ^ Goodman I. (2016). The spatial genetic structure of the Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) population in Israel. MSc Thesis, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
  74. ^ Zukerman, Y. (2021). Exposure of Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) to humans reduces their behavioral responses to potential threats. MSc Thesis, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
  75. ^ "This ibex made himself at home at a hotel in Mitzpe Ramon". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  76. ^ Attum, Omar; Soultan, Alaaeldin; Bender, Louis C. (2021). "Survivorship in a heavily hunted population of Nubian ibex ( Capra nubiana )". African Journal of Ecology. 60 (3): 824–829. doi:10.1111/aje.12940. ISSN 0141-6707. S2CID 239484513. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  77. ^ "Agricultural Law No.53 of 1966. | UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform". leap.unep.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  78. ^ "Yob Wildlife Reserve". Protectedplanet.net. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  79. ^ Shackleton, David M. (1997). Wild Sheep and Goats and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Caprinae. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. Caprinae Specialist Group. p. 26. ISBN 978-2-8317-0353-4.
  80. ^ Constantinoiu, Marina (28 December 2021). "The rise, and hopefully continued rise, of Israel's iconic ibex". ISRAEL21c. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023.
  81. ^ Tal, Alon (16 October 2019). "The remarkable return of the ibex". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  82. ^ a b "Wildlife Protection Law, 1955". GOV.IL. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023.
  83. ^ Ashby, KR. (1966). "Israel Tackles Conservation". Oryx. 8 (4): 256–261. doi:10.1017/S0030605300004944.
  84. ^ Albaba, Imadeddin (2016). "The terrestrial mammals of Palestine: A preliminary checklist". International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies. 3 (4): 28–35. ISSN 2347-2677. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  85. ^ Conservation saved the ibex but created new dangers Archived 30 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz
  86. ^ Shkedy, Yehoshua; Saltz, David (February 2000). "Characterizing Core and Corridor Use by Nubian Ibex in the Negev Desert, Israel". Conservation Biology. 14 (1): 200–206. Bibcode:2000ConBi..14..200S. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98291.x. S2CID 84444983. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  87. ^ Tichon, Jonathan; Freiman, Elyasaf; Spiegel, Orr; Baruchi, Erez; Atar, Aviam; Lapid, Roi; King, Roni; Bar-David, Shirli; Saltz, David (5 December 2022). "Population dynamics and the effect of drought in the threatened Nubian ibex". Wildlife Society Bulletin. 47 (1). doi:10.1002/wsb.1397. eISSN 2328-5540. S2CID 254401713.
  88. ^ a b Eid, Ehab; Abu Baker, Mohammad; Amr, Zuhair (2020). National Red data book of mammals in Jordan. doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.12.en. ISBN 978-2-8317-2076-0. S2CID 225106510.
  89. ^ Attum, Omar; Al Awaji, Malik; Bender, Louis C. (2022). "The use of demographic data to monitor population trends of the Nubian Ibex, Capra nubiana in Jordan (Mammalia: Bovidae)". Zoology in the Middle East. 68 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1080/09397140.2021.2021654. hdl:2022/27445. ISSN 0939-7140. S2CID 245816312. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  90. ^ "Jordan - Law No. 13 of 2015 concerning Agriculture Law". www.ilo.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  91. ^ a b "Reintroduced Nubian Ibex seen and efforts to restore pastures underway". AMNC. 28 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023.
  92. ^ "Nubian Ibex Conservation Case Study | The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund". www.speciesconservation.org. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023.
  93. ^ al-Kinani, Mohammed (5 March 2022). "Native species return home as Saudi Arabia heeds call of the wild". Arab News.
  94. ^ Anthony, H. E. (1929). "With "Fuzzies" After Ibex". Scientific American. 140 (2): 126–129. Bibcode:1929SciAm.140..126A. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0229-126. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24965563.
  95. ^ Hassan, Lubna Mohammed Abdallah, Mutasim E. Abdallah, Latiefa Eltigany and Nasir Brema. "The Current Conservation Efforts and Future Prospects for the Endangered Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana ibex) in Sudan." J Biodivers Endanger Species 11 (2023): 502.
  96. ^ Ahmed, Kaamil (23 March 2021). "Open season in Sudan as trophy hunters flock to shoot rare ibex". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  97. ^ Khorozyan, Igor; Stanton, David; Mohammed, Murad; Al-Ra'il, Waleed; Pittet, Malini (1 July 2014). "Patterns of co-existence between humans and mammals in Yemen: some species thrive while others are nearly extinct". Biodiversity and Conservation. 23 (8): 1995–2013. Bibcode:2014BiCon..23.1995K. doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0700-z. ISSN 1572-9710. S2CID 254281294. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  98. ^ "Giza Zoo > Nubian Ibex ماعز جبلي". gizazoo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  99. ^ "Nubian Ibex". www.jerusalemzoo.org (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  100. ^ a b "ZootierlisteHomepage". www.zootierliste.de. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  101. ^ Al-Ghafri, Mataab K.; White, Patrick J. C.; Briers, Robert A.; Dicks, Kara L.; Ball, Alex; Ghazali, Muhammad; Ross, Steven; Al-Said, Taimur; Al-Amri, Haitham; Al-Umairi, Mudhafar; Al-Saadi, Hani; Aka'ak, Ali; Hardan, Ahmed; Zabanoot, Nasser; Craig, Mark (May 2021). "Genetic diversity of the Nubian ibex in Oman as revealed by mitochondrial DNA". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (5): 210125. Bibcode:2021RSOS....810125A. doi:10.1098/rsos.210125. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 8150036. PMID 34084548.
  102. ^ Al-Ghafri, Mataab K.; White, Patrick J.C.; Briers, Robert A.; Ball, Alex; Senn, Helen; Al-Jahdhami, Mansoor H.; Al-Amri, Haitham; Tiwari, Bisnu B.; Al-Harsusi, Said Nasser; Al-Harsusi, Abdullah Ghasab; Al-Rawahi, Qais; Dicks, Kara L. (9 October 2024). "Implications of newly developed SNPs for conservation programmes for the threatened Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) in Oman". Conservation Genetics Resources. doi:10.1007/s12686-024-01370-6. ISSN 1877-7260.
  103. ^ Jirik, Kate. "LibGuides: Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana) Fact Sheet: Managed Care". ielc.libguides.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  104. ^ Putnam, Andrea S.; Nguyen, Tram N.; Mott, Alison; Korody, Marisa L.; Ryder, Oliver A. (March 2020). "Assessing possible hybridization among managed Nubian ibex in North America". Zoo Biology. 39 (2): 121–128. doi:10.1002/zoo.21527. ISSN 0733-3188. PMID 31833594. S2CID 209340970. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  105. ^ "Nubian Ibex". The Patio Ranch. 6 November 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  106. ^ "Nubian Ibex". Cherokeeranch. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  107. ^ "Ibex - Nubian". Texas Divide Ranch. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  108. ^ "Hunting the species: Nubian ibex". reserveranch.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  109. ^ Eid, Ehab; Mallon, David (27 August 2021). "Wild ungulates in Jordan: past, present, and forthcoming opportunities". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 13 (9): 19338–19351. doi:10.11609/jott.6811.13.9.19338-19351. ISSN 0974-7907. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  110. ^ "Mace head with twin-headed ibex: Cave of the Treasure, Nahal Mishmar, Judean Desert". The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  111. ^ "Figure of ibex". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  112. ^ Zboray, Andras (1 January 2012). "An unpublished shelter with prehistoric engravings of a possible late Pleistocene date in the North-central Sinai (Egypt)". Sahara 23.
  113. ^ Kelany, A. (2014). Late Palaeolithic Rock Art Sites at Wādi Abū Subeira and el-'Aqaba el-Saghira, Upper Egypt. Les Cahiers de l'Association des Amis de l'Art Rupestre Saharien, 17, 105-116.
  114. ^ a b c Avner, Uzi; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Horowitz, Wayne (1 August 2017). "Symbolism of the ibex motif in Negev rock art". Journal of Arid Environments. 143: 35–43. Bibcode:2017JArEn.143...35A. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.11.009. ISSN 0140-1963.
  115. ^ a b Maraqten, Mohammed (23 October 2015). "Hunting in pre-Islamic Arabia in light of the epigraphic evidence". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 26 (2): 208–234. doi:10.1111/aae.12059.
  116. ^ Ryckmans, Jacques (1976). "An Ancient Stone Structure for the Capture of Ibex in Western Saudi Arabia". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 6: 161–165. ISSN 0308-8421. JSTOR 41223179. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  117. ^ Dayan, Tamar; Tchernov, Eitan; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Yom-Tov, Yoram (1986). "Animal Exploitation in Ujrat El-Mehed, a Neolithic Site in Southern Sinai". Paléorient. 12 (2): 105–116. doi:10.3406/paleo.1986.4413. ISSN 0153-9345. JSTOR 41489689. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  118. ^ Ajorloo, Bahram; Takavar, Haniyeh (2014). "On the Origin and Meaning of the Tree of Life in the Art of Iranian Bronze Age". International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 8 (1): 130–134.
  119. ^ Manzo, Andrea (1 December 2009). "Capra nubiana in Berbere Sauce?". African Archaeological Review. 26 (4): 291–303. doi:10.1007/s10437-009-9066-0. ISSN 1572-9842. S2CID 161694141.
  120. ^ Locatell, Christian; McKinny, Chris; Shai, Itzhaq (30 September 2022). "The Tree of Life Motif, Late Bronze Canaanite Cult, and a Recently Discovered Krater from Tel Burna". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 142 (3): 573–596. doi:10.7817/jaos.142.3.2022.ar024. ISSN 2169-2289. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  121. ^ Guralnick, Eleanor (2004). "A Group of Near Eastern Bronzes from Olympia". American Journal of Archaeology. 108 (2): 187–222. doi:10.3764/aja.108.2.187. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 40025231. S2CID 191378677. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  122. ^ "Cult stand from Ta'anach · Jerusalem: Fall of a City—Rise of a Vision". jerusalem.nottingham.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  123. ^ "Mi Chamocha? Who is like you, God?: A look at El, Ba'al and Asherah in Ancient Israel | Sefaria". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  124. ^ Benner, Jeff A. (30 August 2005). The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible (in English and Hebrew). Virtualbookworm.com. ISBN 978-1-58939-776-7.
  125. ^ Stone, Ken (July 2019). ""All These Look to You": Reading Psalm 104 with Animals in the Anthropocene Epoch". Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology. 73 (3): 236–247. doi:10.1177/0020964319838802. ISSN 0020-9643. S2CID 197848939. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  126. ^ "Psalms 104". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  127. ^ "Proverbs 5:20". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  128. ^ "Job 39:2". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  129. ^ Huff, Barry R. (July 2019). "From Societal Scorn to Divine Delight: Job's Transformative Portrayal of Wild Animals". Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology. 73 (3): 248–258. doi:10.1177/0020964319838803. ISSN 0020-9643. S2CID 197852252. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  130. ^ "Ein Gedi". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  131. ^ "I Samuel 24:3". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  132. ^ "Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:4". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023.
  133. ^ "Deuteronomy 14:5". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  134. ^ Lidman, Melanie (13 July 2023). "In vivid color: 1,500-year-old Huqoq mosaic depicts Samson, animals hunting". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  135. ^ "Huqoq Summer 2023 Findings | Jewish Studies". jewishstudies.unc.edu. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  136. ^ Lachter, Hartley (2010). "Spreading Secrets: Kabbalah and Esotericism in Isaac ibn Sahula's Meshal ha-kadmoni". Jewish Quarterly Review. 100 (1): 111–138. doi:10.1353/jqr.0.0078. ISSN 1553-0604. S2CID 170562835.
  137. ^ Rossen, Rebecca (2011). "Hasidic Drag: Jewishness and Transvestism in the Modern Dances of Pauline Koner and Hadassah". Feminist Studies. 37 (2): 334–364. ISSN 0046-3663. JSTOR 23069906. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  138. ^ "Ida Rubinstein". Jewish Women's Archive. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  139. ^ "Avigayil and Muhammad most popular names for newborns in Israel". i24 News. 28 September 2022. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  140. ^ "About Us". Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023.
  141. ^ "Rescue and release: A herd of ibexes returned to nature". Israel Nature and Parks Authority. 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  142. ^ Hobbs, Joseph J. (1 January 2014). "Bedouin Place Names in the Eastern Desert of Egypt". Nomadic Peoples. 18 (2): 123–146. doi:10.3197/np.2014.180208. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  143. ^ Eisenberg-Degen, D., Nash, G. H., & Schmidt, J. (2016). The Complex Geographies of Bedouin Tribal Symbols in the Negev Desert, Southern Israel'. Relating to Rock Art in the Contemporary World: Navigating Symbolism, Meaning, and Significance, ed. LM Brady and PSC Taçon. Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 157-188.
  144. ^ Hobbs, Joseph J. (20 February 2014), "Seven. THE BEDOUIN WAY OF LIFE", Mount Sinai, University of Texas Press, pp. 175–216, doi:10.7560/730915-010, ISBN 978-0-292-76150-6, S2CID 244147923, archived from the original on 1 March 2023, retrieved 1 March 2023
  145. ^ Baharav, Dan; Meiboom, Uzi (1 June 1981). "The status of the Nubian ibex Capra ibex nubiana in the Sinai desert". Biological Conservation. 20 (2): 91–97. Bibcode:1981BCons..20...91B. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(81)90020-3. ISSN 0006-3207. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  146. ^ Hobbs, Joseph J.; Grainger, John; El-Bastawisi, Iman Y. (1998). "Inception of the Bedouin Support Programme in the St. Katherine Natural Protectorate, Sinai, Egypt". Mountain Research and Development. 18 (3): 235–248. doi:10.2307/3674035. ISSN 0276-4741. JSTOR 3674035. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  147. ^ Nubian Ibex Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, San Diego Zoo
  148. ^ Ibex in the Yemeni civilization: a historical symbolism being revived Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Global Voices, by Hamdan Alaly, 22 January 2022
  149. ^ Produced by Huw Cordey (2 April 2006). "Deserts". Planet Earth. BBC. BBC One.
  150. ^ "Ibex Unique Desert Inn". www.ibexhotel.co.il. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  151. ^ "Home - Wadi Rum ibex". 26 November 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  152. ^ "Negev". תיירות הר הנגב. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  153. ^ Arik (17 April 2021). "Nubian Ibex". Arik Private Guide in Israel | Tours for the Curious to the Connoisseur. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  154. ^ "Ibex Trail". Sawwah. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  155. ^ DeLancey, Dr John (19 January 2023). "January 2023 Israel Tour: Day 4 Summary". Biblical Israel Tours. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nubian_ibex&oldid=1258113510"