Abernethy Round Tower , which dates from 1100 AD.[ 1] This article lists the oldest extant freestanding buildings in Scotland . In order to qualify for the list a structure must:
be a recognisable building (defined as any human-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy ); incorporate features of building work from the claimed date to at least 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height and/or be a listed building . This consciously excludes ruins of limited height, roads and statues. Bridges may be included if they otherwise fulfill the above criteria. Dates for many of the oldest structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating and should be considered approximate.
The main chronological list includes buildings that date from no later than 1199 AD. Although the oldest building on the list is the Neolithic farmhouse at Knap of Howar , the earliest period is dominated by chambered cairns , numerous examples of which can be found from the 4th millennium BC through to the early Bronze Age.
Estimates of the number of broch sites throughout the country, which date from the Iron Age , range from just over 100 to over 500.[ 2] However, only a small percentage are sufficiently well preserved for them to be included here and some of those that could be remain undated.
As there are relatively few structures from the latter half of the first millennium AD and a significant number from the 12th century, the latter group is placed in a sub-list. There are larger numbers of extant qualifying structures from 1200 onwards and separate lists for 13th-century castles and religious buildings are provided. As the oldest buildings in many of the council areas in the more urbanised Central Belt date from after the 14th century, a separate list showing oldest buildings by council area is provided.
Dwelling at Skara Brae , part of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site There is also a supplementary list of qualifying structures for which no confirmed date of construction is available and a short listing of substantial prehistoric structures that are not buildings as defined above.
Neolithic and Bronze Age [ edit ] Building Image Location Council area First built Use Notes Dun Ringill Strathaird , Skye Highland 1st millennium BC Semi-broch Known to have been occupied in the medieval period by Clan Mackinnon . The ground floor living space is only 47 square metres.[ 44] [ 45] Old Scatness Sumburgh Shetland 400–200 BC Broch and wheelhouse Like Jarlshof the site was occupied by Iron Age peoples, Picts , and Vikings .[ 46] Dun Troddan Glenelg Highland 4th century BC to 1st century AD Broch One of the best-preserved brochs, the dry-stone walls surviving to over 7 m in height in places.[ 47] [ 48] Dun Telve Glenelg Highland 4th century BC to 1st century AD Broch The best preserved mainland broch, with walls surviving to 10 m, located only 500 metres from Dun Troddan.[ 47] [ 48] Jarlshof Sumburgh Shetland 200 BC Various A complex of preserved wheelhouses , amongst the remains of a variety of much older and more recent buildings.[ 49] [ 50] Yarrows broch Wick Highland 200 BC Broch Situated on the edge of a loch, underwater stonework may indicate a docking area.[ 51] [ 52] Dun Vulan Bornais Na h-Eileanan Siar 150 BC Broch Originally 10 metres (33 ft) in height, now reduced to walls of 1.52 metres (5.0 ft). A Pictish house was later built within the walls.[ 53] [ 54] Dun Ardtreck Minginish , Skye Highland 115 BC Semi-broch Initial occupation appears to have been brief and to have "ended in violence and destruction".[ 55] [ Note 1] Broch of Mousa Mousa Shetland 100 BC Broch Amongst the best-preserved prehistoric buildings in Europe.[ 56] [ 57] Ness of Burgi fort Sumburgh Shetland 100 BC Blockhouse fort Surviving to only 1.5 m in height, the blockhouse was once 22m long, but has suffered from cliff erosion.[ 58] [ 59] Midhowe Broch Rousay Orkney 1st century BC or older Settlement Lies opposite the Broch of Gurness overlooking Eynhallow Sound .[ 60] Broch of Burrian North Ronaldsay Orkney 1st century BC Broch May have had three distinct phases of occupation.[ 61] [ 62] Dun Beag Bracadale , Skye Highland Late 1st millennium BC Broch Visited by Boswell and Johnson in the 18th century.[ 63] [ 64] Mine Howe Tankerness Orkney 100BC - 110AD Souterrain Once thought to be a broch, it was used for metal working and may have had a religious purpose.[ 65] Broch of Gurness Evie Orkney 60 AD or older Settlement Oldest confirmed dates are Roman pottery from 60 AD and radiocarbon dates for the late first century.[ 66] [ 67] Dun Mor Vaul Tiree Argyll and Bute 60 AD Dun The original structure dates to c. 445 BC. A fragment of a Roman glass bowl made in the Rhineland between AD 160 and 250 was discovered in the interior.[ 68] [ Note 2] Broch of West Burrafirth East of Sandness Shetland 100 AD or older Broch The stone stands eight or nine courses high for much of the circumference.[ 69] [ 70] Antonine Wall Central Lowlands Falkirk , North Lanarkshire , East Dunbartonshire , West Dunbartonshire , and Renfrewshire 142 AD Defensive Fortification A defensive Wall built by the Roman Empire to mark the north-west frontier of the empire and to protect Britannia from the Caledonian tribes. The wall was abandoned in 162 AD. Dun Fiadhairt Duirinish , Skye Highland 200 AD or older Broch A terracotta model of a bale of wool found at the site may reflect trade between the area and Romanised Britain.[ 71] [ 72] Edin's Hall Broch Abbey St Bathans Scottish Borders 100-140AD Broch Broch believed to have been constructed between the two Roman occupations of southern Scotland, on the site of a much earlier fort.[ 73] Dun Fiadhairt Duirinish , Skye Highland 200 AD or older Broch A clay model of a bale of wool, believed to be Roman, may reflect trade between the two cultures although a Roman fleet is known to have circumnavigated Scotland in the 1st century AD.[ 71] [ 72] Broch of Borwick Yesnaby Orkney 200 AD? Broch On a cliff promontory, the seaward wall is badly eroded.[ 74] [ 75] Tappoch Broch Torwood Falkirk 3rd century AD? Broch Dating evidence is sparse, with no finds to link the broch to Roman occupation of nearby Antonine Wall resulting in the suggestion the broch either pre- or post- dates Roman occupation.[ 76] [ 77] Dun Cuier Barra Na h-Eileanan Siar 4th century AD Galleried dun A complex and controversial site, with two periods of occupation in the 4th and 7th centuries.[ 78]
Early Historic period [ edit ] Religious buildings [ edit ] The following are amongst the oldest buildings in each council area of Scotland.
Building Image Location Council area Year Built Use Notes St Machar's Cathedral Old Aberdeen Aberdeen City 1440 Church The nave and its two western towers were built between 1422 and 1440.[ 132] [ Note 3] Kildrummy Castle Kildrummy Aberdeenshire c. 1250 Castle Built mid 13th century, possibly by Gilbert de Moravia and fell under siege in 1306 during the Wars of Independence .[ 109] [ 110] Brechin Cathedral Round Tower Brechin Angus 1012 Round Tower The tower probably predates the cathedral itself.[ 88] [ 89] Glebe cairn Kilmartin Glen Argyll and Bute 1700 BC Tomb An early Bronze Age structure with two stone cists.[ 42] [ 43] Clackmannan Tower Clackmannan Clackmannanshire Late 14th century Tower house L-plan tower house extended in the 15th century.[ 135] [ Note 4] Sweetheart Abbey New Abbey Dumfries and Galloway Founded 1273 Abbey A Cistercian monastery founded in 1275 by Dervorguilla of Galloway .[ 129] St Mary's Tower Nethergate Dundee City 1495 Church Also known as "The Old Steeple"[ 139] and described as "the oldest surviving building in Dundee".[ 140] Mauchline Castle Mauchline East Ayrshire 1450 Former grange Built by Andrew Hunter, abbot of Melrose Abbey .[ 141] [ 142] Bardowie Castle Bardowie , between Bearsden , Milngavie , and Torrance East Dunbartonshire 1566 Castle 16th-century tower with later additions.[ 143] Dirleton Castle Dirleton East Lothian 1240 Castle The de Vaux towers are the oldest extant structures.[ 107] [ 108] Mearns Castle Newton Mearns East Renfrewshire Post 1449 Tower house Restored and now used by a local church.[ 144] St Margaret's Chapel Edinburgh Castle City of Edinburgh 1130 Chapel [ 95] Tappoch Broch Torwood Falkirk 3rd century Broch Likely post dates Roman occupation of nearby Antonine Wall .[ 76] [ 77] St Rule's Tower St Andrews Fife 1123 Priory Constructed by the Culdees prior to the granting of the church to the Augustinian order.[ 91] Glasgow Cathedral Glasgow Glasgow mid-12th century Cathedral [ 145] Grey Cairns of Camster Upper Camster Highland 3000 BC or older Tomb A group of three cairns.[ 17] [ 18] Newark Castle Port Glasgow Inverclyde 1478 Castle The original castle had a tower house within a barmkin entered through a large gatehouse.[ 146] Crichton Castle Crichton Midlothian Late 14th century Tower house The tower is the oldest section, with later additions.[ 147] [ 148] Pluscarden Abbey Elgin Moray Founded 1230 Monastery Originally Valliscaulian , now a Benedictine House.[ 120] Barpa Langass North Uist Na h-Eileanan Siar 3000 BC Tomb The best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides .[ 23] [ 24] Kilwinning Abbey Kilwinning North Ayrshire 1190 Abbey An arch has a Norman style capital bearing two carved figures.[ 102] Dalzell House Motherwell North Lanarkshire Early 16th century Tower house Substantial later additions.[ 149] Knap of Howar Papa Westray Orkney 3700 BC House Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[ 3] [ 4] [ 5] Abernethy Round Tower Abernethy Perth and Kinross Late 11th century Tower The tower is 22 metres (72 ft) high.[ 1] [ 90] Paisley Abbey Paisley Renfrewshire Mid 15th century Abbey The main structure is a restoration of an earlier building destroyed in 1307, although a late-12th-century and a 13th-century doorway remain.[ 150] Jedburgh Abbey Jedburgh Scottish Borders Post 1150 Abbey The choir dates to the second quarter of the 12th century and the church was complete by the middle of the 13th century.[ 99] Old Scatness Sumburgh Shetland 400-200 BC Broch and wheelhouse Like Jarlshof the site was occupied by Iron Age peoples, Picts , and Vikings .[ 46] Crossraguel Abbey Maybole South Ayrshire c. 1265 Abbey [ 127] Bothwell Parish Church Bothwell South Lanarkshire Founded 1398 Church Formerly St Brides Collegiate Church. The oldest visible structure is the choir, which dates from the 14th century.[ 151] Inchmahome Priory Inchmahome Stirling Founded 1238 Priory "Much of the 13th-century building remains."[ 123] Glencairn House Dumbarton West Dunbartonshire 1623 Tenement Built for the Earl of Glencairn, now owned by the Council and described as "oldest building in West Dunbartonshire".[ 152] [ 153] Torphichen Preceptory Torphichen West Lothian 13th century Church The only house of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem in Scotland.[ 154] [ 155] [ Note 5]
The following are very old buildings that meet the qualifying criteria but for which no reliable date of construction has emerged.
Other prehistoric constructions [ edit ] The following are very old human constructions that do not fit the above criteria for a building.
Building Image Location Council area First built Use Notes Funzie Girt Fetlar Shetland Possibly Neolithic Wall The wall ran for over 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) and once divided the island in two. "Its date and precise purpose are unknown, but a considerable degree of antiquity is suggested."[ 175] Dwarfie Stane Hoy Orkney 3rd millennium BC Tomb A megalithic chambered tomb carved out of a titanic block of Devonian Old Red Sandstone .[ 176] [ 177]
^ The excavator, Euan MacKie, identified two successive visits to the site by a Roman fleet during Governor Agricola's campaigns in the AD 80s. The first resulted in presents for the chief but the second in the burning and destruction of the site. The fort guards the entrance of Loch Harport which may be the Roman harbour Portus Trucculensis mentioned by Tacitus. ^ This broch was excavated in 1962-64 by Euan MacKie . It was the first to be radiocarbon-dated, the first to revealed deposits dating from its construction and the first to reveal evidence for deliberate demolition. New C14 dates may shortly be available. ^ Brig o' Balgownie was originally constructed in the 14th century by Richard Cementarius but was "largely rebuilt" in the early 17th century.[ 133] Provost Skene's House in Broad Street dates from 1545 and is probably the oldest house in the city.[ 134] ^ Tullibody Old Bridge , which dates from the early 16th century[ 136] [ 137] has been described as "the oldest structure in Clackmannanshire" by Clackmannanshire Council.[ 138] ^ According to RCAHMS , Abercorn church dates "from the later 11th century and has been much altered" and "the only feature certainly of that date is the blocked S door".[ 156] ^ a b c "Abernethy Round Tower" . Historic Scotland. Retrieved 13 August 2012. ^ Armit (2003) p. 16 ^ a b "Knap of Howar" Historic Scotland . Retrieved 23 Sept 2011. ^ a b "The Knap o' Howar, Papay" . Orkneyjar. Retrieved 13 July 2012. ^ a b Wickham-Jones (2007) p. 40. ^ "The Midhowe Stalled Cairn, Rousay" . Orkneyjar. 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