Ludwig Cancer Research

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Ludwig Cancer Research

Founded	1971
Founder	Daniel K. Ludwig
Focus	Cancer Research
Headquarters	New York, NY, USA Zürich, Switzerland (European Office)
Area served	International
Key people	Chi Van Dang, MD, PhD, CEO and Scientific Director; Jonathan Skipper, PhD, President
Website	www.ludwigcancerresearch.org

Ludwig Cancer Research is an international community of scientists focused on cancer research, with the goal of preventing and controlling cancer.^[1] It encompasses the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, an international non-profit organization founded in 1971 by philanthropist Daniel K. Ludwig. The Institute is headquartered in New York City, with a European office located in Zürich. There are currently three Ludwig Branches: Ludwig Lausanne, Ludwig Oxford and Ludwig Princeton. In addition, there are six Ludwig Centers at leading institutions across the United States of America. Together, the Institute, Branches and Centers are known as Ludwig Cancer Research.

Since its founding in 1971, Ludwig Cancer Research has committed more than US$2.5 billion to cancer research. Ludwig Cancer Research focuses on both basic research and translational research, with specific emphasis on cell biology, genomics, immunology, neuroscience, prevention, cell signaling, stem cells, therapeutics, and tumor biology, as well as clinical trials and the design and development of small molecules with drug-like properties.^[2] Its researchers also focus on particular types of malignancy, including brain cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma.^[3]

Daniel K. Ludwig was a shipping magnate and real estate investor. Born in South Haven, Michigan in 1897, he used a $5,000 loan from his father to create a global business based on a fleet of supertankers.^[4] In the 1960s and 1970s, Ludwig was among the richest men in the world, owning approximately 200 companies.^[5]

He founded the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research as an independent organization in 1971, the same year that the “War on Cancer,” declared by his friend President Richard Nixon, led to the establishment of the US National Cancer Institute.^[6] Ludwig believed that tackling the problem of cancer required the best minds operating in the most favorable conditions with the best resources to accomplish the task. This principle continues to guide Ludwig Cancer Research.^[7]

Daniel K. Ludwig endowed the Institute with all of the foreign assets from his business holdings. Upon his death in 1992, that endowment had grown to more than $700 million,^[4] and, as of 2012, it stands at more than $1.2 billion.^[6]

After Ludwig's death, his US-based assets were also put into a trust to support additional cancer research efforts. These funds led to the establishment of Ludwig Centers at six research institutions in 2006.^[8] The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Ludwig Centers have been known collectively as Ludwig Cancer Research since 2012.^[9] In total, Ludwig Cancer Research has committed more than US$2.5 billion to cancer research worldwide since 1971.^[10]

The primary objectives of Ludwig Cancer Research are to prevent and control cancer through basic and translational research.^[1]

Lloyd J. Old, the organization's former director, and scientific chairman, participated in the discovery of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)^[11] and the tumor suppressor p53.^[12] He contributed to the immunosurveillance hypothesis, from which modern cancer immunotherapy can be derived.^[7]

Thierry Boon, former director of the organization's Brussels branch, made foundational contributions to the field of cancer immunotherapy. The prevailing model of carcinogenesis in the late 1970s held that spontaneously arising tumors were unlikely to elicit immune responses. Boon and his team, who believed otherwise, were the first to isolate genes that code for a family of tumor antigens and show that T cells could recognize and target cancer cells bearing such antigens.^[13] This theory is being tested in a number of current clinical trials.^[14]

Ludwig researchers in Melbourne discovered and cloned^[15] the granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) through a collaboration with Australian immunologist Donald Metcalf. The factor is essential to the maturation of key white blood cells, and has been used extensively over the past few decades to help rebuild the immune system of patients undergoing chemotherapy. It is also being tested as a therapeutic agent in combination with several experimental immunotherapies for cancer. The Oncology Drug Advisory Committee of the US FDA recently recommended approval for T-VEC, a viral therapy for melanoma manufactured by Amgen that incorporates the gene for GM-CSF to support anti-cancer immune responses.^[16]

Ludwig researchers in São Paulo played a role in establishing that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes cervical cancer. They ran the largest epidemiological studies of HPV infection and reported that chronic, though not transient, infection by the virus dramatically increases the risk of cervical cancer, laying the groundwork for the clinical development of an HPV vaccine.^[17]

Current and former Ludwig researchers contributed to an emerging class of cancer immunotherapies known as checkpoint inhibitors. They explored the underlying immunology of the response and played a role in evaluating the first such drug in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced melanoma.^[18] This led the development of new criteria for evaluating responses of cancer patients to immunotherapy in clinical trials.^[19]

Identification of signaling pathways and subsequent development of therapeutics are examples of contributions to the field of cell signaling. The PI3K family of proteins, for example, play an important role in cell signaling that feeds cancer.^[20] This research resulted in the first Ludwig spin-off, Piramed Ltd., a biotech that sought to create cancer medicines based on this discovery. The pharmaceutical company Roche purchased the company. Drugs based on these discoveries are now being evaluated for the treatment of many cancers, including breast and lung cancer.^[7]

Contributions in the field of genomics include the work of Ludwig researchers at Johns Hopkins to sequence the full complement of genes expressed in many cancers, including head and neck, colon, and breast cancers, as well as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Ludwig researchers in San Diego significantly advanced studies of the epigenome, leading such efforts as the NIH's Roadmap Epigenomics Project.^[21]

The Ludwig Cancer Research board of directors helps oversee both the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and the Ludwig Fund. Although each of these entities has its own board, the boards comprise the same individuals.^[22] The current chairman of the board is Edward McDermott, Jr., former President and CEO of LICR.

The executive staff manages the organization's worldwide efforts.

It was announced in December 2016 that Chi Van Dang would take over the role of Scientific Director in July 2017.^[23] He is responsible for coordinating the organization's global research efforts and activities.

Notable awards received by past and present employees affiliated with Ludwig include:

Nobel Prize:

• Peter Ratcliffe^[24] The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019

National Medal of Science (US):

• Lucy Shapiro,^[25] 2011 Medal for Biological Sciences^[26]
• Robert Weinberg,^[27] 1997 Medal for Biological Sciences^[28]

Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences (US):^[29]

• Webster K. Cavenee^[30]
• Don W. Cleveland^[31]
• Richard Kolodner^[32]
• Thierry Boon^[7]
• Alexander Y. Rudensky^[33]
• Irving L. Weissman^[34]
• Bert Vogelstein^[35]
• Robert A. Weinberg^[27]
• Joan S. Brugge^[36]
• Lucy Shapiro^[25]

Academy of Medical Sciences (UK):^[37]

• Xin Lu^[38]
• Peter J. Ratcliffe^[39]

Branches and laboratories^[40]

• Brussels laboratory at the de Duve Institute of the UCLouvain Brussels Woluwe, University of Louvain
• Lausanne branch at the University of Lausanne
• New York collaborative laboratory at the Weill Cornell Medicine
• Oxford branch at the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine of the University of Oxford
• Princeton branch at Princeton University

Ludwig Centers^[40]

• Baltimore: Ludwig Center at the Johns Hopkins University
• Boston: Ludwig Center at Harvard University Medical School
• Boston: Ludwig Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Chicago: Ludwig Center at the University of Chicago
• New York City: Ludwig Center at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
• Palo Alto: Ludwig Center at Stanford University

• Official website