Operation Nimble Archer

Operation Nimble Archer
Part of Iran–Iraq War, Operation Earnest Will
An Iranian oil platform set ablaze after shelling by American destroyers
Location
Persian Gulf
Commanded by United States
TargetTwo Iranian oil platforms (Resalat and Reshadat)
Date19 October 1987
Executed byUnited States Navy: 6 warships, 3 aircraft
OutcomeAmerican victory
  • Oil platforms destroyed[1]
CasualtiesNone

Operation Nimble Archer was the 19 October 1987 attack on two Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf by United States Navy forces. The attack was a response to Iran's missile attack on MV Sea Isle City, a reflagged Kuwaiti oil tanker at anchor off Kuwait, which had occurred three days earlier. The action occurred during Operation Earnest Will, the effort to protect Kuwaiti shipping amid the Iran–Iraq War.

Iran subsequently filed a lawsuit against the United States for reparations at the International Court of Justice. The Court ruled, by 14 votes to two, that the retaliatory attacks by the U.S. Navy against certain Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf in 1987 and 1988 constituted an unlawful use of force but did not violate 1955 Treaty of Amity.[2]

Operation

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On 16 October, Sea Isle City was in Kuwaiti waters, waiting to be loaded. It had been escorted there by U.S. warships, but was not under their protection at the time.[3] An Iranian Silkworm missile launched from the Iranian-occupied Al-Faw Peninsula hit the ship's wheel house and crew quarters, blinding its master, a U.S. citizen,[4] and wounding 18 crew members. The damage to the ship would take four months to repair.[5]

In retaliation, U.S. officials decided to attack two platforms in the Rashadat oil field, named Rostam oil field before 1979. Having been damaged by Iraq a year earlier, the platforms were not producing oil but had been used by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps for military purposes.[6]

Twenty minutes before the surface action group opened fire, USS Thach radioed the platforms, telling the crews to abandon them. At 2 pm, four U.S. destroyers opened fire: USS Hoel, USS Leftwich, USS Kidd, and USS John Young.[1] One platform was boarded by U.S. special forces, who recovered teletype messages and other documents, then planted explosives to destroy the platform. Air cover was provided by the cruisers USS Long Beach, USS Gridley and USS William H. Standley, two F-14 Tomcat fighters and an E-2 Hawkeye from USS Ranger. The high-explosive shells did negligible blast damage to the steel-lattice platforms, but eventually set them ablaze.[1]

Operation Nimble Archer is located in Iran
Operation Nimble Archer
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The approximate location of the platforms and the operation

U.S. officials said the platforms were being used by Iranian forces as command-and-control posts with radars to track shipping in the area and communications gear to relay messages between the mainland and Iranian forces operating near the platforms. U.S. Defense Secretary Caspar W. Weinberger said Iran used the facility to "launch small boat attacks against nonbelligerent shipping."[7][8][9][10] U.S. President Ronald Reagan called the operation "an appropriate and proportionate response" to the Silkworm strike.[11] When asked by reporters if the situation constituted a state of war, Reagan replied: "No, we're not going to have a war with Iran: they're not that stupid."[11]

International Court of Justice case

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Main article: Oil Platforms case

On 2 November 1992 Iran filed a suit with the International Court of Justice, a legal salvo that began a decade of claims and counter-claims by the United States and Iran. On 6 November 2003 the International Court of Justice ruled that the use of force against Iranian oil platforms was not justifiable as self-defense under international law: "the actions of the United States of America against Iranian oil platforms on 19 October 1987 (Operation Nimble Archer) and 18 April 1988 (Operation Praying Mantis) cannot be justified as measures necessary to protect the essential security interests of the United States of America."[2]

The Court also ruled that it "cannot however uphold the submission of the Islamic Republic of Iran that those actions constitute a breach of the obligations of the United States of America under Article X, paragraph 1, of the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights Between the United States of America and Iran,[12] regarding freedom of commerce between the territories of the parties, and that, accordingly, the claim of the Islamic Republic of Iran for reparation also cannot be upheld".[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Peniston, Bradley (2006). "Photos: Operation Nimble Archer". No Higher Honor. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  2. ^ a b Bekker, Pieter (11 November 2003). "The World Court Finds that U.S. Attacks on Iranian Oil Platforms in 1987–1988 Were Not Justifiable as Self-Defense, but the United States Did Not Violate the Applicable Treaty with Iran". American Society of International Law. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  3. ^ "Ship flying U.S. flag hit; 18 wounded". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Florida. 17 October 1987. p. 1.A.
  4. ^ Tyler, Patrick E. (19 October 1987). "Blinded U.S. Captain Recovers After Attack; Glass Sprayed Head When Missile Struck". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. p. a.16.
  5. ^ "Counter-Memorial and Counter-claim submitted by the United States of America" (PDF). International Court of Justice. 23 June 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  6. ^ Crist, David B. (June 2009). "Gulf of Conflict". Washington Institute for Near East policy. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  7. ^ Moore, Molly (20 October 1987). "U.S. Destroyers Shell Iranian Military Platform in Gulf; Retaliation for Silkworm Attack Called "Measured and Appropriate"". The Washington Pos. Washington, D.C. p. a.01.
  8. ^ Serrill, Michael S. (2 November 1987). "The Gulf Punch, Counterpunch". TIME. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  9. ^ Roberts, Steven V. (20 October 1987). "U.S. Ships Shell Iran Installation in Gulf Reprisal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  10. ^ Kelley, Stephen Andrew (June 2007). "Better Lucky than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy" (PDF). Naval Postgraduate School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2008.
  11. ^ a b Black, Norman (20 October 1987). "Reagan defends attack on Iranian platforms in gulf". The San Bernardino County Sun. San Bernardino, CA. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2016 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  12. ^ "IRAN: The 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights". Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  13. ^ "Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)". International Court of Justice. Archived from the original on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2006.

Further reading

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