Orontid dynasty

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The Orontid dynasty, also known as the Eruandids or Eruandunis, ruled the Satrapy of Armenia until 330 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia from 321 BC to 200 BC. The Orontids ruled first as client kings or satraps of the Achaemenid Empire and after the collapse of the Achaemenid Empire established an independent kingdom. Later, a branch of the Orontids ruled as kings of Sophene and Commagene. They are the first of the three royal dynasties that successively ruled the ancient Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC–428 AD). Although the overthrow of Orontes IV and the accession of Artaxias I to the throne of Armenia in the early 2nd century BC is traditionally treated as the start of a new dynasty, Artaxias probably belonged to a branch of the Orontid dynasty. His descendants ruled Armenia until the 1st century AD.

Some historians state that the Orontids were of Iranian origin,^{[5][6][1][7][8]} and suggest that it held dynastic familial linkages to the ruling Achaemenid dynasty.^{[9][8][10][11]} Throughout their existence, the Orontids stressed their lineage from the Achaemenids in order to strengthen their political legitimacy.^[12]

Other historians state the Orontids were of Armenian origin,^[13][14] while according to Razmik Panossian, the Orontids probably had marriage links to the rulers of Persia and other leading noble houses in Armenia, and states their Armenian ethnicity is uncertain.^[15]

The name Orontes is the Hellenized form of a masculine name of Iranian origin, rendered Eruand (Երուանդ) in Old Armenian (Yervand in Modern Armenian).^[16] The name is only attested in Greek (Gr.:Ὀρόντης). Its Avestan connection is Auruuant (brave, hero) and Middle Persian Arwand (Modern Persian اروند Arvand).^[16] Various Greek transcriptions of the name in Classical sources are spelled as Orontes, Aruandes or Ardoates. The presence of this dynasty is attested from at least 400 BC, and it can be shown to have ruled originally from Armavir and subsequently Eruandashat. Armavir is called the "first capital of the Orontid dynasty".

The precise date of the foundation of the Orontid dynasty is debated by scholars to this day but there is a consensus that it occurred after the destruction of Urartu by the Scythians and the Medes around 612 BC.^{[citation needed]}

Despite the Hellenistic invasion of Persia, Persian and local Armenian culture remained the strongest element within society and the elites.^[a][17]

The imperial administration used Aramaic, where it was used in official documents for centuries.^[18] Whereas most inscriptions used Old Persian cuneiform.^[18] Xenophon used an interpreter to speak to Armenians, while some Armenian villages were conversant in Persian.^[18]

The Greek inscriptions at Armavir indicate that the upper classes used Greek as one of their languages.^[19] Under Ervand the Last (r. ca. 210–200 B.C.), the structure of government had begun to resemble Greek institutions, and Greek was used as the language of the royal court. Ervand had surrounded himself by the Hellenized nobility and sponsored the establishment of a Greek school in Armavir, the capital of the Ervanduni kingdom.^[20][21]

Information about the Orontids is fragmentary, and historians' reconstruction of their history and genealogy is tentative and mainly based on evidence from inscriptions and coins. In particular, the inscriptions left by the Orontid king Antiochus I of Commagene (r. 70–31 BC) at Mount Nemrut contain the most information about the genealogy of the Orontids.^[22] Their presence as a ruling dynasty in Armenia can be traced back to at least 400 BC,^[23] at which time Orontes I appears as the Satrap of Armenia under the Achaemenid Empire.^[16] In his largely fictional Cyropaedia, the Greek author Xenophon (died c. 354/355 BC) mentions Tigranes, the son of an unnamed king of Armenia, who was a friend of Cyrus the Great (r. 550–530 BC), the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.^[24] Tigranes was the name of later Armenian monarchs of the Artaxiad dynasty (probably a branch of the Orontids).^[25] The later Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi, possibly drawing from a common tradition, writes of an Armenian king named Tigranes (Tigran in Armenian), the son of King Orontes (Eruand) the Short-Lived.^[b] Khorenatsi's Tigranes allies with Cyrus the Great against the Median king Astyages.^[27] According to A. Shapour Shahbazi, Xenophon's account of Tigranes is fictional, and Xenophon based Tigranes on a contemporary of the same name who was a son-in-law of the Achaemenid satrap Struthas.^[28]

Xenophon's contemporary Orontes I, satrap of Armenia, is regarded as the ancestor of the later Orontid rulers; it is possible that the Orontids were already established in Armenia before him. Orontes was the son of a Bactrian nobleman, Artasyrus, and claimed descent from Hydarnes, presumably through the maternal line.^[22] Hydarnes was one of the "Seven Persians" who overthrew Bardiya and placed Darius the Great on the Achaemenid throne in 522 BC.^[29] After Darius's takeover, Armenia revolted and was subdued after three Persian campaigns, led by the Armenian Dadarshish.^[30] Hydarnes may have been granted the Satrapy of Armenia as a quasi-hereditary office. A later Hydarnes, who married his daughter to Artaxerxes II (r. 405/404–359/358 BC), may have been a descendant of the first Hydarnes and served as Satrap of Armenia.^[29] In 401 BC, Orontes I appears as the Satrap of Armenia and the son-in-law of Artaxerxes II, having married the latter's daughter Rhodogune. This Orontes is frequently mentioned in accounts of Persian affairs in the first half of 4th century BC. He fought against the Ten Thousand Greeks during their escape through Armenia.^[16] At this time, Armenia was organized into two satrapies, divided by the Teleboas River: one ruled by Orontes, and another, distinguished as "Western" Armenia, ruled by Tiribazus.^[31] Orontes led the Persian infantry against Evagoras, the King of Salamis on Cyprus, after which he lost Artaxerxes's favor. He later reappears as the subordinate governor of a coastal province. He led revolt against the king but ultimately made peace with him. He died c. 344 BC.^[16]

During the reign of Artaxerxes III, the Satrapy of Armenia was granted to Artashata, a member of the Achaemenid dynasty who later ruled the empire as Darius III.^[32] The next known Orontid satrap of Armenia is Orontes II, a son or grandson of Orontes I.^[33][34] He led the Armenian contingent in Darius III's army at the Battle of Gaugamela.^[16] Another Armenian commander is mentioned is mentioned in this context, Mithraustes, who may have been the satrap of another part of Armenia.^[35] After conquering the Achaemenid Empire, Alexander the Great appointed as Satrap of Armenia Mithrenes, a satrap of Sardis who had defected to his side.^[36] Some historians doubt whether Mithrenes ever actually ruled in Armenia, as the Macedonians never established firm control over the country.^[37] In Cyril Toumanoff's view, Mithrenes was actually a member of the Orontid dynasty. The Mount Nemrut inscriptions bear a partially legible name following that of Orontes II, which one scholar read as Mithranes.^[36] More recent studies have identified the name as another variant of Orontes, referring to a son of Orontes II.^[38][39] An Orontes (III) is mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as ruling Armenia in about 316 BC.^[36] The Macedonian general Neoptolemus is mentioned as Satrap of Armenia not long after the death of Alexander the Great, but he seems to have failed to take control of the country, possibly because of Orontes's resistance.^[40] Diodorus also refers to Ardoates, whom he calls King of Armenia, and who helped Ariarathes II of Cappadocia break away from the Seleucids. This probably happened after the battle of Battle of Corupedium.^[22] According to Toumanoff, this "Ardoates" is identical with Orontes III.^[36] Regardless of their formal submission to more powerful rulers, the Orontids ruled as kings in practice and presented themselves as kings.^[22]

Starting from 301 BC Armenia is included within the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. According to Polyaenus, in 227 BC the Seleucid rebel king Antiochus Hierax took refuge in Armenian territory governed by King Arsames, founder of the city Arsamosata. Towards the end of 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, both vassal states of the Seleucids: Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene, including Commagene or Armenia Minor. Antiochus III the Great decided to suppress the local dynasties, and besieged Arsamosata. Xerxes, the satrap of Sophene and Commagene, surrendered and implored the clemency of the king, whom he accepted as his sovereign. Antiochus gave his sister Antiochis as a wife to Xerxes; she would later murder him. Greater Armenia was ruled by an Orontid descendant of Hydarnes, the last Orontid ruler of Greater Armenia (Strabo xi.14.15); he was apparently subdued by Antiochus III the Great, who then divided the land between his generals Artaxias (Artashes) and Zariadres (Zareh), both of whom would claim descent from the Orontid family.

In Nemrut Dagi, opposite the statues of Gods there are a long row of pedestals, on which stood the steles of the Greek ancestors of Antiochos. At a right angle to this row stood another row of steles, depicting his Orontid and Achaemenid ancestors. From these steles the ones of Darius and Xerxes are well preserved. In front of each stele is a small altar. Inscriptions have been found on two of those altars. Antiochos expended great effort to ensure that everyone was aware that he was related to the dynasty of the King of Kings, Darius I, by the marriage of princess Rhodogune to his ancestor Orontes. The father of Rhodogune was the Persian king, Artaxerxes. In 401 BC Artaxerxes defeated his younger brother, who tried to depose him. Because of the help Artaxerxes received from Orontes—his military commander and satrap of Armenia—he gave his daughter in marriage to him. Their descendant, the Orontid Mithridates I Callinicus married Seleucid Princess Laodice VII Thea.

Family tree of the Orontid dynasty according to Cyril Toumanoff:^{[citation needed]}

In the Armenian tradition recorded by Movses Khorenatsi, Eruand (Orontes) the Short-Lived is one of the kings in the line of the legendary Armenian patriarch Hayk, separated from the latter by 43 generations.^[26] He is made a contemporary of Cyrus the Great, and his account of Tigran helping Cyrus against the Medes may derive from the same tradition as Xenophon's account of Tigranes, a companion of Cyrus.^[27] Starting with Eruand, Khorenatsi lists the following succession:^[26]

• Eruand the Short-Lived
• Tigran
• Vahagn (Khorenatsi believed that this Armenian god was a deified king)^[41]
• Aravan (possibly another version of the name Orontes)^[5]
• Nerseh
• Zareh (equivalent to Zariadres)^[42]
• Armog
• Bagan
• Van
• Vahe, died fighting Alexander the Great; end of the Haykid line.

Memory of the real conflict between the Orontid king Orontes IV and Artaxias I is also preserved in Khorenatsi's account of Artashes, a member of the royal family, overthrowing King Eruand.^[43] Khorenatsi makes Eruand and Artashes members of the Arsacid dynasty and contemporaries of the Roman emperors Vespasian and Titus (1st century AD).^[44]

(Note: Some dates are approximate or doubtful).

• Orontes (401–344 BC)
• Darius Codomannus (non-dynastic) (344–336 BC)

• Orontes II (336–331 BC)
• Mithranes (331–323 BC)
• Perdiccas (non-dynastic) (323 BC)
• Neoptolemus (non-dynastic) (323–321 BC)
• Eumenes (non-dynastic) (321 BC)
• Mihran (321–317 BC)
• Orontes III (317–260 BC)
• Sames of Sophene (Armenia and Sophene c. 260 BC, unknown previous tenure as Satrap of Sophene)
• Arsames I (260–228 BC) (Armenia, Sophene, and Commagene)
• Charaspes (doubtful)
• Arsames II (Sophene c. 230 BC, possibly same person as Arsames I)
• Xerxes (228–212 BC) (Sophene and Commagene)
• Abdissares (212–200 BC) (Sophene and Commagene)
• Orontes IV (228–200 BC) (Armenia)
• Ptolemaeus (201 BC–163 BC) (Commagene)
• Seleucid rule (200–189 BC)
• Artaxiad rule (189–163 BC)

• Ptolemaeus 163–130 BC
• Sames II Theosebes Dikaios 130–109 BC
• Mithridates I Callinicus 109–70 BC
• Antiochus I Theos 70–38 BC
• Mithridates II 38–20 BC
• Mithridates III 20–12 BC
• Antiochus III 12 BC–17 AD
• Ruled by Rome 17–38 AD
• Antiochus IV 38–72 AD and wife, Iotapa

• List of rulers of Commagene

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• The Yervanduni Dynasty-A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture