Outline of social science

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to social science:

Social science – main branch of science comprising scientific fields concerned with societies, human behaviour, and social relationships.

Definition

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Social science can be described as all of the following:

  • A science – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.[1][2][3]
  • Major category of academic disciplines – an academic discipline is focused study in one academic field or profession. A discipline incorporates expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, studies, inquiry, and research areas that are strongly associated with academic areas of study or areas of professional practice. For example, the branches of science are commonly referred to as the scientific disciplines. For instance, gravitation is strongly associated with the discipline of physics, and is considered to be part of that disciplinary knowledge.

Branches of social science

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  • Anthropology - the study of humans, past and present, that draws and builds upon knowledge from the social sciences and biological sciences, as well as the humanities and the natural sciences.
    • Anthropology of religion – the study of religious institutions about other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures
    • Applied anthropology – application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems.
    • Archaeology – the study of cultures via material remains and environmental data (Outline of archaeology)
    • Cultural anthropology – a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans, collecting data about the effect of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities.
    • Ethnobiology – the scientific study of dynamic relationships between peoples, biota, and environments, from the distant past to the immediate present.
    • Ethnobotany – is the study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of local culture and people.
    • Ethnography – the systematic study of people and cultures.
    • Ethnology – a branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.
    • Ethnopoetics – method of recording text versions of oral poetry or narrative performances (i.e., verbal lore) that uses poetic lines, verses, and stanzas (instead of prose paragraphs) to capture the formal, poetic performance elements which would otherwise be lost in the written texts.
    • Evolutionary anthropology – an interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominids and non-hominid primates.
    • Experimental archaeology – Experimental archaeology employs several different methods, techniques, analyses, and approaches to generate and test hypotheses, based upon the archaeological source material, like ancient structures or artifacts.
    • Historical archaeology – a form of archaeology dealing with topics that are already attested in written records.
    • Linguistic anthropology – is the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life.
    • Medical anthropology – an interdisciplinary field that studies "human health and disease, health care systems, and biocultural adaptation".
    • Physical anthropology – the study of the physical development of the human species.
    • Psychological anthropology – interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes.
    • Zooarchaeology – study of faunal remains.
    • Anthrozoology – study of human-animal interaction.
  • Business studies – an academic area that consists of many sub-areas about the social relationships that compose the human economic systems.
    • Accountancy – the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities.
    • Finance – a field dealing with the study of investments.
    • Commerce
    • Management – the administration of an organization, whether it be a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body.
      • Human resource management – a function in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer's strategic objectives.
    • Marketing – the study and management of exchange relationships.
    • Organizational studies – the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures, processes, and practices and how these, in turn, shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people.
    • Operations research –
  • Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.
  • Cognitive science – the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works.
  • Cultural studies – academic field grounded in critical theory and literary criticism.
  • Development studies – a multidisciplinary branch of social science that addresses issues of concern to developing countries.
  • Education – in the general sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another.
  • Environmental studies – the interdisciplinary academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the environment.
  • Gender and sexuality studies – field of interdisciplinary study and academic field devoted to gender identity and gendered representation as central categories of analysis.
  • Geography – the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.
    • Physical geography – a branch of the science that studies physical features on the Earth's surface, water, the atmosphere and biodiversity on the Earth (is also listed in Earth Science).
    • Cartography – study and practice of making maps or globes.
    • Human geography – the branch of the social sciences that studies the world, its people, communities, and cultures with an emphasis on relations of and across space and place.
      • Critical geography – takes a critical theory (Frankfurt School) approach to the study and analysis of geography.
      • Cultural geography – the study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places.
      • Feminist geography – approach in human geography which applies the theories, methods and critiques of feminism to the study of the human environment, society and geographical space.
      • Economic geography – study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world.
      • Development geography – branch of geography concerning the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants.
      • Historical geography – study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past.
      • Time geography –
      • Political geography & geopolitics – field of human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and how political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.
      • Marxist geography – strand of critical geography that uses the theories and philosophy of Marxism to examine the spatial relations of human geography.
      • Military geography – sub-field of geography that is used by, not only the military but also academics and politicians to understand the geopolitical sphere through the militaristic lens.
      • Strategic geography – concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that affect the security and prosperity of nations.
      • Population geography – the study of how spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places.
      • Social geography – branch of human geography that is most closely related to social theory in general and sociology in particular, dealing with the relation of social phenomena and its spatial components.
      • Behavioral geography – approach to human geography that examines human behaviour using a disaggregated approach.
      • Children's geographies – area of study within human geography and Childhood Studies which involves researching the places and spaces of children's lives.
      • Health geography – application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care.
      • Tourism geography – a study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity.
      • Urban geography – the study of areas that have a high concentration of buildings and infrastructure.
    • Environmental geography – a branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world.
    • Regional geography – the study of world regions.
  • History – discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period after writing was invented. This category includes many sub-domains of history such as art history, diplomatic history, history of science, economic history, environmental history, military history, political history, urban history, women's history and many others.
  • Industrial relations – the multidisciplinary field that studies the employment relationship.
  • Information science – interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information.
  • International studies – the study of the major political, economic, social, cultural and sacral issues that dominate the international agenda
  • Law – set of rules and principles (laws) by which a society is governed, through enforcement by governmental authorities.
  • Legal management – social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and its elements, Law, Law Practice, Legal Research and Jurisprudence, legal Philosophy, Criminal Justice, Governance, Government structure, Political history and theories, Business Organization and Management, Entrepreneurship, Public Administration and Human Resource Development.
    • Paralegal studies – social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and its elements, Law, Law Practice, Legal Research and Jurisprudence, legal Philosophy, Criminal Justice, Governance, Government structure, Political history and theories, Business Organization and Management, Entrepreneurship, Public Administration and Human Resource Development.
  • Library science – the study of issues related to libraries and the information fields.
  • Linguistics – the scientific study of natural language.
    • Anthropological linguistics – the study of the relations between language and culture and the relations between human biology, cognition and language.
    • Applied linguistics – an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems.
    • Biolinguistics – study of the biology and evolution of language.
    • Clinical linguistics and speech and language pathology – a sub-discipline of linguistics that involves the application of linguistic theory to the field of Speech-Language Pathology.
    • Cognitive linguistics – a branch of linguistics that interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, which underlies its forms.
    • Comparative linguistics – the branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.
    • Computational linguistics – interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical or rule-based modelling of natural language from a computational perspective.
    • Developmental linguistics – the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.
      • language acquisition – the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate.
    • Dialectology – the scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics.
      • dialectometry – the study of high levels of structure in geographical dialect networks.
    • Discourse analysis – a general term for several approaches to analyzing the use of written, oral or sign language or any significant semiotic event.
    • Etymology – the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.
    • Evolutionary linguistics – the scientific study of both the origins and development of language as well as the cultural evolution of languages.
    • Forensic linguistics – application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure.
    • Geolinguistics – branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language or its constituent elements.
    • Historical linguistics – the study of language change.
    • Language – is a structured means of communication
    • Lexis – total vocabulary or lexicon having items of lexical, rather than grammatical, meaning.
    • Linguistic typology – subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features.
    • Literature – refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage.
    • Mathematical linguistics – Mathematics has been applied in linguistics for analysis, grammar logic and other theoretical aspects in linguistics.
    • Morphology – identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology).
    • Neurolinguistics – the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.
    • Philology – the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.
    • Phonetics – a branch of linguistics that consists of the study of the sounds of human speech, or the equivalent aspects of sign.
    • Phonology – the branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.
    • Phraseology – the study of the set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units (often collectively referred to as phrasemes), in which the parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently.
    • Pragmatics – subfield of linguistics that studies how context contributes to meaning.
    • Psycholinguistics – the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.
    • Sociolinguistics – a descriptive study of the effect of any aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language, is used, and the effects of language use on society.
    • Speech science – Speech science refers to the study of production, transmission and perception of speech. Speech science involves anatomy, in particular the anatomy of the oro-facial region and neuroanatomy, physiology, and acoustics.
    • Stylistics – study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective.
    • Syntax – "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages."
    • Semantics – the study of meaning.
    • Writing systems and orthography – representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols (known as a writing system).
  • Management– in addition to the administration of an organization, it is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.
  • Media studies – academic discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media; in particular, the mass media.
    • Communication studies – an academic field that deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning.
  • Political science – social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government, and politics.
    • Civics – the study of the theoretical and practical aspects of citizenship, its rights and duties; the duties of citizens to each other as members of a political body and to the government.
    • Comparative politics – field and a method used in political science, characterized by an empirical approach based on the comparative method.
    • Game theory – the study of strategic decision making.
    • Geopolitics – a theory that describes the relationship between politics and territory whether on a local or international scale.
      • political geography – field of human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and how political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.
    • Ideology – a set of ideas that constitute one's goals, expectations, and actions.
    • Political economy – Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth, including through the budget process. Political economy originated in moral philosophy. It developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states, polities, hence political economy.
    • Political psychology – bureaucratic, administrative and judicial behaviour
    • Psephology – the branch of political science which deals with the study and scientific analysis of elections.
    • Voting systems – methods by which voters choose between options, often in an election or on a policy referendum.
    • Public administration – houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.
      • Public policy – generally the principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of the state about a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs.
      • Public health – the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals
      • Local government studies – a form of public administration which is a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within the given state.
      • International politics – the study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs).
        • International relations theory – the study of international relations from a theoretical perspective; it attempts to provide a conceptual framework upon which international relations can be analyzed.
    • Science diplomacy
  • Psychology – the science of behaviour and mental processes
    • Abnormal psychology - the study of unusual behaviour, emotion, and thought in an individual, likely of that as a mental disorder.
    • Applied psychology – use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in other areas, such as mental health, business management, education, health, product design, ergonomics, and law.
      • Psychological testing – field characterized by the use of samples of behaviour to assess psychological construct(s), such as cognitive and emotional functioning, about a given individual.
      • Clinical psychology – integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.
      • Community psychology – Sense of community Social capital
      • Consumer behaviour – study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy a product.
      • Counseling psychology – a psychological specialty that encompasses research and applied for work in several broad domains: counselling process and outcome; supervision and training; career development and counselling; and prevention and health.
      • Educational psychology – the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations.
      • Forensic psychology – the intersection between psychology and the courtroom—criminal, civil, family and Federal.
      • Health psychology – concerned with understanding how biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and illness.
      • Industrial and organizational psychology – the scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations.
      • Legal psychology – involves empirical, psychological research of the law, legal institutions, and people who come into contact with the law.
      • Media psychology – seeks an understanding of how people perceive, interpret, use, and respond to a media-rich world.
      • Military psychology – research, design and application of psychological theories and experimentation data towards understanding, predicting and countering behaviours either in friendly or enemy forces or civilian population that may be undesirable, threatening or potentially dangerous to the conduct of military operations.
      • Occupational health psychology – concerned with the psychosocial characteristics of workplaces that contribute to the development of health-related problems in people who work.
      • Political psychology – an interdisciplinary academic field dedicated to understanding political science, politicians and political behaviour through the use of psychological theories.
      • Psychology of religion – application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious traditions, as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals.
      • Psychometrics – field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational measurement.
      • School psychology – the field that applies principles of clinical psychology and educational psychology to the diagnosis and treatment of children's and adolescents' behavioural and learning problems.
      • Sport psychology – interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from the fields of Kinesiology and Psychology.
      • Systems psychology – the branch of applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience in complex systems.
      • Traffic psychology – the study of the behaviour of road users and the psychological processes underlying that behaviour (Rothengatter, 1997, 223) as well as to the relationship between behaviour and accidents
    • Behaviour analysis – philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms do can and should be regarded as behaviours, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns or modifying the environment.
    • Biopsychology – application of the principles of biology (in particular neurobiology), to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behaviour in human and non-human animals.
    • Clinical psychology – integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.
    • Cognitive psychology – subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes.
    • Cultural psychology – field of psychology which assumes the idea that culture and mind are inseparable, and that psychological theories grounded in one culture are likely to be limited in applicability when applied to a different culture.
    • Developmental psychology – the scientific study of systematic psychological changes, emotional changes, and perception changes that occur in human beings throughout their life span.
    • Educational psychology – the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations.
    • Evolutionary psychology – approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective.
    • Experimental psychology – application of experimental methods to the study of behaviour and the processes that underlie it.
    • Forensic psychology – the intersection between psychology and the courtroom—criminal, civil, family and Federal.
    • Health psychology – concerned with understanding how biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and illness.
    • Humanistic psychology – a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in the context of the tertiary sector beginning to produce in the most developed countries in the world more than the secondary sector was producing, for the first time in human history demanding creativity and a new understanding of human capital.
    • Industrial and organizational psychology – the scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations.
    • Mathematical psychology – understanding of human nature and mind, all through applications of mathematics theories and concepts along with other methods.
    • Music therapy – allied health profession and one of the expressive therapies, consisting of an interpersonal process in which a trained music therapist uses music to help clients to improve or maintain their health.
    • Neuropsychology – studies the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviours.
    • Personality psychology – the branch of psychology that studies personality and individual differences.
    • Psychometrics – field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational measurement.
    • Psychology of religion – application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious traditions, as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals.
    • Psychophysics – quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect.
    • Sensation and perception psychology
  • Religious studies – is an academic field devoted to research into religion beliefs, behaviours, and institutions.
  • Science and technology studies – the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
  • Social work – a professional and academic discipline that seeks to improve the quality of life and wellbeing of an individual, group, or community by intervening through research, policy, community organizing, direct practice, and teaching on behalf of those afflicted with poverty or any real or perceived social injustices and violations of their human rights.
  • Sociology – studies society using various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to understand the human social activity, from the micro-level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure.
    • Criminology – the study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behaviour in both the individual and in society.
    • Demography – statistical study of human populations and sub-populations.
    • Urban and rural sociology - the analysis of social life in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas.
  • Sustainable development – the process of meeting human development goals while sustaining the ability of natural systems to continue to provide the natural resources and natural system services upon which the economy of human society depends.
  • Sustainability studies – focuses on the interdisciplinary perspective of the sustainability concept. Programs include instruction in sustainable development, geography, environmental policies, ethics, ecology, landscape architecture, city and regional planning, economics, natural resources, sociology, and anthropology, many of which are considered social sciences in their own right.

History of social science

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Education and degrees

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General social science concepts

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Social science organizations

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Social science publications

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Social scientists

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wilson, Edward O. (1998). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1st ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. pp. 49–71. ISBN 0-679-45077-7.
  2. ^ "... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions." —p.vii, J. L. Heilbron, (2003, editor-in-chief). The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511229-6.
  3. ^ "science". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 2011-10-16. 3 a: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method b: such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena
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