Panorpa communis

Panorpa communis
P. communis male with prey
P. communis female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Mecoptera
Family: Panorpidae
Genus: Panorpa
Species:
P. communis
Binomial name
Panorpa communis

Panorpa communis, the common scorpionfly,[1] is a species of scorpionfly.

Distribution

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This species is native to Europe (Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, and European Russia)[2] and Northern Asia.[3][4][5]

Habitat

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These scorpionflies can be usually found in hedgerows and patches of nettle.[6]

Description

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Female, dorsal view

Panorpa communis can reach a body length of about 30 millimetres (1.2 in).[6] The common scorpionfly has a black and yellow body, with a reddish head and tail. The male has a pair of claspers at the end of its tail (for holding the female during mating),[6] giving it a scorpion-like appearance,[6] although it is not a stinger.

The adult insect has a wingspan of about 35 millimetres (1.4 in),[6] with wings that are mostly clear, but have many dark spots or patches. Its head, mounted with large eyes, is drawn into a prominent, downward pointing beak,[6] which opens at the tip of its head. Females are longer, heavier, and have longer legs than males.[7]

In the female, the eighth abdominal segment is the shortest, almost twice shorter than the seventh; the sixth is narrowed towards the back.[8] The larva resembles a caterpillar and grows up to 20 millimetres (0.79 in) long. It has three pairs of thoracic legs and eight pairs of prolegs.[9]

Biology and habits

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The adult is seen between May and September.[6] They eat dead insects (although they sometimes eat live aphids), sometimes taking them from spider webs[6] and plant sap.[10]

Although fully winged, the adults rarely fly very far and spend much of their time crawling on vegetation in damp, shaded places near water and along hedgerows. Panorpa communis is a univoltine species.[6] Eggs are laid in soil annually and the larvae both scavenge and pupate there.[6]

Mating behavior

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Males release pheromones and offer nuptial gifts to females in the form of saliva secretions and nuptial prey (usually dead arthropods).[11] Before offering the nuptial gifts, the male and female, perform ritualized premating behavior, which includes slow wing movements, accompanied by brief sequences of rapid vibrations from their abdomen.[11] The mating success of females increases with the size of nuptial gifts offered by the male.[11]

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References

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  1. ^ in Kendall Bioresearch
  2. ^ Mariánské Lázně, Tři Sekery, Czech Republic; Dvořák, Libor; Ruchin, Alexander B.; Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park «Smolny»; Egorov, Leonid V.; Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park «Smolny»; Prisursky State Nature Reserve; Aleksanov, Victor V.; Parks Directorate of the Kaluga Region; Alekseev, Sergey K.; Parks Directorate of the Kaluga Region; Shulaev, Nikolai V.; Kazan Federal University; Zakharova, Elena Yu.; Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology RAS (2023). "Distribution of species from the genus Panorpa (Mecoptera, Panorpidae) in European Russia except the Caucasus". Nature Conservation Research. 8 (1). doi:10.24189/ncr.2023.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Fauna europaea
  4. ^ "Catalogue of life". Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  5. ^ Range at GBIF
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j UK Safari
  7. ^ Burrows, M. (2019-01-01). "Jumping and take-off in a winged scorpion fly (Mecoptera, Panorpa communis )". Journal of Experimental Biology. 222 (Pt 18). doi:10.1242/jeb.205385. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 31439653.
  8. ^ F. C. Fraser: Handbooks for the identification of British Insects. Vol. I. part 12 and 13. Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera. London: Royal Entomological Society of London, 1959, s. 8–10
  9. ^ Strange animals
  10. ^ "food" in uksafari.com
  11. ^ a b c Hartbauer, Manfred; Gepp, Johannes; Hinteregger, Karin; Koblmüller, Stephan (August 2015). "Diversity of wing patterns and abdomen-generated substrate sounds in 3 European scorpionfly species". Insect Science. 22 (4): 521–531. Bibcode:2015InsSc..22..521H. doi:10.1111/1744-7917.12139. ISSN 1672-9609. PMC 4768358. PMID 24818592.
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