Patan Durbar Square

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Patan Durbar Square
Native name Yela Lāyekū (Newar)
Patan Durbar Square entrance Patan Durbar Square in 2010
Location	Lalitpur,    Nepal
Coordinates	27°40′24″N 85°19′30″E / 27.6734°N 85.3250°E / 27.6734; 85.3250
Area	18.85 ha
Built	1637 AD
Original use	Royal Palace
Architectural style(s)	Nepalese Architecture
Website	http://www.patanmuseum.gov.np
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Kathmandu Valley
Type	Cultural
Criteria	iii, iv, vi
Designated	1979
Reference no.	121
Region	Asia
Session	3rd
Location of Patan Durbar Square in Nepal

Patan Durbar Square (Nepal Bhasa: 𑐫𑐮 𑐮𑐵𑐫𑐎𑐹‎/यल लायकु, Nepali: पाटन दरवार) is situated at the centre of the city of Lalitpur in Nepal. It is one of the three Durbar Squares in the Kathmandu Valley, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. One of its attractions is the medieval royal palace where the Malla Kings of Lalitpur resided.

The Durbar Square is a marvel of Newar architecture. The square floor is tiled with red bricks.^[1] There are many temples and statues in the area. The main temples are aligned opposite the western face of the palace.^[2] The entrance of the temples faces east, towards the palace. There is also a bell situated in the alignment beside the main temples.^[3] The Square also holds old Newari residential houses. There are other temples and structures in and around Patan Durbar Square built by the Newa People. A center of both Hinduism and Buddhism, Patan Durbar Square has 136 "bahals" (courtyards) and 55 major temples.

The square was heavily damaged by the earthquake in April 2015.^[4][5]

Hari Shankar Temple completely collapsed after 2015 earthquake (left), and after its full restoration; pictured in 2023 (right)

The history of Durbar Square is not clear. Although the Malla Kings of Lalitpur are credited with the establishment of the royal square, it is known that the site is an ancient crossroad. The Pradhanas, who settled around the site before the Mallas, have connections with the Durbar Square.^[1] Some chronicles hint that the Thakuri dynasty built a palace and made reforms to the locality, but there is little evidence of this. Scholars are certain that Patan was a prosperous city since ancient times.^[6]

The Malla Kings made important changes to the square. Most of the current architecture is from the 1600s, constructed during the reign of King Siddhi Narsingh Malla and his son Srinivasa Sukriti. Some of the notable Malla Kings who improved the square include Purandarasimha,^[7] Sivasimha Malla and Yoganarendra Malla.^[1][6]

Patan is one of the oldest Buddhist cities. It is a center of both Hinduism and Buddhism with 136 bahals or courtyards and 55 major temples.^[8] Most of these structures are in the vicinity of the Durbar Square.

Krishna Mandir is one of the most important temple in Patan Durbar Square.^[9] A three-storied structure, it was built in the local variety of Shikhara style called Granthakuta.^[10] The stone carvings along the beam above the first and second-floor pillar are most notable. The first-floor pillar carvings narrate the events of the Mahabharata, while on the second floor there are visual carvings from Ramayana.^[9][11][12]

The temple was built in 1667 by King Siddhi Narsingh Malla.^[12] It is said that one night the King saw Lord Krishna and his consort Srimati Radha standing in front of the royal palace. He ordered a temple to be built on the same spot.^[13] There are 21 golden pinnacles in the temple. Below the pinnacles are three stories. The first floor holds the main shrine of Lord Krishna with shrines of Radha and Rukmini at each side. The second floor is dedicated to Lord Shiva and the third to Lokeshwor (Avalokiteshvara).^[1][13]

The square is crowded with thousands of Hindu Pilgrims and devotees during Krishnastami.^[14]

Bhimsen (Bhin : dya) Temple was built by Srinivasa Malla in 1680. It is renowned for its three interconnected golden windows. Bhimsen is a great personality in Mahabharata. He is the second-born son of Kunti and King Pandu, and one of the five Pandavas, known for his bravery and strength. Newa people worship him as a god of business and trade.^[1][15][16] Tourists are not allowed inside the temple.^[17] Photos are also not allowed to be taken inside the temple.

Vishwanath Temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It was built in 1627 AD during the reign of Siddhi Narsingh Malla. The roof supports are decorated with erotic carvings similar to imagery widespread in Shiva temples in India. The temple is guarded by two stone elephants in the front entrance. On the other side of the temple is the sculpture of a bull, Shiva's vehicle. A stone linga is enshrined inside the temple.^[1][18][19] It is located between Krishna Mandir and Bhimsen Temple.

Taleju temple was built by Siddhi Narsingh Malla in 1640 and rebuilt by Srinivasa Malla in 1667 after a fire. Taleju Bhawani was the personal deity of the Malla kings. It is a five-storey temple with triple-roofs.^[20] The 14th century chronicle of Gopala kings hints that the Taleju temple was built by the Pradhanas before the Mallas.^[1] The temple is not open to the public.

The three main courtyards in the palace are Mul Chowk, Sundari Chowk and Keshav Narayan Chowk. Besides these courtyards, the complex boasts impressive temples, religious shrines, and historical places, all noted for their exquisite carvings and beautiful display of ancient Newari architecture.^{[2] [21] [22]}

Keshav Narayan Chowk is, inside the Patan Museum, to the north of the Mul Chowk. Keshav Narayan Temple is located at the center of this chowk and gave the chowk its name.

Mul Chowk is the central courtyard. It is the most famous and largest courtyard among the three main chowks. Vidya Temple is located at its center and Taleju temples stand around the courtyard. The doorway to the Shrine of Taleju, on the southern side of the courtyard, is confined by the statues of the river goddesses Ganga, on a tortoise, and Jamuna, on a carved makara (mythical crocodile).^[23]

Sundari Chowk is to the south of the Mul Chowk. It is designed with a sunken tank known as Tusha Hiti. Smaller than the Mul Chowk, it is now open to the public. The entrance of the chowk is guarded by the stone statues of Hanuman, Ganesh, and Nara Singha, man-lion forms of Vishnu. As one enters through, the chowk, they can see various local shops selling typical Newari cuisine. The Newari cuisine consists of yomari, kachela, chhoila, black beans, beaten rice, vegetables along with the Newari drink called chhyang which is made from rice. Sundari chowk is known for the nightlife and recently there is a gigantic self-illuminating moon placed in the chowk which has now become the attraction for tourists as well as the local people.^[24]

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  Keshav Narayan Chowk
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  Mul chowk, Patan Durbar Square
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  Hari Shankar Temple
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  Big Bell
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  Bhimsen Temple (right), and Vishwanath Temple (left)
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  Bhandarkhal Garden and water tank
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  Under construction during renovation of Patan Durbar Square
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  An agriculture stone sculpture inside the Patan Durbar Square
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  Patan Durbar Square as seen in the night

• von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2019. Nepalese Stone Sculptures. Volume One: Hindu; Volume Two: Buddhist. (Visual Dharma Publications). ISBN 978-3-033-06381-5. Contains SD card with 15,000 digital photographs of Nepalese sculptures and other subjects as public domain.