Phase-out of polystyrene foam
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Physical_weathering_styrofoam_cup_Lake_MIchigan.jpg/200px-Physical_weathering_styrofoam_cup_Lake_MIchigan.jpg)
In the late 20th and early 21st century, there has been a global movement towards the phase-out of polystyrene foam as a single use plastic (SUP). Early bans of polystyrene foam intended to eliminate ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), formerly a major component.
Expanded polystyrene, often termed Styrofoam, is a contributor of microplastics from both land and maritime activities. Polystyrene is not biodegradeable but is susceptible to photo-oxidation, and degrades slowly in the ocean as microplastic marine debris. Animals do not recognize polystyrene foam as an artificial material, may mistake it for food, and show toxic effects after substantial exposure.
Full or partial bans of expanded and polystyrene foam commonly target disposable food packaging. Such bans have been enacted through national legislation globally, and also at sub-national or local levels in many countries.
Legislation around the world
[edit]National legislation
[edit]China banned expanded polystyrene takeout/takeaway containers and tableware in 1999, but later revoked the policy in 2013 amidst industry lobbying.[1] Haiti banned foam food containers in 2012 to reduce waste in canals and roadside drains. In 2019, the European Parliament voted 560 to 35 to ban all food and beverage containers made from expanded polystyrene throughout the European Union member states.[2] Canada amended its 'Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999' in 2022 to prohibit foodservice ware made of expanded or extruded polystyrene, and also polyvinyl chloride, black colored plastics, or oxo-degraded plastics. [3]
Summary
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polystyrene_foam_legislation.svg/880px-Polystyrene_foam_legislation.svg.png)
Country | Legislation | Year | References |
---|---|---|---|
![]() | Ban | 2023 | [4] |
![]() | Ban | 2017–2019 | [5] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2020 | [7] |
![]() | Ban | 2020 | [8] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6][9] |
![]() | Ban | 2019 | [10] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2023 | [11] |
![]() | Ban | 2022 | [12] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [13] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2018 | [14] |
![]() | Ban | 2022 | [15] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [16] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6][17] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6][18] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2018 | [19] |
![]() | Ban | 2016 | [20] |
![]() | Ban | 2012 | [21] |
![]() | Ban | 2024 | [22] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [23] |
![]() | Ban | 2022 | [24] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6][25] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2020 | [26] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [27] |
![]() | Ban | 2022 | [28] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2017 | [29] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [30] |
![]() | Ban | 2020 | [31] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [32] |
![]()
| Ban | 2021 (NL) | [6] |
![]()
| Ban | 2022 (NZ)
| [38] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [39] |
![]() | Ban | 2018 | [40] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [41] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2024 | [42] |
![]() | Ban | 2019 | [43] |
![]() | Ban | 2017 | [44] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [40][45] |
![]() | Ban | 2017 | [46] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [47] |
![]() | Ban | 2019 | [48] |
![]() | Ban | 2021 | [6] |
![]() | Ban | 2022 | [49] |
![]() | Ban | 2022 | [50] |
![]() | Ban | 2019 | [51] |
![]() | Ban | 2019 | [52] |
![]()
| Ban | [57] | |
![]() | Ban | 2018 | [40] |
![]() | Ban | 2017 | [58] |
Subnational legislation
[edit]In Australia, over 97% of the population live in an area that bans expanded polystyrene. Between 2021-2023, the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia enacted bans. [59][60][61][62][63][64]
Nigeria's states of Lagos and Abia introduced bans in January 2024, with an initial transition period of three weeks.[65] The state of Oyo introduced a ban in March 2024.[66]
Municipal bans in the Philippines are in effect in Bailen,[67] Boracay,[68] Caloocan,[69] Cordova,[70] El Nido,[71] Las Piñas,[72] Makati,[73] Mandaluyong City,[74] Muntinlupa,[75] Quezon City,[76] and Tacloban.[77]
In the United Arab Emirates, the municipal government of Dubai announced a ban affecting polystyrene in 2025, and all single-use plastic food containers in 2026.[78]
Phaseout in the United States
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Polystyrene_foam_legislation_in_the_United_States.svg/300px-Polystyrene_foam_legislation_in_the_United_States.svg.png)
As of June 2024, 11 U.S. states and two territories have passed statewide legislation to explicitly ban polystyrene foam:
- In 2019, Maryland was the first state to enact a ban, which went into effect on October 1, 2020.[79] Bans were also passed that year in Maine and Vermont, with both states' laws taking effect on July 1, 2021.[80][81]
- In 2020, New York passed a ban that took effect on January 1, 2022, while New Jersey passed a ban that took effect on May 4, 2022.[82][83]
- In 2021, Colorado passed a ban that took effect on January 1, 2024.[84] Virginia passed a ban on polystyrene food containers coming into force in July 2025 (for larger businesses) and July 2026 (for businesses with less than 20 locations). Washington also passed a polystyrene ban, effective starting in June 2023, with food serviceware prohibited starting June 1, 2024.[85]
- In 2023, Delaware, Oregon and Rhode Island all signed bans into law, with provisions set to take effect in each state in 2025.[86][87][88]
- Washington, D.C. banned polystyrene foam takeout containers on January 1, 2016. The ban was expanded on January 1, 2021, to include the retail sale of polystyrene foam.[89]
- American Samoa banned the import, sale, and distribution of polystyrene foam containers on February 6, 2024, taking effect 60 days later.[90]
In Hawaii, a de facto ban is in effect after every county enacted polystyrene bans except state-administered Kalawao County. Bans in Hawaii County took effect July 2019, followed by Kauai County, Maui County, and Honolulu County in 2022.[91][92][93] Maui separately banned polystyrene foam coolers, and the sale or rental of disposable bodyboards in 2022.[94][95]
In California, the legislature passed SB54 in June 2022 as the Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act.[96] The law codifies extended producer responsibility (EPR) requirements for plastics, including a requirement that polystyrene be banned if recycling rates do not reach 25% by 2025. Recycling rates averaged 6% at passage, leading some to call the law a 'de facto ban', anticipating an inability to comply within three years.[97][98]
Local legislation
[edit]Local bans have been enacted elsewhere, including in many large and small cities within the US:
- Alaska — In Alaska, the towns of Bethel, Cordova, and Seward have enacted bans.[99][100][101]
- California — At least 128 cities in California have an existing polystyrene ban in some form.[102] As of 2023, 12 counties — namely Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Sonoma have bans affecting the general public. Additionally, 27 municipalities in other counties, namely Arcata, Camarillo, Carlsbad, Carpinteria, Dana Point, Davis, Del Mar, Encinitas, Goleta, Imperial Beach, Laguna Beach, Newport Beach, Oceanside, Ojai, Oxnard, Palm Springs, Port Hueneme, San Clemente, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Solana Beach, South Lake Tahoe, Thousand Oaks, Truckee, Ventura, Vista, and Yountville have bans. Together these laws cover over 20.6 million people, or about 53% of the state's population. The city of Berkeley passed the nation's first polystyrene foodware ban in 1988, while also requiring all disposable foodware to be degradable or recyclable.
- Connecticut — Hamden, Groton,[103] Norwalk,[104] Stamford,[105] and Westport[106] have all enacted bans. Hamden enacted the state's first ban in 1989, and continues to retain its original ordinance.[107][108]
- Georgia — South Fulton banned single-use plastics in 2019.[109] Atlanta banned polystyrene at city-owned buildings, including Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.[110]
- Illinois — Oak Park[111] and River Forest[112] have enacted bans. In 2023, the state legislature passed a ban affecting state agencies and universities.[113]
- Massachusetts — At least 66 municipalities have bans on polystyrene, including Abington, Acton, Amherst, Andover, Arlington, Athol, Attleboro, Brookline, Buckland, Cambridge, Chatham, Chelmsford, Concord, Dennis, Eastham, Easthampton, Essex, Fairhaven, Falmouth, Georgetown, Gloucester, Grafton, Great Barrington, Greenfield, Hadley, Hamilton, Hanson, Ipswich, Lee, Lenox, Lexington, Lincoln, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Marblehead, Maynard, Medford, Melrose, Nantucket, Newton, Northborough, Northampton, Orleans, Pittsfield, Provincetown, Raynham, Reading, Revere, Rockport, Salem, Saugus, Shrewsbury, Somerville, South Hadley, Stockbridge, Sudbury, Swampscott, Upton, Wayland, Wellfleet, Westborough, Westfield, Westford, Whitman, Williamstown, Winthrop, and Yarmouth.
- Minnesota — Minneapolis enacted a ban in 1989, and amended the largely unenforced ban in 2015.[114][115] In 2017, the city of St. Louis Park effectively banned single-use polystyrene after mandating compostable, reusable, or locally recyclable packaging. [116] Saint Paul enacted a similar provision in 2022.[117]
- New Hampshire — Portsmouth enacted the first ban in New Hampshire in 2020.[118]
- New Mexico — Santa Fe County passed a ban on serving food, or packing eggs, baked goods, or produce in polystyrene containers, affecting unincorporated parts of the county.[119]
- Pennsylvania — The Boroughs of Ambler,[120] Narberth,[121] Newtown,[122] Phoenixville,[123] Swarthmore,[124] and Townships of Montgomery,[125] Newtown,[126] Solebury,[127] Tredyffrin,[128] Upper Merion,[129] Upper Moreland,[130] and Uwchlan[131] enacted bans.
- South Carolina — The city of Charleston adopted an ordinance in 2018, with the surrounding Charleston County adopting a similar ordinance the year after.[132][133]
Proposed legislation
[edit]As of August 2023, proposed legislation banning polystyrene has passed at least one legislative chamber in two states and one territory. In Connecticut, SB 118 passed the state Senate in April 2022, but died when the session ended.[134] In Illinois, the state House passed HB2376 on March 21, 2023.[135]
The territory of the Northern Mariana Islands passed HB21-89 in its House of Representatives in 2020.[136]
In September 2021, Florida introduced a proposed phaseout of polystyrene foam food packaging.[137] Commissioner of Agriculture Nikki Fried, whose Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services oversees food safety in Florida, proposed a rule to phase out polystyrene in 40,000 grocery stores, food markets, convenience stores, and gas stations that the agency regulates in Florida. The Florida Legislature will consider the proposed rule in 2022.[138]
State / Territory | Year Enacted | Year Implemented | Details | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 2024 | 2024 | Covers all polystyrene foam containers. Affected products unsold six months after the law's implementation may be subject to confiscation. | A.S.C.A. § 25.23[139] |
![]() | 2021 | 2024 | Covers ready-to-eat food containers (including hinged containers, plates, bowls, cups, trays) from retail food establishments. | CRS 25-17-506[140][141][142] |
![]() | 2023 | 2025 | Covers food service packaging (including hinged or lidded containers, plates, cups, bowls, trays) from food establishments including restaurants, grocery stores, and ice manufacturers. Excludes containers, including coolers and ice chests, when used for raw meat, seafood, eggs, fruits, or vegetables. | 16 Del. C. § 3001Q[143] |
![]() | 2014 | 2016 | Covers food service products (including containers, plates, hot/cold cups) from food service businesses, including restaurants, cafes, grocery stores, food trucks, and cafeterias. Includes meat/vegetable trays, egg cartons, and other polystyrene items used to sell or provide food. Ban expanded in 2021 to include sale of packing peanuts and foam coolers. | D.C. Reg. § 21-2301[144] & D.C.ACT23-223[145] |
![]() | 2019 | 2021 | Includes food containers from retail food and eating establishments, factories, farmers' markets, and retirement/nursing homes. Covers items packed outside Maine, but shipped to the state. Polystyrene raw meat/seafood trays and egg cartons banned starting 2025. Foam coolers for seafood exempt. | 38 M.R.S.A. § 15-A[146] |
![]() | 2019 | 2020 | No person may sell, and no business/school may sell or serve polystyrene food containers (containers, plates, hot/cold cups, trays). Includes egg cartons (except if shipped empty into Maryland to pack eggs, or if eggs are packed in the state for Maryland consumers). Excludes containers for raw meat/seafood, nonfoam polystyrene, or food prepackaged in polystyrene foam. | Md. Code Ann., Env. § 9-2201 to 9–2207[147] |
![]() | 2020 | 2022 | Includes food containers and serviceware (containers, plates, hot/cold cups, trays, cutlery). Includes foam egg cartons. Containers for raw meat/seafood, cups 2oz or less, long-handled polystyrene spoons, and food prepackaged in polystyrene foam banned starting 2024. | Title 13:1E-99.126 et al.[148] |
![]() | 2020 | 2022 | Includes food containers and serviceware (clamshell, bowl, carton, lid, plate, trays) from any food service provider, retail food store, deli, grocer, hospital, adult care/nursing home, or school. Includes packing peanuts/loose fill, sold by any manufacturer or store. Excludes containers for raw meat/seafood, food prepackaged in polystyrene foam, and rigid polystyrene. | N.Y. Consol. Laws § 30-43-B, Art. 27, Tit. 30 (2020)[149] |
![]() | 2023 | 2025 | Prohibits the sale, offer for sale, distribution, or use of single-use polystyrene coolers, packing peanuts, or containers for serving prepared food. Excludes use for raw egg, meat, fish, or produce. Provisions would take effect starting January 1, 2025. | ORS § 36A.459[150] |
![]() | 2023 | 2025 | Prohibits the use of disposable polystyrene serviceware for prepared food, such as containers, cups, lids, or stirrers. Excludes coolers or ice chests. Provisions take effect starting January 1, 2025. | R.I. Gen. Laws § 21–27.3-2[151][152] |
![]() | 2019 | 2021 | Includes food containers (plates, trays, hot/cold cups), and foam egg cartons. Excludes containers for raw meat/seafood, food prepackaged in polystyrene foam, and food packaged outside Vermont. | 10 V.S.A. § 6696[153] |
![]() | 2021 | 2025 | Includes any food containers for retail food establishments. Originally set to take effect in 2023/2025, implementation was delayed to 2028/2030 in 2022, and moved forward to 2025/2026 in 2024.[154][155] | Va. Code Ann. § 10.1–1424.3[156] & 2022 HB30, Item 377#1c [157] |
![]() | 2021 | 2023 | Sale of packing peanuts/void fill banned starting June 2023. Beginning June 2024, includes any food containers (plates, bowls, trays, clamshell containers, hot/cold cups) and portable foam coolers. Excludes containers for raw meat/seafood, eggs, and produce. Excludes coolers for drugs or federally-defined medical/biological materials, or for shipping perishables from a wholesale retail establishment. | RCW 70A.245.070[158] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ As required per the Northern Ireland Protocol
References
[edit]- ^ Ying Sun, Nina & Toloken, Steve (21 March 2013). "China moves to end its 'ban' on PS food packaging". Plastics News. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ "EU lawmakers back ban on single-use plastics, set standard for world". Reuters.
- ^ "Other Plastic Manufactured Items". 20 June 2023.
- ^ (in Catalan) https://www.diariandorra.ad/noticies/nacional/2022/08/17/govern_aprova_prohibicio_dels_plastics_sol_us_205741_1125.html
- ^ "STAGES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STYROFOAM BAN". Antigua Nice. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "DIRECTIVE (EU) 2019/904 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 June 2019 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment". Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Plastics ban on track for July 1". Eyewitness News. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Barbados joins other CARICOM countries in banning single-use plastic products". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Belgium imposes phased ban on single-use plastics". The Brussels Times. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Belize prepares to ban single-use plastic and Styrofoam products by April 2019". The San Pedro Sun. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Single-use Plastics Prohibition Regulations (SOR/2022-138)". Department of Justice Canada. 20 June 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ (in Spanish) https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1163603 LEY NÚM. 21.368 REGULA LA ENTREGA DE PLÁSTICOS DE UN SOLO USO Y LAS BOTELLAS PLÁSTICAS, Y MODIFICA LOS CUERPOS LEGALES QUE INDICA
- ^ "Costa Rica to completely ban polystyrene due to environmental impact". The Independent. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Caribbean island of Dominica bans plastic and Styrofoam". CNN. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Ecuador: Law on Restrictions on the Use of Plastic Enters into Force". Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "Ban on polystyrene to start next month". The Fiji Times. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ Clercq, Geert De (11 October 2021). "France bans plastic packaging for fruits and vegetables". Reuters. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Germany bans single-use plastic straws, food containers". ABC News. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "Grenada Is Banning Styrofoam". Caribbean Journal. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Styrofoam ban in effect from month-end". Guyana Chronicle. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Haiti bans plastic bags and styrofoam containers". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Product Eco-responsibility (Amendment) Ordinance 2023" (PDF). Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Iceland Bans Single-Use Plastics Starting in 2021". Iceland Review. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Govt bans manufacture, sale and use of identified single-use plastic items from July 1, 2022". India Today. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Banned from Irish shelves: Cotton bud sticks, plastic cutlery, plates, stirrers and straws". Irish Examiner. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Styrofoam Ban Takes Effect". Jamaica Information Service. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Macao bans polystyrene takeaway boxes from 1 January 2021". The Macao News. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "The Maldives bans production and sales of single-use plastics effective from 1st June 2022". Republic of Maldives Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Technology. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "STYROFOAM AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS PROHIBITION ACT 2016" (PDF). Republic of the Marshall Islands Nitijela. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Environment Protection (Control of Single Use Plastic Products) Regulations 2020" (PDF). Mauritius Ministry of the Environment, Solid Waste Management and Climate Change. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "Per Public Law 21-76, One-Time-Use Disposable Styrofoam & Plastic Food Service Items Prohibited from Importation into the FSM Beginning July 1st, 2020; Such Items Already in the FSM Can Still Be Used". FSM GOVERNMENT. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Zero Waste Goals: Monaco Bans Single-use Cups and Containers". Hello Monaco Magazine. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Plastic ban: the law has passed". Aruba Today. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Styrofoam meal boxes banned on Bonaire from 1 August". BES Reporter. 13 July 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Enforcement starts on Single-Use Plastic Ban". 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Ban on single use plastic now a fact". Government of Sint Eustatius. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ name="Pacific Countries">"Several Pacific Countries Announce Bans on Single-Use Plastic Bags". Library of Congress. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Plastic and Related Products Regulations 2022". New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ (in Norwegian) "Forskrift om begrensning i bruk av helse- og miljøfarlige kjemikalier og andre produkter (produktforskriften)". Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ a b c "Several Pacific Countries Announce Bans on Single-Use Plastic Bags". Library of Congress. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ (in Spanish) "LEY QUE REGULA EL PLÁSTICO DE UN SOLO USO Y LOS RECIPIENTES O ENVASES DESCARTABLE". El Peruano. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ "St Kitts and Nevis to ban use of styrofoam, plastic products". Jamaica Observer. 29 November 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Saint Lucia to ban polystyrene, plastics". Government of Saint Lucia. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Styrofoam Ban Stakeholders Meeting". Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Styrofoam ban now in effect in Samoa". Pasifika Environews. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
- ^ "Seychelles: Ban on Plastics Takes Effect". Library of Congress. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Ban on use of plastics goes into effect from March 31". Colombo Page. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ (in Dutch) https://gov.sr/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/sb-2019-no-44-besch-min-hi-wijz-besl-negatieve-lijst.pdf TBESCHIKKING van de Minister van Handel, Industrie en Toerisme van 25 april 2019 no. 910, houdende nadere wijziging van het Besluit Negatieve Lijst
- ^ "Taiwan to ban polystyrene cups from July 2022". Taiwan News. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Thailand's plastic ban prompts producers to be eco-friendly". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Government approves ban of Styrofoam in T&T by 2019". Ministry of Planning and Development, Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Waste Management (Prohibition On The Importation Of Single-Use Plastic) Regulation 2019" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development, Government of Tuvalu. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Far-reaching ban on single-use plastics in England". Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ "Single use plastics ban". Scottish Government. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ "The Environmental Protection (Single-use Plastic Products) (Wales) Bill" (PDF). Welsh Government. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ "Ban on polystyrene comes into full effect Nov 1". Turks and Caicos Weekly News. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Single use plastic: How do bans differ across the UK and EU?". House of Commons Library. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ "Zimbabwe bans polystyrene food packs citing health risks". Africa News. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Single-use plastics".
- ^ "Single-use plastic guidance for industry (food service ware items)" (PDF). October 2022.
- ^ "Single-use plastic items ban". 1 September 2023.
- ^ "BANNED ITEMS 2022".
- ^ "Single-use plastics ban applies 1 February 2023". 31 January 2023.
- ^ "WA Plan for Plastics single-use plastic bans 2022-25" (PDF). November 2023.
- ^ "Nigeria's Polluted Economic Hub Lagos Bans Styrofoam, Plastics". 22 January 2024.
- ^ "Oyo govt joins Lagos, declares ban on use of Styrofoam for food". 11 March 2024.
- ^ "Plastics, styrofoam banned in Cavite town". 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Boracay reopening: Disposable plastic items banned". 10 September 2018.
- ^ "Caloocan joins LGUs banning plastic". 31 October 2013.
- ^ "Cordova to ban single-use plastic and styrofoam food containers". 29 January 2023.
- ^ "Calls mount for stricter implementation of anti-plastics law in El Nido".
- ^ "Las Piñas follows neighbor in enforcing ban on plastics". 13 January 2012.
- ^ "Makati set to implement plastic ban starting June 20". 29 May 2013.
- ^ "Mandaluyong to implement total ban on plastic bags in 2014". 17 December 2013.
- ^ "MMDA Chairman Commends Muntinlupa for Anti-Plastic and Styrofoam Measure". 21 January 2011.
- ^ "Plastic Bags and Single-Use Plastics Ban in Quezon City". 21 March 2021.
- ^ "Tacloban bans plastic, styrofoam".
- ^ "Single use plastic bags and products banned from January 1, 2024 in Dubai". 31 December 2023.
- ^ "Maryland Will Ban Styrofoam Starting Oct. 1". NPR. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Maine's Ban of Polystyrene Foam Takes Effect on July 1". U.S. News. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Single-Use Products Law". Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "State ban on some materials to take effect New Year's Day". WHAM-TV. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ "NEW JERSEY'S BAN ON SINGLE-USE PLASTIC PRODUCTS TAKES EFFECT IN ONE YEAR". New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "Colorado lawmakers OK ban on single-use plastic bags, polystyrene in stores". The Denver Post. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
- ^ "Washington state bans polystyrene foam, clamps down on other plastics". 20 May 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ "SB 543 Enrolled".
- ^ "2023 – S 0014 SUBSTITUTE B" (PDF).
- ^ "Senate Bill 51".
- ^ "Foam Free DC". DC.gov. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "Governor signs "Polystyrene Foam Container Ban" into law". 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Ordinance No. 17-63".
- ^ "Ordinance 1079" (PDF).
- ^ "Ordinance No. 4457: Polystyrene Foam Food Containers".
- ^ "Ordinance No. 5084".
- ^ "Ordinance No. 5326: Disposable Bodyboards".
- ^ "SB-54 Solid waste: reporting, packaging, and plastic food service ware".
- ^ "Newsletter: California lawmakers put the brakes on plastics. What does it mean for the rest of us?". Los Angeles Times. July 2022.
- ^ "California sets the nation's toughest rules for the reduction of plastics". NPR.
- ^ "Chapter 8.12 PLASTIC BAGS AND POLYSTYRENE CONTAINERS".
- ^ "City of Cordova, Alaska Substitute Ordinance 1137" (PDF).
- ^ "Chapter 9.35. Plastic Bags and Polystyrene Containers".
- ^ "Newsom signs nation's most sweeping law to phase out single-use plastics and packaging waste". Los Angeles Times. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ "Chapter 199 Polystyrene Container Restriction".
- ^ "Article II Use and Sale of Polystyrene Products".
- ^ "Stamford mayor signs ban on foam containers that starts in April". 22 October 2020.
- ^ "Chapter 46: Solid Waste Management Article VII: Single Use Plastic Food Service Product".
- ^ "§ 122.02 PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS; UTENSILS AND CONTAINERS TO BE OF POLYSTYRENE".
- ^ McCarthy, Peggy (13 August 1989). "Hamden Is First Town to Ban Plastic Foam". The New York Times.
- ^ "CHAPTER 12. - SINGLE-USE PLASTICS REGULATIONS".
- ^ "City of Atlanta Georgia Ordinance 19-O-1418".
- ^ "20-8-4: POLYSTYRENE FOAM PACKAGING PROHIBITED".
- ^ "Ordinance No. 3905" (PDF). 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Public Act 103-0470".
- ^ "Didn't Minneapolis ban foam packaging decades ago?". 16 April 2014.
- ^ "CHAPTER 204. ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION: ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE PACKAGING".
- ^ "Zero Waste Packaging Ordinance".
- ^ "Green To Go Packaging Initiative".
- ^ "Portsmouth Styrofoam Ban Takes Effect, With Little Enforcement For Now". 31 December 2020.
- ^ "Santa Fe County Board of County Commissioners Ordinance No. 2024-06" (PDF). 26 March 2024.
- ^ "Single Use Plastics Borough of Ambler".
- ^ "Single-Use Product Ordinance".
- ^ "Council Meeting March 12, 2024" (PDF).
- ^ "Ordinance 2024 - 2377".
- ^ "Ordinance 4 of 2023".
- ^ "Ordinance No. 23-337".
- ^ "Newtown Township Enacts Ban On Certain Single-Use Plastics". 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Ordinance No. 2022-003" (PDF).
- ^ "HR-454 Plastic Bag Ordinance".
- ^ "Ordinance No. 2023-890" (PDF).
- ^ "Ordinance No. 1744".
- ^ "Ordinance No. 2022-06".
- ^ "Number 2018-146".
- ^ "Ordinance No. 2085" (PDF).
- ^ "CT Senate passes bill that bans single-use Styrofoam and trays in schools and restaurants". 21 April 2022.
- ^ "HB2376".
- ^ "House OKs bill to ban foam food containers".
- ^ "Commissioner Nikki Fried Announces Rulemaking to Phase Out Polystyrene in Florida Stores, Markets / 2021 Press Releases / Press Releases / News & Events / Home – Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services". www.fdacs.gov. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ Powers, Scott (10 December 2021). "Nikki Fried sending polystyrene rules to Legislature". Florida Politics. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Governor signs "Polystyrene Foam Container Ban" into law". 12 February 2024.
- ^ "hb21-1162".
- ^ "HOUSE BILL 21-1162 CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS" (PDF). 6 July 2021.
- ^ "C.R.S. 25-17-506. Prohibition on use of expanded polystyrene food containers". 2021.
- ^ "Senate Bill 51".
- ^ "D.C. ACT 20-385".
- ^ "D.C.ACT23-223".
- ^ "38 MRSA Chapter 15-A" (PDF).
- ^ "Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Food Service Products Ban".
- ^ "CHAPTER 117" (PDF).
- ^ "TITLE 30 Expanded Polystyrene Foam Container and Polystyrene Loose Fill Packaging Ban".
- ^ "Enrolled Senate Bill 543".
- ^ "2023 – S 0014 SUBSTITUTE B" (PDF).
- ^ "Foam containers, plastic stirrers banned at RI restaurants". 26 June 2023.
- ^ "Title 10: Conservation and Development Chapter 159: Waste Management Subchapter 1: General Provisions".
- ^ "Virginia assembly approves ban on foam to-go containers". WTOP-FM. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "2024 Special Session I Budget Bill - HB6001 (Chapter 2)". Virginia Legislative Information System. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ "§ 10.1–1424.3. Expanded polystyrene food service containers prohibited; civil penalty".
- ^ "Budget Amendments – HB30 (Conference Report)".
- ^ "RCW 70A.245.070 Expanded polystyrene prohibitions—Penalty".