Pyrrhoderma noxium

Pyrrhoderma noxium
Fruiting bodies
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Hymenochaetales
Family: Hymenochaetaceae
Genus: Pyrrhoderma
Species:
P. noxium
Binomial name
Pyrrhoderma noxium
(Corner) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai (2018)
Synonyms
  • Fomes noxius Corner, (1932)
  • Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera, (1992)
  • Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.Cunn., (1965)

Pyrrhoderma noxium is a species of plant pathogen. It attacks a wide range of tropical plants, and is the cause of brown root rot disease. It has been described as "an aggressive and destructive pathogen".[1] The pathogen invades roots with contact between roots of a potential host with the substrate on which the fungus is growing.

Infection

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P. noxium attacks the roots and lower trunk of trees, causing roots to rot and resulting in dieback (another term for root rot). It causes brown root rot disease, which afflicts over 200 plant species in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogen can survive in the soil and on dead plant material for more than a decade, and the primary source of infection to other plants and trees is from contact with infected root material to the healthy plant's root.[1]

Treatment

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Fungicides Calixin, Bayleton, and Nustar inhibits growth for P. noxium on agar medium, however was not ultimately found to be effective in eradicating the fungus in infested wood. A mixture of ammonia and urea, as well as just volatile ammonia in itself, was found able to kill P. noxium in infested wood. Strains of Trichoderma applied in mulch around infected P. noxium trees started to grow new roots within 6–8 weeks of application, and the mycelium of P. noxium was eradicated after 8–11 weeks of exposure.[1]

Distribution

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P. noxium has been recorded from tropical regions, as well as Japan and Australia, but has not been reported from South America.[2]

List of countries where P. noxium is present [2]

[edit]
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Reference Notes
Africa
Angola Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Benin Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Burkina Faso Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Cameroon Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Central African Republic Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Côte d'Ivoire Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Gabon Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Ghana Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Kenya Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Nigeria Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Sierra Leone Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Tanzania Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Togo Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Uganda Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Asia
China Present CABI and EPPO (1997)

Wang et al. (2016)

Hong Kong Present Wang et al. (2016)
India Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Assam Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Karnataka Present Zhang and Chee (1989)
- Kerala Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Tamil Nadu Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Tripura Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Uttar Pradesh Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Indonesia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Java Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Sumatra Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Japan Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Bonin Islands Present Sahashi et al. (2015)
- Ryukyu Islands Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Malaysia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Peninsular Malaysia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Sabah Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Sarawak Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Myanmar Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Pakistan Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Philippines Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Singapore Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Sri Lanka Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Taiwan Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Vietnam Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
North America
Costa Rica Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Cuba Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Puerto Rico Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Oceania
American Samoa Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Australia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- New South Wales Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Queensland Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Federated States of Micronesia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Pohnpei Present Akiba et al. (2015)
Fiji Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Niue Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Northern Mariana Islands Present Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Papua New Guinea Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Samoa Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Solomon Islands Present Liloqula and Johnson (1987)
Vanuatu Present

Hosts

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Host Family Host status References
Acacia confusa Fabaceae Main Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Acacia mangium (brown salwood) Fabaceae Unknown Glen et al. (2014)

Mohd et al. (2009)

Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) Fabaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) Fabaceae Unknown Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Alstonia scholaris (white cheesewood) Apocynaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut) Anacardiaceae Unknown Supriadi et al. (2004)
Annona montana Annonaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Annona squamosa (sugar apple) Annonaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Aralia elata (Japanese aralia) Araliaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2007)
Araucaria cunninghamii (colonial pine) Araucariaceae Main Ann et al. (1999)

Brooks (2002)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) Araucariaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Ardisia sieboldii Primulaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Artemisia capillaris Asteraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) Moraceae Main Brooks (2002)

Hodges and Tenorio (1984)

Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) Moraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Averrhoa carambola (carambola) Oxalidaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Azadirachta excelsa Meliaceae Unknown Farid et al. (2005)

Mohd et al. (2009)

Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) Lecythidaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Barringtonia samoensis Unknown Brooks (2002)
Bauhinia (camel's foot) Fabaceae Unknown Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) Fabaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) Fabaceae Main Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Huang et al. (2015)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Bischofia javanica (bishop wood) Euphorbiaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2014)

Bombax ceiba (silk cotton tree) Bombacaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Calocedrus formosana Cupressaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel) Clusiaceae Main Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Calophyllum neoebudicum Unknown Brooks (2002)
Camellia japonica (camellia) Theaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Camellia sinensis (tea) Theaceae Main Ann et al. (1999)
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) Annonaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Canarium harveyi Strombidae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) Fabaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Casuarina (beefwood) Casuarinaceae Unknown Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina) Casuarinaceae Main Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2014)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ceiba speciosa Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)
Celtis boninensis Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Celtis sinensis (Chinese elm) Ulmaceae Unknown Wang et al. (2016)
Cerbera manghas Apocynaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Chorisia speciosa (floss-silk tree) Bombacaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel) Lauraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Huang et al. (2015)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Cinnamomum doederleinii Lauraceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)
Cinnamomum japonicum Lauraceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Cinnamomum kanehirai Lauraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Cinnamomum kotoense Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Cinnamomum osmophloeum (native cassia bark tree) Lauraceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Cinnamomum pseudopedunculatum Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) Lauraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Cinnamomum yabunikkei Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)
Citrus Rutaceae Unknown Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Citrus limon (lemon) Rutaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Codiaeum variegatum (garden croton) Euphorbiaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Coffea (coffee) Rubiaceae Main
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee) Rubiaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Cordia alliodora (Ecuador laurel) Boraginaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Cordia aspera Unknown Brooks (2002)
Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry) Boraginaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) Lithomyrtus Unknown Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Crossostylis biflora Unknown Brooks (2002)
Cycas taitungensis Cycadaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Delonix regia (flamboyant) Fabaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Hodges and Tenorio (1984)

Huang et al. (2015)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Dimocarpus longan (longan tree) Sapindaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ann et al. (2002)

Diospyros decandra Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Diospyros kaki (persimmon) Ebenaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Diospyros samoensis Ebenaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Diospyros vera Ebenaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)
Distylium lepidotum Hamamelidaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Distylium racemosum (isu) Hamamelidaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)
Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop) Verbenaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Dypsis lutescens (yellow butterfly palm) Arecaceae Unknown Huang et al. (2015)
Dysoxylum samoense Meliaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Ehretia philippinensis Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)
Elaeagnus rotundata Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) Arecaceae Main Pinruan et al. (2010)
Elaeocarpus serratus Elaeocarpaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Elaeocarpus sylvestris Elaeocarpaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2007)

Akiba et al. (2015)

Elattostachys falcata Unknown Brooks (2002)
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) Rosaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Erythrina Fabaceae Unknown Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Erythrina variegata (Indian coral tree) Fabaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum) Myrtaceae Unknown Chang and Yang (1998)
Eucalyptus grandis (saligna gum) Myrtaceae Unknown Chang and Yang (1998)
Eucalyptus pellita (red mahogany) Myrtaceae Unknown Agustini et al. (2014)

Glen et al. (2014)

Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) Lithomyrtus Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)
Euonymus boninensis Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ficus Moraceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Ficus awkeotsang (jelly fig) Moraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ficus benghalensis (banyan) Moraceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) Moraceae Unknown Huang et al. (2015)
Ficus elastica (rubber plant) Moraceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel tree) Moraceae Main Akiba et al. (2015)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Huang et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Wang et al. (2016)

Ficus obliqua Unknown Brooks (2002)
Ficus pumila (creeping fig) Moraceae Unknown Chang and Yang (1998)
Ficus punctata Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) Moraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ficus tinctoria Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Brooks (2002)

Ficus virgata Moraceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Firmiana simplex Sterculiaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Flueggea flexuosa Euphorbiaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Fraxinus formosana Oleaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) Clusiaceae Main
Garcinia subelliptica Clusiaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Gardenia jasminoides (cape jasmine) Rubiaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Glochidion obovatum Euphorbiaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Glochidion ramiflorum Unknown Brooks (2002)
Gmelina arborea (candahar) Lamiaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Grevillea robusta (silky oak) Proteaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Hernandia nymphaeifolia Hernandiaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) Euphorbiaceae Main Brooks (2002)

Mohd et al. (2009)

Nandris et al. (1988)

Hibiscus glaber Malvaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese rose) Malvaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Hibiscus schizopetalus (fringed hibiscus) Malvaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) Malvaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Brooks (2002)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Hydrangea chinensis Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Ilex rotunda (kurogane holly) Aquifoliaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2007)
Inocarpus fagifer Fabaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Intsia bijuga (Moluccan ironwood) Fabaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning glory) Convolvulaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) Euphorbiaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka Cupressaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Khaya senegalensis (dry zone mahogany) Meliaceae Unknown Burcham et al. (2015)

Wang et al. (2016)

Kigelia africana (sausage tree) Bignoniaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Koelreuteria elegans var. formosana Sapindaceae Main Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Koelreuteria paniculata (golden rain tree) Sapindaceae Habitat/association
Lactuca indica (Indian lettuce) Asteraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India) Lythraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Lagerstroemia subcostata Lythraceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2007)
Lagerstroemia turbinata Unknown Chang and Yang (1998)
Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Unknown Supriadi et al. (2004)
Lantana camara (lantana) Verbenaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Leptopetalum grayi Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) Fabaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Hodges and Tenorio (1984)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) Oleaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2007)
Ligustrum micranthum Oleaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Liquidambar formosana (beautiful sweetgum) Hamamelidaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Litchi chinensis (lichi) Sapindaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel) Lauraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Litsea hypophaea Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Litsea japonica Lauraceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Macaranga harveyana Unknown Brooks (2002)
Macaranga stipulosa Unknown Brooks (2002)
Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) Euphorbiaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Ann et al. (1999)

Maesa tenera Myrsinaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Malpighia emarginata Malpighiaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Mangifera indica (mango) Anacardiaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Dann et al. (2011)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Melaleuca bracteata Lithomyrtus Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Melaleuca leucadendra (long-leaved paperbark) Lithomyrtus Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Melia azedarach (Chinaberry) Meliaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Michelia compressa Magnoliaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Michelia figo Magnoliaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) Rubiaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Morus australis Moraceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) Rutaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Nandina domestica (Nandina) Berberidaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Neolitsea sericea Lauraceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)

Akiba et al. (2015)

Neonauclea forsteri Rubiaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Nerium oleander (oleander) Apocynaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Ochrosia nakaiana Apocynaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Osmanthus fragrans Oleaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Osmanthus insularis Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) Bombacaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Palaquium formosanum Sapotaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Pandanus boninensis Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Persea thunbergii Lauraceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Persea zuihoensis Lauraceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine) Pinaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Pipturus argenteus Urticaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistachio) Anacardiaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum) Pittosporaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)
Planchonella grayana Unknown Brooks (2002)
Planchonella obovata Sapotaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Planchonella torricellensis Sapotaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Podocarpus macrophyllus (Long-leaf podocarpus) Podocarpaceae Main Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Pometia pinnata (Fijian longan) Sapindaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech) Fabaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Populus deltoides (poplar) Salicaceae Unknown Sujan and Pandey (1989)
Prunus armeniaca (apricot) Rosaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Prunus campanulata (Taiwan cherry) Rosaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Prunus mume (Japanese apricot tree) Rosaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ann et al. (1999)

Prunus persica (peach) Rosaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) Lithomyrtus Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Psidium guajava (guava) Lithomyrtus Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) Fabaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Pyrus communis (European pear) Rosaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree) Rosaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)

Ann et al. (1999)

Rhaphiolepis indica Rosaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Yedda hawthorne) Rosaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2007)
Roystonea regia (Cuban royal palm) Arecaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Salix babylonica (weeping willow) Salicaceae Main Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Samanea saman (rain tree) Fabaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) Anacardiaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) Bignoniaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple) Anacardiaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Jamaica vervain) Verbenaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Sterculia foetida (Java olive) Sterculiaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Sterculia lanceolata Unknown Huang et al. (2016)
Swietenia macrophylla (big leaved mahogany) Meliaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)

Sujan et al. (1980)

Swietenia mahagoni (Cuban mahogany) Meliaceae Main Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Syzygium Lithomyrtus Unknown Brooks (2002)
Syzygium inophylloides Lithomyrtus Unknown Brooks (2002)
Syzygium samarangense (water apple) Lithomyrtus Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Taiwania cryptomerioides (taiwania) Chrysomelidae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tectona grandis (teak) Lamiaceae Main Farid et al. (2005)

Mohd et al. (2009)

Mohd et al. (2005)

Farid et al. (2005)

Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) Combretaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Terminalia richii Combretaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Malvaceae Main Brooks (2002)
Thespesia populnea (portia tree) Malvaceae Unknown Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Toona sinensis (Chinese Toona) Meliaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)
Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) Anacardiaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Trachelospermum asiaticum Apocynaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Trema orientalis (charcoal tree) Ulmaceae Unknown Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ulmus parvifolia (lacebark elm) Ulmaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Urena lobata (caesar weed) Malvaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Vernicia fordii (tung-oil tree) Euphorbiaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Virola surinamensis (banak) Myristicaceae Unknown Brooks (2002)
Vitis (grape) Vitaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)
Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Vitaceae Unknown Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Wikstroemia pseudoretusa Thymelaeaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Rutaceae Unknown Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) Rhamnaceae Unknown Tsai et al. (2017)

Brown root rot

[edit]

P. noxium causes brown root rot, which is a serious problem in Taiwan and Hong Kong.[1][3]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Ribera, J., Tang, A., Schubert, M., Lam, R., Chu, L., Leung, M., Kwan, H., Bas, M., & Schwarze, F. (2016). IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTAGONISTIC TRICHODERMA STRAINS FOR ERADICATING PHELLINUS NOXIUS IN COLONISED WOOD. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 28(4), 457–468. JSTOR 43956812
  2. ^ a b CABI (2022-01-07). "Phellinus noxius (brown tea root disease)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium: 40154. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.40154. ISSN 2958-3969. S2CID 253604481.
  3. ^ Lin, C., Chung, C., Wu, M., & Cho, C. (2013). DETECTION OF PHELLINUS NOXIUS DECAY IN STERCULIA FOETIDA TREE. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25(4), 487–496. JSTOR 23616989
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