Catalan's conjecture

Catalan's conjecture (or Mihăilescu's theorem) is a theorem in number theory that was conjectured by the mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan in 1844 and proven in 2002 by Preda Mihăilescu at Paderborn University.^[1][2] The integers 2³ and 3² are two perfect powers (that is, powers of exponent higher than one) of natural numbers whose values (8 and 9, respectively) are consecutive. The theorem states that this is the only case of two consecutive perfect powers. That is to say, that

The history of the problem dates back at least to Gersonides, who proved a special case of the conjecture in 1343 where (x, y) was restricted to be (2, 3) or (3, 2). The first significant progress after Catalan made his conjecture came in 1850 when Victor-Amédée Lebesgue dealt with the case b = 2.^[3]

In 1976, Robert Tijdeman applied Baker's method in transcendence theory to establish a bound on a,b and used existing results bounding x,y in terms of a, b to give an effective upper bound for x,y,a,b. Michel Langevin computed a value of ${\displaystyle \exp \exp \exp \exp 730\approx 10^{10^{10^{10^{317}}}}}$ for the bound,^[4] resolving Catalan's conjecture for all but a finite number of cases.

Catalan's conjecture was proven by Preda Mihăilescu in April 2002. The proof was published in the Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 2004. It makes extensive use of the theory of cyclotomic fields and Galois modules. An exposition of the proof was given by Yuri Bilu in the Séminaire Bourbaki.^[5] In 2005, Mihăilescu published a simplified proof.^[6]

Pillai's conjecture concerns a general difference of perfect powers (sequence A001597 in the OEIS): it is an open problem initially proposed by S. S. Pillai, who conjectured that the gaps in the sequence of perfect powers tend to infinity. This is equivalent to saying that each positive integer occurs only finitely many times as a difference of perfect powers: more generally, in 1931 Pillai conjectured that for fixed positive integers A, B, C the equation ${\displaystyle Ax^{n}-By^{m}=C}$ has only finitely many solutions (x, y, m, n) with (m, n) ≠ (2, 2). Pillai proved that for fixed A, B, x, y, and for any λ less than 1, we have ${\displaystyle |Ax^{n}-By^{m}|\gg x^{\lambda n}}$ uniformly in m and n.^[7]

The general conjecture would follow from the ABC conjecture.^[7][8]

Pillai's conjecture means that for every natural number n, there are only finitely many pairs of perfect powers with difference n. The list below shows, for n ≤ 64, all solutions for perfect powers less than 10¹⁸, such that the exponent of both powers is greater than 1. The number of such solutions for each n is listed at OEIS: A076427. See also OEIS: A103953 for the smallest solution (> 0).

• Bilu, Yuri (2004), "Catalan's conjecture (after Mihăilescu)", Astérisque, 294: vii, 1–26, MR 2111637
• Catalan, Eugene (1844), "Note extraite d'une lettre adressée à l'éditeur", J. Reine Angew. Math. (in French), 27: 192, doi:10.1515/crll.1844.27.192, MR 1578392
• Cohen, Henri (2005). Démonstration de la conjecture de Catalan [A proof of the Catalan conjecture]. Théorie algorithmique des nombres et équations diophantiennes (in French). Palaiseau: Éditions de l'École Polytechnique. pp. 1–83. ISBN 2-7302-1293-0. MR 0222434.
• Metsänkylä, Tauno (2004), "Catalan's conjecture: another old Diophantine problem solved" (PDF), Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 41 (1): 43–57, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-03-00993-5, MR 2015449
• Mihăilescu, Preda (2004), "Primary Cyclotomic Units and a Proof of Catalan's Conjecture", J. Reine Angew. Math., 2004 (572): 167–195, doi:10.1515/crll.2004.048, MR 2076124
• Mihăilescu, Preda (2005), "Reflection, Bernoulli numbers and the proof of Catalan's conjecture" (PDF), European Congress of Mathematics, Zurich: Eur. Math. Soc.: 325–340, MR 2185753, archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-06-26
• Ribenboim, Paulo (1994), Catalan's Conjecture, Boston, MA: Academic Press, Inc., ISBN 0-12-587170-8, MR 1259738 Predates Mihăilescu's proof.
• Tijdeman, Robert (1976), "On the equation of Catalan" (PDF), Acta Arith., 29 (2): 197–209, doi:10.4064/aa-29-2-197-209, MR 0404137

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Catalan's conjecture". MathWorld.
• Ivars Peterson's MathTrek
• On difference of perfect powers
• Jeanine Daems: A Cyclotomic Proof of Catalan's Conjecture