Product Liability Directive 1985

Directive 85/374/EEC

European Union directive
Text with EEA relevance
Title	Directive on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products
Made by	Council of the European Union
Made under	Art. 100 TEEC
Journal reference	L210, 07/08/1985, pp. 29-33
History
Date made	25 July 1985
Entry into force	30 July 1985
Implementation date	See table detailing implementation by state
Other legislation
Amended by	1999/34/EC
Substantially amended

The Product Liability Directive 85/374/EEC is a directive of the Council of the European Communities (now the European Union) which created a regime of strict liability for defective products applicable in all member states of the European Union, the other EEA members (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway) and the United Kingdom.

The Council adopted a resolution in 1975 for a preliminary programme on consumer protection and information technology.^[1][2] Moves towards a strict liability regime in Europe began with the Council of Europe Convention on Products Liability in regard to Personal Injury and Death (the Strasbourg Convention) in 1977.^[3] The Pearson Commission in the UK noted that this work had started, and refrained from making their own recommendations.^[4] A second EU programme followed in 1981.^[5]

The preamble to the directive cites Art. 100 (subsequently renumbered to Art. 94, then to Art. 115) of the Treaty of Rome and the aim to achieve a single market:

The Council shall, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission, issue directives for the approximation of such laws, regulations or administrative provisions of the members states as directly affect the establishment of the common market.

The preamble then goes on:

... approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning the liability of the producer for damage caused by the defectiveness of his products is necessary because the existing divergences may distort competition and affect the movement of goods within the common market and entail a differing degree of protection of the consumer against damage caused by a defective product to his health or property;

... liability without fault on the part of the producer is the sole means of adequately solving the problem, peculiar to our age of increasing technicality, of a fair apportionment of the risks inherent in modern technological production;

Articles 1 to 12 create a scheme of strict product liability for damage arising from defective products. This liability is in addition to any existing rights that consumers enjoy under domestic law (article 13).

The directive does not extend to nuclear accidents, these being covered by existing international conventions (article 14). The original directive did not extend to game or primary agricultural produce (article 2) but this exception was repealed by directive 1999/34/EC following concerns over BSE.^[6]

Article 15(1)(b) of the directive gives member states the option of adopting the development risks defence:

1. Each Member State may:
...
(b) by way of derogation ... maintain ... or provide in [its] legislation that the producer shall be liable even if he proves that the state of scientific and technical knowledge at the time when he put the product into circulation was not such as to enable the existence of a defect to be discovered.

As of 2004^[update], all EU member states other than Finland and Luxembourg had taken advantage of it to some extent.^[7]

Because EU directives do not have direct effect, they only come into force on persons in member states when implemented in national legislation. Article 19 demanded implementation within 3 years.^[8]

Article 21 demanded that the Commission report to the council on the application of the directive every five years.

In 2021, the European Commission conducted an Impact Assessment study on the possible revision of the Product Liability Directive.^[12]

• Clark, A. M. (1989). Product Liability. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 0-421-38880-3.
• Craig, P. & De Búrca, G. (2003). EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. Ch.28 Completion of the Single Market. ISBN 0-19-924943-1.
• European Commission (1999) Green Paper - Liability for defective products, COM(1999)396 final
• Giliker, P. & Beckwith, S. (2004). Tort (2nd ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell. pp. 9–014 - 9–038. ISBN 0-421-85980-6.
• Hodges, C. (1998). "Development risks: Unanswered questions". Modern Law Review. 61 (4): 560–570. doi:10.1111/1468-2230.00163.
• McGee, A. & Weatherill, S. (1990). "The evolution of the single market - harmonisation or liberalisation?". Modern Law Review. 53 (5): 578–596. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1990.tb01826.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Shears, P.; et al. (2001). "Food for thought - What mad cows have wrought with respect to food safety regulation in the EU and UK". British Food Journal. 103 (1): 63–87. doi:10.1108/00070700110383217.
• van Gerven, W.; et al. (2000). Cases, Materials and Texts on National, Supranational and International Tort Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing. pp. pp643–683. ISBN 1-84113-139-3.

• Text of the original Directive
• Text of the amending Directive 1999/34/EC