RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer

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The RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer (nicknamed Victor) was the first programmable electronic synthesizer and the flagship piece of equipment at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center. Designed by Herbert Belar and Harry Olson at RCA, with contributions by Vladimir Ussachevsky and Peter Mauzey, it was installed at Columbia University in 1957. Consisting of a room-sized array of interconnected sound synthesis components, the Mark II gave the user more flexibility and had twice the number of tone oscillators as its predecessor, the Mark I.^[1] The synthesizer was funded by a large grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

Earlier 20th century electronic instruments such as the Telharmonium or the theremin were manually operated. The RCA combined diverse electronic sound generation with a music sequencer, which proved a huge attraction to composers of the day, who were growing weary of creating electronic works by splicing together individual sounds recorded on sections of magnetic tape. The RCA Mark II featured a binary sequencer using a paper tape reader analogous to a player piano, that would send instructions to the synthesizer, automating playback from the device.^[2] The synthesizer would then output sound to a synchronized record lathe next to the machine.^{[media 1]} The resulting recording would then be compared against the punch-tape score, and the process would be repeated until the desired results were obtained.

The sequencer features of the RCA were of particular attraction to modernist composers of the time, especially those interested in writing dodecaphonic music with a high degree of precision. The RCA is cited by composers of the day as contributing to the rise of musical complexity, because it allowed composers the freedom to write music using rhythms and tempos that were impractical, if not impossible, to realize on acoustic instruments. The allure of precision as a mark of aesthetic progress (continuing with contemporary computer-based sequencers) generated high expectations for the Mark II, and contributed to the increased awareness of electronic music as a viable new art form. An album featuring the instrument and its capabilities was issued by RCA (LM-1922) in 1955.^{[media 2]}

The synthesizer had a four-note variable polyphony (in addition to twelve fixed-tone oscillators and a white noise source). The synthesizer was difficult to configure, requiring extensive patching of analog circuitry prior to running a score. Little attempt was made to teach composition on the synthesizer, and with few exceptions the only persons proficient in the machine's use were the designers at RCA and the engineering staff at Columbia who maintained it. Princeton University composer Milton Babbitt,^{[3][media 3]} though not by any means the only person to use the machine, is the composer most often associated with it, and was its biggest advocate.^{[citation needed]}

A number of important pieces in the electronic music repertoire were composed and realized on the RCA. Babbitt's Vision and Prayer and Philomel both feature the RCA, as does Charles Wuorinen's 1970 Pulitzer Prize for Music-winning piece Time's Encomium.^{[media 4][4]} Over time it fell into disrepair, and it remains only partly functional. The last composer to get any sound out of the synthesizer was R. Luke DuBois, who used it for a fifty-one second piece on the Freight Elevator Quartet's Jungle Album in 1997.

Although part of the history of electronic music, the RCA was seldom used. Made to United States Air Force construction specifications (and even sporting a USAF oscilloscope), its active electronics were constructed entirely with vacuum tubes, rendering the machine obsolete by its tenth birthday, having been surpassed by more reliable and affordable solid state modular synthesizers such as the Buchla and Moog modular synthesizer systems. It was prohibitively expensive to replicate, and an RCA Mark III, though conceived by Belar and Olsen, was never constructed. Nor was RCA to remain in the synthesizer business, prompting Columbia to purchase enough spare parts to build two duplicate synthesizers.^{[citation needed]}

Much of the historical interest of the RCA, besides its association with the Electronic Music Center, comes from a number of amusing and possibly apocryphal stories told regarding the synthesizer. One common story is that Ussachevsky and Otto Luening effectively conned RCA into building the machine, claiming that a synthesizer built to their specifications would "replace the symphony orchestra," prompting RCA executives to gamble the cost of the synthesizer in the hopes of being able to eliminate their unionized radio orchestra.^{[citation needed]}

In 1959, the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center acquired the machine from RCA. At Columbia-Princeton, Milton Babbitt used it extensively. His tape and tape and instrument pieces were realized using the RCA Mark II, including his masterpiece Philomel, for synthesized sound and soprano.^[5]

The RCA remains housed at the Columbia Computer Music Center facility on 125th Street in New York City, where it is bolted to the floor in the office of Professor Brad Garton.^{[citation needed]}

Media

Overall

• Olson, Harry Ferdinand (1967). "Electronic Music". Music, Physics and Engineering. Courier Corporation. pp. 408–448. ISBN 978-0-486-21769-7.

  See "D. Description of an Electronic Music Composing Machine Employing a Random Probability System" for Olson-Belar composing machine (c.1950), and "10.4.RCA ELECTRONIC MUSIC SYNTHESIZER" for RCA Mark I (c.1955) & Mark II (c.1958).

• Holmes, Thom (2012). "Early Synthesizers and Experimenters". Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture (4th ed.). Routledge. pp. 176–190. ISBN 978-1-136-46895-7.

  See also excerption of pp. 142–157 from the 3rd ed. in 2008 (ISBN 978-0-415-95781-6).

Olson-Belar composing machine (circa 1950)

• US application 2855816, Harry F. Olson; Belar Herbert, "Music Synthesizer", published October 14, 1957, assigned to RCA Corp.  (filed December 26, 1951)
• Olson, Harry F. (1952). Musical Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Note: source of "Figure 6.1 Schematic for the Olson-Belar composing machine ..." on Holmes 2012, p. 179.

RCA Electronic Music Synthesizer, Mark I  (circa 1955)

• Olson, Harry F.; Belar, Herbert (May 1955). "Electronic Music Synthesizer" (reprint). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 27 (3): 595–612. Bibcode:1955ASAJ...27..595O. doi:10.1121/1.1907975. The electronic music synthesizer is a machine that produces music from a coded record. The coded record, is produced by a musician, musical engineer, or composer with a fundamental understanding of the composition of sound. The electronic music synthesizer provides means for the production of a tone with any frequency, intensity, growth, duration, decay, portamento, timbre, vibrato, and variation. If these properties of a tone are specified, the tone can be completely described. ...

  Note: a paper about RCA Electronic Music Synthesizer, also known as Mark I, which was unveiled in 1955 and housed at Princeton University (according to Holmes 2012, pp. 179).

RCA Mark II Electronic Music Synthesizer (circa 1958)

• Olson, Harry F.; Belar, Herbert (1961). "Aid to music composition employing a random probability system". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 33 (9): 1163. Bibcode:1961ASAJ...33.1163O. doi:10.1121/1.1908937.

Computer compositions

• Hiller, LeJaren (1970). "Music composed with computers—a historical survey". In Harry B. Lincoln (ed.). The Computer and Music. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 42–96. ISBN 9780801405501.

  Note: a brief summary of work by Olson and Belar is given, and their "composing machine" is described as a prototype of RCA Electronic Music Synthesizers. (according to Lincoln 1972, p. 75).

• Lincoln, Harry B. (1972). "Uses of the Computer in Music Composition and Research". In Morris Rubinoff (ed.). Advances in Computers. Vol. 12. Academic Press. pp. 73–114. ISBN 978-0-08-056644-3.

• "The RCA Synthesiser". 120 Years of Electronic Music. 2013-09-21.
• Milton Babbitt (1968–1971). Occasional Variations. YouTube (music)., Realized on the RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer, 1968–1971
• Garnet Hertz (2016). RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer: the first programmable electronic synthesizer. Vimeo (music)., Video of the RCA Mark II Synthesizer at Columbia University
• RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer at Discogs (list of releases)