Rathore dynasty

Rathore dynasty
House of Marwar
Flag of Jodhpur
Parent houseGahadavala dynasty
CountryJodhpur State
Founded1226
FounderRao Siha
Current headGaj Singh
Final rulerHanwant Singh
TitlesRaja of Marwar
Raja of Jodhpur

The Rathore dynasty or Rathor dynasty was an Indian dynasty belonging to the Rathore clan of Rajputs that has historically ruled over parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.[1][2][3][a] The Rathores trace their ancestry to the Rashtrakutas and later to the Gahadavalas of Kannauj, migrating to Rajasthan after the fall of Kannauj. [5]

Subclans

Jodha, Vadhel, Jaitawat, Kumpawat, Champawat, Mertiya, Bikawat, Udawat, Karamsot, etc. are the branches or subclans of Rathore Rajputs.[6]

Coverage

This article discusses the "Kanaujiya" Rathores of Marwar and lineages, thereof; Norman Ziegler had noted of 12 other similar branches ("shakhas") of Rathores — Sur, Shir, Kapaliya, Kherada, Abhepura, Jevamt, Vagula, Karaha, Parakra, Ahrao, Jalkheda, and Camdel.[7] Scholarship about those branches are scarce to non-existent.[7]

Origins

Rashtrakuta origin

A section of historians argue for a Rashtrakuta origin.[8][9] Branches of Rashtrakutas had migrated to Western Rajasthan as early as the late tenth century. Multiple inscriptions of Rathauras have been located in and around Marwar dating from the tenth to thirteenth century, indicating that the Rathores may have emerged from one of the Rashtrakuta branches.[8]

Bardic origins

Muhnot Nainsi, employed by the Rathores of Marwar, chronicled Nainsi ri Khyat, a bardic genealogical history of the Rajputs in western Rajasthan c. 1660; one of the oldest extant historical records of the region, the Khyata collated information from existing oral literature, genealogies and administrative sources in a chronological fashion.[4][page needed][8][10][b][c] Nainsi had noted of the Rathores to have originated from Kannauj before migrating to Marwar.[4]

British indologist V. A. Smith theorized that the Rathores and Bundelas are an offshoot of the Gahadavala dynasty.[11] Roma Niyogi considers this claim to be of a later origin.[12]

Accuracy

These bardic claims of descent have been since deemed to be largely ahistorical by Ziegler.[8][d] Ziegler notes the theme of migrations to be common across Rajput genealogies; a construct, borrowed from literary canon of other regions.[8] Later genealogies of Rathores went as far as to derive origin from Gods of the Hindu pantheon — Indra, Narayana et al.[4][e]

History

Amar Singh Rathore, a notable Rathore nobleman

Early history

The first Rathore chieftain was Siho Setramot, grandson of the last Gahadavala king Jayachandra.[4][f] Setramot abdicated the throne of Kanauj to become an ascetic but got embroiled in a royal rivalry and eventually married the daughter of a Gujarati ruler, who birthed him three sons.[4][8] Asthan, the eldest, was raised at Paltan after Siho's death (at Kanauj) and he went on to establish the first Rathore polity in Pali (and few adjoining villages), after winning over the local Brahmins by defeating an oppressive king named Kanha Mer.[4] Other contemporary sources claim the same descent and construct slightly variable narratives about migration from Kanauj: Setramot fled the Ghurid Sultanate to Marwar and established the first Rathore polity.[9][8][14] The Bithoor inscription provides the date of Siho's death in 1273 CE and calls him the son of Set Kunwar; however, it does not claim any Gaharwal origin.[g]

Under Asthan's regime, and that of his successor-rulers, the Rathore territories significantly expanded courtesy confrontations and diplomatic negotiations with other pastoral groups; the primary base shifted multiple times.[4][h] Marital alliances with any warrior-group operating out of Thar were especially favored and they were welcome to be inducted in the Rathore fold.[4][i] Multiple new Rathore branches seem to have split out in these spans.[13][j]

The precise accuracy of events which allegedly occurred across these spans is questionable and may not be relied upon except for a generic reconstruction.

Sovereignty

Maldeo Rathore

Chunda, who was ninth in descent from Asthan, married a Pratihara princess and was gifted the territory of Mandore as a dowry by the Pratihara clan. In return Chunda promised to defend Mandore against the Tughlaq Empire.[15] Mandore thus became the new capital of the Rathore clan, c. 1400.[4][page needed] This prompted a significant sociopolitical shift: the hitherto nomadic lifestyle frequented with cattle raids etc. would gradually give way to landed aristocracy.[4][k] His son Ranmal was assassinated in 1438; Marwar was annexed by Sisodias whilst other parts were captured by Delhi Sultanate.[4][l]

In 1453, Rao Jodha regained Marwar, and expanded his territories by entering into multiple alliances with fellow Rajputs; the Jodha line was established with his consecration of a new capital at Jodhpur. Rao Jodha was successful in annexing several territories from the Delhi Sultanate, due to which the Rathores of Marwar became the most powerful kingdom in Rajputana during his reign. [16] Among his sons, Rao Bika found a new state in Bikaner in 1465; he and his successors would go on to expand territories therefrom, adopting similar tactics.[4] This Bikawat branch became the new bearer of Rathore legacy, even bringing Gahdavala-time emblems and heirlooms from Marwar.[4] Another of Jodha's sons Rao Varsingh found a new state at Merto in 1462, establishing the Mertiyo branch.[4][17]

Rao Maldeo's regime (1532-1562) harbored another significant shift from clannish rule to monarchy; Malde forced his distant relatives, who conquered new territories, to submit to him or else be deprived of gains.[4] Bikaner was raided, too.[4] Large palaces were constructed and fortifications were committed to, in what signaled the effective end of pastoral lifestyle.[4] By mid-sixteenth century, the Rathors had a firm hold over entire Rajasthan.[4]

All these while, multiple matrimonial and military alliances with local Islamic kingdoms; the Delhi Sultanate have been noted; Hindu-Muslim relations were largely fraternal.[7][m]

Mughal period

Jagat Gosain (left) a Rathore Princess and her husband Jahangir (right). She was the mother of Shah Jahan.

The situations deteriorated once Akbar was ordained as the Mughal Emperor, and rao Maldeo died. His son rao Chandrasen Rathore defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire.[4] The Jodhawat Rathores lost much of their territory rapidly and were effectively subsumed.[4] The Bikawat Rathores entered into friendly relations with the Mughals, led their armies, and were extensively patronaged to the extent of being allowed to control the Jodhpur Fort.[4] In 1583, Uday Singh finally accepted Mughal suzerainty and in return, was granted part of a Pargana in Jodhpur; this would enable the Jodhawat Rathores to become all-weather allies of the Mughals though punctuated with discords.[4]

This span of cohabitation led to the introduction of strict endogamy into Rathore folds and hypergamy with Mughals.[4] It was also under the Mughals, that bardic genealogies were crafted to present themselves as worthy appointees of the Mughals and distinguish themselves from other "once-fraternal" communities, thereby staking a claim to power irrespective of temporal situations.[4][8][10] Also, by this time, the nomadic memories were better suppressed and the Rathores had themselves rebranded as the elite "protectors" of local cattle-rearers; in a couple of centuries, figures from early Rathore polity would be deified.[4]

Many scions of the Rathore clan were able to establish their own kingdoms during the Mughal reign. Barbara Ramusack notes how a 23-year-old Ratan Singh Rathore, who was from a younger branch of the Jodhpur ruling family, was able to rise in rank by fighting against a mad elephant in Delhi. Shah Jahan was so impressed by his valour that he enlisted Ratan Singh in his army. Ratan Singh was able to rise to a rank of 3,000, received the Mahi-Maratib and Jagirs in Malwa, where he founded his own kingdom in Ratlam. The dynasty started by Ratan Singh would further breakaway and form the kingdoms of Sailana and Sitamau.[18]

During Aurangzeb's reign major rebellions would break out resulting in a 30 year war between the Mughals and the Rathores. The rebellion would continue until Bahadur Shah I's reign. Durgadas Rathore played an instrumental role in protecting the Rathore dynasty of Jodhpur during this war.[19][20]

British period

The Rathore ruler of Jodhpur, Man Singh, initially refused to form treaties with the British. However in 1805-1806 he approached the British for military advice and paid the British to protect his state against the predatory actions of the Marathas and Pindaris. By 1816 the British changed this treaty and expelled all foreign influence in Jodhpur, they also started arbitrating in state matters. By 1818 the alliance was cemented and in 1832 the Rajputana agency was formed.[4] Man Singh was not always cordial with the British during this time, in 1829 Man Singh gave shelter to Mudhoji II Bhonsle and antagonized the British. Mudhoji was zealously protected by Man Singh and lived his remaining life in Jodhpur till his death in 1840.[21] Man Singh was finally caught with evidence, when his spy Dhumdas was arrested by the British. Man Singh was using ascetics as spies and messengers. The letters proved that Man Singh was part of an "anti-British cabal" which included Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab, Dost Muhammad, King of Afghanistan and the Russians. In September 1839 the British sent an army and captured Jodhpur. Man Singh chose to relinquish his throne and became an ascetic to avoid war. The exiled maharaja of Jodhpur died on 5 September 1843 due to poor health.[22] The 1857 rebellion sparked uprisings amongst several Rajput chieftains of the Rathore clan in Jodhpur State. Prominent amongst them was Kushal Singh of Auwa. After several failed attempts by the British, the rebellion was quelled by the British army under the command of Brigadier Holmes.[23]

During the 20th century the lower castes in India tried to uplift their social standing by adopting surnames of other castes. The Rajput clan name "Rathore" was adopted as a surname by the Teli community in 1931, who started calling themselves Vaishyas Rathore for caste upliftment.[24] During the same period of British Raj, the Banjaras began styling themselves as Chauhan and Rathor Rajputs.[25]

Princely states

Coat of arms, used by the Rathor dynasty of Jodhpur

The various cadet branches of the Rathore clan gradually spread to encompass all of Marwar and later founded states in Central India and Gujarat. The Marwar Royal family is considered the head house of Rathores. At the time of India's independence in 1947, the princely states ruled by various branches of the Rathore clan included:[26][1]

  • Jodhpur (Marwar) in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1226 by Rao Siha.
  • Bikaner in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1465 by Rao Bikaji (son of Rao Jodha).
  • Kishangarh in present-day Rajasthan, founded in 1611 by Maharaja Kishan Singh.
  • Idar in present-day Gujarat, founded in 1257 by Rao Sonag, reconquered in 1729 by Rao Anand Singh.
  • Ratlam in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1651 by Maharaja Ratan Singh.
  • Jhabua in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1584 by Raja Keshav Das.
  • Sitamau in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded 1701 by Raja Kesho Das.
  • Sailana in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1730 by Raja Jai Singh.
  • Alirajpur in present-day Madhya Pradesh, founded in 1437 by Raja Anand Deo.

Notes

  1. ^ Alternative spellings include Rathor.[4]
  2. ^ Nainsi's was the Chief Revenue Officer of Jaswant Singh I, during the time of compilation and his' is the oldest Khyat of the region.[8] Other written sources include the much formal "Marvar Ri Parganam Ri Vigat", compiled by Nainsi.[10] Both does not record any entry later than 1666, his last year in service.[10]
  3. ^ It may not be assumed that prior to Nainsi, the literary worlds of Thar were barren.[7] A vast corpus of literature — vamsavalis, bat, and pidhavali — were maintained and transmitted across centuries, prim. in oral forms, by specialists from lowers castes.[7] Even the relatively newer forms of Khyat or Vigat were probably there for about a century before Nainsi.
  4. ^ An inscription in Bithoor commemorates the death of one Siho in 1273 CE, noting him to be the son of Set Kanwar; there is no mention of any Gahadavala descent.[8] Rao Jaitsi ro Chhand, a Charan poetry composed about a century earlier in 1535 had started with Salkha as the first of Rathores.[4]
  5. ^ "Rathodam Ri Vamsavali", edited out of three undated manuscripts (prob. 18th c.), mentions the earliest ancestor of Rathores to be one Raja Rastevswar, a Suryavanshi Rajput in the Treta Yuga.[13] He took birth from his father's spine ("ratho") and with the blessings of Rsi Gotam, established a sovereign state from Kannauj.[13] Even Rama, from the Dyapara Yuga, is noted to be a Rathore![13]
  6. ^ For context of production (and circulation), see section on history.
  7. ^ An inscription in Bithoor commemorates the death of one Siho in 1273 CE, noting him to be the son of Set Kanwar; there is no mention of any Gahadavala descent.[8] Rao Jaitsi ro Chhand, a Charan poetry composed about a century earlier in 1535 had started with Salkha as the first of Rathores.[4]
  8. ^ After Asthan, came in order — Raipal, Kanhadde, Jalhansi, Chhada, Teedo, Salkha, Malo, Chunda, and Rinmal.[4] A fair share of internecine rivalry was present since Malo's ascension to the throne.[4]
  9. ^ Ziegler doubts that these rulers (till Raso/Chunda) were extrapolated from popular memory and incorporated into Rathore genealogy; very little exists in the form of historical evidence.[8][13] David Henige also points out that Nainsi accommodates 10 kings within a span of 74 years, which is quite improbable unless plagued with telescoping.[4]
  10. ^ All of these branches — Sindhal, Uhar, Petar, Mulu etc. — reigned over different areas of Marwar.[13]
  11. ^ The earlier periods are referred to in Rajput histories as period of "Vikhau". Contemporary anxieties of caste-pollution and unstable hierarchy are projected back onto these spans.
  12. ^ Ziegler notes that the chronicles become reasonably reliable since mid-fifteenth century and is supported by epigraphical evidence.[8] There is a strong probability that Nainsi copied off some parts from much older sources without attribution.[10] However, Nainsi did add anachronistic elements to his narratives.[10]
  13. ^ At the same time, desecration of temples, and forced conversions have been noted. Some fled Marwar to avoid Muslim subjugation.

References

  1. ^ a b Dhananajaya Singh (1994). The House of Marwar. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. p. 13. He was the head of the Rathore clan of Rajputs, a clan which besides Jodhpur had ruled over Bikaner, Kishengarh, Idar, Jhabhua, Sitamau, Sailana, Alirajpur and Ratlam, all States important enough to merit gun salutes in the British system of protocol. These nine Rathore States collectively brought to India territory not less than 60,000 square miles in area.
  2. ^ A. M. Shah (1998). The Family in India: Critical Essays. Orient Blackswan. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-81-250-1306-8. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  3. ^ For a map of their territory see: Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (g). ISBN 0226742210. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). "Mobility, Polity, Territory". Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139946186. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  5. ^ Bisheshwar, Nath (1943). Glories of Marwar and the Glorious Rathors. Allahabad, India: Indian Press Ltd. pp. 2–5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-10708-031-7. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e Ziegler, Norman (1973). Action power and service in Rajasthani culture: a social history of the Rajputs of middle period Rajasthan (Thesis). University of Chicago.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ziegler, Norman P. (1976). "The Seventeenth Century Chronicles of Mārvāṛa: A Study in the Evolution and Use of Oral Traditions in Western India". History in Africa. 3: 127–153. doi:10.2307/3171564. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3171564. S2CID 156943079. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  9. ^ a b Bose, Melia Belli (1 January 2015). 3 A Deceptive Message of Resistance: Nostalgia and the Early Jodha Rathores' Renaissant Devals. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30056-9. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021. Cite error: The named reference ":2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b c d e f Saran, Richard D.; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001). "Introduction to Translations". The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660. Vol. 1. University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.19305. ISBN 978-0-89148-085-3. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.19305.9.
  11. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 309. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.
  12. ^ Niyogi, Roma (1959). The hsotory of the Gahadvala dynasty. Calcutta oriental books. pp. 30–31. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Saran, Richard D.; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001). "Rajpūt Social Organization: A Historical Perspective". The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660. Vol. 1. University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.19305. ISBN 978-0-89148-085-3. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.19305.12.
  14. ^ Saran, Richard Davis (1978). Conquest and Colonization: Rajputs and Vasis in Middle Period Marvar (Thesis). University of Michigan.
  15. ^ Belli, Melia (2005). Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts. Brill. p. 142. ISBN 9789004300569. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  16. ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian. Cambridgr University Press. p. 76. ISBN 9781107080317. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  17. ^ Saran, Richard D.; Ziegler, Norman P. (2001). "Succession Lists of the Major Rajpūt Ruling Families of Middle Period Rājasthān". The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660. Vol. 1. University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.19305. ISBN 978-0-89148-085-3. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.19305.13.
  18. ^ Ramusack, Barbara N. (18 April 2023). The Indian Princes and their States. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9781139449083. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  19. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa. pp. 595–610. ISBN 9788129115010.
  20. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur. Orient Longman. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9788125003335. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  21. ^ Hooja, Rima. A History of Rajasthan. Rupa Publication. p. 833.
  22. ^ Dhananajaya Singh (1994). The House of Marwar. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. p. 117-119. Ascetics from all over India who flocked to Maan Singh drawn by tales of his generosity. It is save to assume, and the worried British certainly did, that many of these fakirs were spies and messengers. Most interesting of this traffic in subterfuge are letters to and from Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the lion of Punjab. The Sikh had a healthy respect for the Rathore as his letters reveal....Part of a bigger larger anti-British cabal....King of Afghanistan and the Russians....Jodhpur's master-spy Dhumdas, however was arrested in 1838...Ranjit Singh died in 1839. In September of the same year....the company's force marched on and occupied Jodhpur....Maan Singh left Mehrangarh, donned the garb of a mendicant and renounced material life. Weak and ill, he died on 5 September 1843
  23. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. pp. 836–837. ISBN 978-81-291-0890-6. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  24. ^ Patil, Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda (2002). Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats. Mittal Publications. p. 88. ISBN 8170998670. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  25. ^ Rath, Saroj Kumar (2018). "Satyagraha and Social Justice in India". In Masaeli, Mahmoud; Prabhakar, Monica (eds.). India as a Model for Global Development. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 9781527518568. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  26. ^ Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals Archived 21 June 2024 at the Wayback Machine by Tony McClenaghan, pg 179

Further reading

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