Republic of Central Albania

Republic of Central Albania
Republika e Shqipërisë së Mesme (Albanian)
1913–1914
Flag of Central Albania
Flag
StatusFormer unrecognized country
CapitalDurrës
Common languagesAlbanian
GovernmentRepublic
President 
Historical eraBetween the Balkan Wars and the establishment of the Principality of Albania
• Established
16 October 1913
• Wilhelm, Prince of Albania takes control of the Principality of Albania after his arrival at port Durrës
7 March 1914
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Independent Albania
Principality of Albania

The Republic of Central Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë së Mesme) was a short-lived unrecognised state established on 16 October 1913, with its administrative centre in Durrës, today in Albania.[1]

History

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The government of the Republic of Central Albania was established in Durrës on 16 October 1913 by Essad Pasha Toptani and ended when William of Wied, prince of Principality of Albania, took control over the country upon his arrival in Albania on 7 March 1914.[2] There are sources that connect the end of the Republic of Central Albania with the date of 1 February 1914, when an Albanian delegation led by Essad Pasha Toptani offered the Albanian throne to William of Wied.[3] The flag of the Republic of Central Albania was red with white star in lower right part.[4]

The Republic of Central Albania issued its own post stamps.[5] Faik Konitza initially gave his support to the government of Essad Pasha.[6]

Essad Pasha Toptani

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Further information: First Balkan War and Essad Pasha Toptani
Essad Pasha Toptani

The most important role in establishing the Republic of Central Albania had Essad Pasha Toptani. During the First Balkan War, he became famous for his resistance during the Siege of Scutari. He was a member of the Toptani family, one of many families that were rich feudal Muslim landowners with privileged status during Ottoman rule. These Muslim landowners, together with Muslim priests, were afraid of losing their privileged status after the signing of the London Peace Treaty and the decision of the Great Powers about the future status of the territory which today belongs to Albania.[citation needed]

Support from the Kingdom of Serbia

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The Kingdom of Serbia agreed to support Essad Pasha's government financially, and even with military force if needed. In exchange, Essad Pasha agreed to neutralize a large group of about 20,000 kachaks from Kosovo and Macedonia.[7] They were led by Isa Boletini and supported by Ismail Qemali and his Provisional Government of Albania. Essad Pasha agreed to help the Kingdom of Serbia acquire part of the coastal areas north of Black Drin.[8]

Relations with the Ottoman Empire

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Ahmed İzzet Pasha
Further information: Peasant Revolt in Albania

Pro-Ottoman Muslim landowners and priests supported Essad Pasha Toptani, who remained loyal to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War and maintained close contacts with the government in Istanbul. Young Turks from Istanbul were still hoping to restore Ottoman suzerainty over Albania and sent agents to Albania.[9] A plot by the Young Turk government and led by Bekir Fikri to restore Ottoman control over Albania through the installment of an Ottoman-Albanian officer Ahmed Izzet Pasha as monarch was uncovered by the Serbs and reported to the ICC.[10][11][12] Ismail Qemali supported the plot for military assistance against Serbia and Greece.[13][10][14] The International Control Commission (ICC), an organisation temporarily administering Albania on behalf of the Great Powers allowed their Dutch officers serving as the Albanian Gendarmerie to declare a state of emergency and stop the plot.[11][13][12] They raided Vlorë on 7–8 January 1914, discovering more than 200 Ottoman troops and arrested Fikri.[11][10][15] During Fikri's trial the plot emerged and an ICC military court under Colonel Willem de Veer condemned him to death[15] and later commuted to life imprisonment,[11] while Qemali and his cabinet resigned.[13] After Qemali left the country, turmoil ensured throughout Albania.[16]

Rivalry with Qemali's Provisional government of Albania

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Further information: Provisional Government of Albania
Ismail Qemali

While Essad Pasha Toptani established the Republic of Central Albania, there was another rival government in Vlore — the Provisional Government of Albania — led by Ismail Qemali[17] that wished to control the territory of the Republic of Central Albania. This government was established by a group of Albanians led by Ismail Qemali and gathered from four Ottoman vilayets. During the negotiations between Albanian rebels and negotiators from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, the parties had agreed to merge the four vilayets of Kosovo, Scutari, Monastir and Janina into one, Albanian vilayet. Since the First Balkan War started before this agreement was confirmed in the assembly of the Ottoman Empire, this united Albanian vilayet remained officially unrecognised. Its independence was declared on 28 November 1912, by a group of Albanians that Qemali had gathered from all four Ottoman vilayets together with four men, Albanians of Romania. Austria and Italy supported the intentions of Ismai Qemali and his government to create a state whose territory would span all areas populated by Albanians, including Kosovo, parts of Montenegro, Macedonia and Greece.[18]

In his work, Memorandum on Albania, Essad Pasha Toptani denied that Qemali's government was legitimate, writing that it was "the personal creation of a number of men."[19]

Aftermath

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By establishing the Republic of Central Albania, Essad Pasha Toptani isolated supporters of Ismail Qemali and his Provisional Government of Albania from the northern part of Albania mainly populated with Catholic population. These Catholics were reluctant to submit to any of the two national governments, just as they were reluctant to surrender to the Porte.[20] Thus, after the Balkan Wars and before prince Wilhelm of Wied took control of the newly established Principality of Albania on 7 March 1914, Albania was divided into three parts. One part north of River the Mat was under the control of Catholics, the central part was territory held by the Republic of Central Albania and under control of government led by Essad Pasha Toptani, while the third part, south of the Shkumbin river, was under the control of the Provisional Government of Albania led by Ismail Qemali who declared independence of Albanian vilayet.

References

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  1. ^ Elsie, Robert. "Introduction to Memorandum on Albania, written by Robert Elsie". Switzerland: Web site of Robert Elsie, specialist on Albanian studies. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2011. On 16 October 1913, ... Toptani set up a rival government based in Durrës, called the Republic of Central Albania.
  2. ^ Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Historical Dictionaries of Europe. Vol. 75 (2 ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. 447–448. ISBN 978-0810861886.
  3. ^ Elsie, Robert. "Introduction to Memorandum on Albania, written by Robert Elsie". Switzerland: Web site of Robert Elsie, specialist on Albanian studies. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2011. He reluctantly stepped down when forced to by the Great Powers on 1 February 1914, being given as a consolation the right to lead the Albanian delegation which travelled to Germany to offer the Albanian throne to Prince Wilhelm zu Wied.
  4. ^ Cahoon, Ben (2000). "Albania". World Statesmen web site. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
  5. ^ "Stamp Atlas - Albania". Sandafayre. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011. Essad Pasha set up his own regime and issued stamps for central Albania.
  6. ^ Elsie, Robert (January 2006). Albanian literature: a short history. I. B.Tauris & Company, Limited. p. 106. ISBN 1-84511-031-5. had initially given his support to the government of Essad Pasha Toptani
  7. ^ Bataković, Dušan (1992). "Albanian Incursions into Serbia". In Ivan Čolović (ed.). The Kosovo Chronicles. Belgrade: Knjižara Plato. ISBN 86-447-0006-5. Retrieved 8 January 2011. around 20,000 ethnic Albanians who fled Old Serbia and Macedonia found themselves on Albanian soil, while their leaders Hasan Pristina and Isa Boljetinac sat in the government at Valona. Austro-Hungarian and Italian emissaries and agents, mostly the clergy and teachers, suppressed Essad Pasha's influence and appealed to the ethnic Albanians to rise against the Serbs
  8. ^ Vickers, Miranda (2006) [1995]. The Albanians: a modern history. London: I.B. Taurus. p. 82. ISBN 1-86064-541-0. Retrieved 8 January 2011. Serbia had come to an understanding with Essad. ...Essad Pasha will be sent money, military plan calls for the complete annihilation ..... of Ismail Kemal, Isa Boletini and their friends,.... to undertake boundary rectification, in accordance with Serbia's wishes, up to the Black Drin.
  9. ^ Vickers, Miranda (2006) [1995]. The Albanians: a modern history. London: I.B. Taurus. p. 82. ISBN 1-86064-541-0. Retrieved 8 January 2011. The Young Turks ... still had hopes for restoring Ottoman suzerainty over Albania. They therefore sent agents to encourage insurrection...
  10. ^ a b c Gostentschnigg, Kurt (2017). Wissenschaft im Spannungsfeld von Politik und Militär: Die österreichisch-ungarische Albanologie 1867-1918. Springer-Verlag. p. 575. ISBN 9783658189112.
  11. ^ a b c d Kiefer, Dorothea (1979). Entwicklungspolitik in Jugoslawien. Ihre Zielsetzungen, Planungen und Ergebnisse. Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 320. ISBN 9783486496017.
  12. ^ a b Tütüncü 2017, pp. 41–42.
  13. ^ a b c Winnifrith, Tom (1992). Perspectives on Albania. Springer. p. 111. ISBN 9781349220502.
  14. ^ Tütüncü 2017, pp. 40, 42.
  15. ^ a b Tütüncü 2017, p. 41.
  16. ^ Tütüncü, Mehmet (2017). "Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey Albay Thomson'a Karşi 1914 Avlonya Olayı [Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey against Colonel Thomson: The Case of Vlorë 1914]". Düşünce ve Tarih. 3 (31): 43.
  17. ^ Toptani, Essad Pasha (16 April 1919). "Memorandum on Albania". Paris, France: Robert Elsie web site. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. ... two governments shared the administration of Albania: one in Vlora under the presidency of Ismail Kemal Bey and one in Durrës headed by myself.
  18. ^ Paulin Kolla (2003). "The Myth of Greater Albania". New York University Press. pp. 13–16. Retrieved 8 January 2011. The Albanian government in Vlora wants Albania to unite all Albanian populated areas, including Kosova, parts of Macedonia and Montenegro, and the Greek region of Cameria. Austria and Italy support the Albanian position
  19. ^ Toptani, Essad Pasha (16 April 1919). "Memorandum on Albania". Paris, France: Robert Elsie web site. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. governments ... in Vlora under the presidency of Ismail Kemal Bey ... was the personal creation of a number of men
  20. ^ Vickers, Miranda (2006) [1995]. The Albanians: a modern history. London: I.B. Taurus. p. 82. ISBN 1-86064-541-0. Retrieved 8 January 2011. Isolated Kemal government would not been able to rely for support upon majority of the north, predominantly Catholic population, who ..... remained jealous of their independence and were unwilling to surrender to national government as they had been to do so to the Porte.
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