Republican Proposal

Republican Proposal
Propuesta Republicana
AbbreviationPRO
LeaderMauricio Macri
PresidentMauricio Macri
Secretary GeneralEduardo Macchiavelli
Chamber LeaderCristian Ritondo
Senate LeaderHumberto Schiavoni
Founded23 October 2005 (2005-10-23) (alliance)
3 June 2010 (2010-06-03) (party)
Merger ofCommitment to Change and Recreate for Growth
HeadquartersBalcarce 412, Buenos Aires
Think tankPensar Foundation[1]
Student wingPRO Universities[2]
Youth wingPRO Youth[3]
Membership (2017)Increase 115,481 (2016)[4][5]
IdeologyConservative liberalism[6]
Factions:
Liberal conservatism
Political positionCentre-right to right-wing
National affiliationJuntos por el Cambio[7]
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union[8]
Regional affiliationUnion of Latin American Parties[9]
Internal currentsRepublican Union
PRO Liberty
Republican Opening
Colors  Yellow
Seats in the Chamber
38 / 257
Seats in the Senate
6 / 72
Province Governors
3 / 24
Website
www.pro.com.ar

Republican Proposal (Spanish: Propuesta Republicana), usually referred to by its abbreviation PRO, is a political party in Argentina. PRO was formed as an electoral alliance in 2005, but was transformed into a national party in 2010. It is the major component of the Juntos por el Cambio coalition, and its leader is former Argentine president Mauricio Macri, who is the party's president since May 2024.[10]

PRO has governed the city of Buenos Aires since 2007 and formed Cambiemos with the Radical Civic Union and the Civic Coalition ARI with which they won the 2015 general election.[11]

Macri re-opened Argentina to international markets by lifting currency controls, restructuring sovereign debt, and pressing free-market solutions.[12][13]

History

Opposition

PRO began as an alliance between Commitment to Change (CPC) of Mauricio Macri, and Recreate for Growth (Recrear) of Ricardo López Murphy created in 2005.[14]

At the 2005 legislative elections, the alliance won nine of the 127 deputies up for election.

Other provincial centre-right parties united within PRO. Macri and López Murphy spoke with Governor Jorge Sobisch, leader of the Neuquino People's Movement, but did not reach an alliance.

In the 2007 Argentine general election, PRO did not officially back a candidate but gave tacit support to the bid of López Murphy, who stood as the Recrear candidate. López Murphy did poorly, gaining just 1.45% of the vote. PRO and its allies stood in the congressional elections and won two swats in the Chamber of Deputies, and six seats overall.

In the June 2007 elections in the City of Buenos Aires, PRO decisively won the election, with Macri becoming Head of Government and the alliance taking 15 of the 30 seats in the city legislature. In addition to CpC and Recrear, the alliance included the Democratic Progressive Party, the Democratic Party, the Federal Party, the Movement for Integration and Development, the Popular Union and other neighborhood parties. Mauricio Macri formed an electoral alliance called Union-PRO with Francisco de Narváez, who was the candidate for Governor of Buenos Aires. He obtained third place with 15% of the vote.

For the 2009 legislative elections, De Narváez and Felipe Solá were the main candidates for national deputies for the Buenos Aires Province and defeated Nestor Kirchner.

In August 2009, Recreate for Growth gave up its formal independence and was completely absorbed by Republican Proposal.The political space Values for my Country became a monobloc in congress, detaching itself from the Republican Proposal

On 3 June 2010, the alliance became recognized as a national political party.[15]

In the legislative elections of 28 June 2009, the PRO was presented with its own list with Gabriela Michetti in the City of Buenos Aires and in alliance with the Federal Peronism in the province of Buenos Aires. Unión PRO won 19.21% of the votes and third place nationally.[16]

Macri was re-elected Mayor of Buenos Aires together with María Eugenia Vidal as Vice-Chief of the city.

In July 2011, PRO, in alliance with the Democratic Party and the Democratic Progressive Party, obtained a 46.1% vote in the City of Buenos Aires. In the second round on 31 July, he reached the victory and re-election of Macri as Chief of Government with 64.3% of the votes.[17] That same year, Jorge Macri was elected first mayor of the conurbano through PRO in the October elections with 38.4% in Vicente López.[18] In Santa Fe Province, Unión PRO Federal, headed by Miguel del Sel obtained 35.2% of the votes, but Bonfatti obtained the governorship with 38.7%.[19]

For the 2013 legislative elections, PRO achieved an alliance with Union for All (later called Union for Freedom), a new classical liberal party led by Patricia Bullrich.[20] It obtained legislative seats in the Córdoba Province, Entre Rios Province, La Pampa Province, Salta Province, San Juan Province, Santa Fe Province and in the City of Buenos Aires. PRO obtained 3 senators and 18 deputies.

Coalition

In June 2015, the Republican Proposal (PRO), Radical Civic Union and the ARI Civic Coalition formed Cambiemos, a big tent political coalition that proposes a change before the twelve years of government centre-left kirchnerists. Subsequently, joined the FE Party, Union for Freedom, the Popular Conservative Party and the Democratic Progressive Party.

These three parties nominated Mauricio Macri, Ernesto Sanz and Elisa Carrió as their representatives in the August 2015 primary elections, which were held to choose which candidate would run for the 2015 presidential election on 25 October. On 9 August 2015, Mauricio Macri was elected with 80.75% of the votes as the candidate who would represent Cambiemos in the presidential election.

On 25 October, he won second place with 34.15% and managed to enter the ballotage. On 22 November, he was elected President of Argentina with 51.34% of the votes after winning in the second round the Kirchnerist Daniel Scioli

President Macri and Vicepresident Gabriela Michetti, in their Inauguration Ceremony in Argentine Parliament, on 10 December 2015

Horacio Rodríguez Larreta was elected Chief of Government of the City of Buenos Aires under another district coalition: Unión-PRO. María Eugenia Vidal (PRO) defeated Aníbal Fernández and became Governor of the Buenos Aires Province, putting an end to 28 years of Peronist control.

Republican Proposal joined the International Democracy Union on 17 January 2017.[21][22]

In the legislative elections of 2017, Esteban Bullrich, member of Republican Proposal, obtained the first place and Cambiemos defeated the Citizen's Unity of the former Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner.[23][24]

In March 2018, Union for Freedom, member of the Liberal International, agreed to its dissolution and integration into the PRO. This merger was approved by the PRO National Council and Patricia Bullrich joined the party.

In June 2019, an extension of the Cambiemos alliance was made: it is renamed Juntos por el Cambio, by adding to Federal Peronism led by Miguel Ángel Pichetto, who would share the presidential formula of space together with Mauricio Macri. In the 2019 presidential elections, JxC was in second place, with 40% of the votes, behind Fernández, who won first round with 48% of the votes.

In the province of Buenos Aires, Governor María Eugenia Vidal sought re-election but was defeated by the candidate of the Frente de Todos, Axel Kicillof, who won 52% of the votes against 38% obtained by JxC.[25] In the city of Buenos Aires, Mayor Horacio Rodríguez Larreta joins the Radical Civic Union and the Socialist Party to the district alliance and is reelected as Chief of Government with 56% of the votes in the first round.[26]

2023 elections

Initially, Javier Milei invited Patricia Bullrich to run in a internal election in a brand new party that would define the candidate.[27][28] Finally, the alliance did not materialize; and the PRO (within Juntos por el Cambio) presented two candidates for the primaries. One referenced in the "Hawks", the radical right wing, and more confrontational with the kirchnerism of the party, which was represented by Patricia Bullrich;[29][30][31] and the other referenced in the "Doves", the more moderate and centre-right wing of the party, which was embodied by Horacio Rodríguez Larreta.[32][29] In the end, Patricia Bullrich managed to overcome her dialoguing opponent, although she did not obtain enough percentage to qualify for the runoff.[33][34] In which the hardest referents decided to support the ultraconservative libertarian Javier Milei, on the contrary the moderates remained neutral or even some supported the center-right peronist Sergio Massa.[35][36] When the libertarian reached the presidency, he appointed several hard-line members of the PRO in his cabinet.[37]

After the election Patricia Bullrich returned to government as security minister in president Javier Milei's Cabinet in December 2023. Bullrich also stated that she will step down both as the leader of Juntos por el Cambio and PRO party.[38] As of 2024 Bullrich and Macri have different views on the future of PRO and its relation with La Libertad Avanza. Bullrich wants PRO to formally join LLA and create a stronger party, while Macri prefers to stay as an autonomous ally.[39]

Ideology

Despite its heterogeneity and post-ideological profile, PRO can be classified as a centre-right[40][41][42][43] party close to the liberal-conservative tradition and the neoliberal paradigm.[6] With analysts denoting the party's 3 main ideologies being conservatism,[44] developmentalism,[45][46][47] and economic liberalism.[48] The party aims to revive the "spirit" of Arturo Frondizi, who was Argentine president of the Radical Civic Union between 1958 and 1962.[49]

Fabián Bosoer, a political scientist who writes for Clarín, says PRO is "centre-right or republican liberal" party.[50]

PRO's fundamental ties come from other centre-right parties. It sought alliances with parties like the Democratic Party.[51]

PRO is affiliated with the International Democracy Union and has links with international networks of think tanks such as the Konrad Adenauer Foundation.[52][53][54]

Mauricio Macri defined his own strength as "pro-market and pro-business".[55]

Despite the majority of PRO members, they refuse to accept that their party be classified as "right-wing" for various reasons.[56][57] In Argentina, only 20% of citizens recognize themselves as right-wing and PRO, like other modern parties, to seek where there is a greater number of potential votes, hoping to add voters to the centre without losing the support of those on the right-wing. A rejection to be placed in the field of the right-wing prevails, which in Argentina is strongly associated with authoritarianism.[58] There is also a centrist faction led by Horacio Rodríguez Larreta.[59]

Economic issues

PRO supports lower taxes, deregulation and free trade.[60][61][62][63] Macri has expressed opposition to the nationalization of the country's airline and oil companies.[64][65][66]

During Macri's presidency, he liberalized foreign exchange and exports and imports controls, cut some taxes and energy subsidies.[67]

Social issues

Mauricio Macri has opposed LGBT rights during the 1990s but has evolved since then. In 2009, he declared to be in favor of same sex unions and that he was not appealing the ruling that enabled the marriage between two men in the City of Buenos Aires.[68] Nevertheless, in 2010, the majority of national deputies of PRO voted against same-sex marriage, including Gabriela Michetti, who actively campaigned against it.[69][68][70]

During Macri's presidency, when the PRO leader declared himself pro-life, most party members voted against legalizing abortion.[71]

Foreign policy

Macri improved the relations with the United States and from Mercosur achieved a free trade agreement with the European Union and closer ties with the Pacific Alliance.[72][73][74]

PRO and Cambiemos opposes strongly the regime of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela for human rights abuses and calls for a restoration of democracy in the country.[75]

During the first week in office, Macri annulled the Memorandum of understanding between Argentina and Iran, which would have established a joint investigation into the 1994 bombing with AMIA, a terrorist attack on a Jewish organization for which Argentina blamed Hezbollah and Iran.[76]

Young PRO

Jóvenes PRO is the young wing within this political party with had an ideology based on centrism, economic liberalism and developmentalism.[77]

They are full members of the International Youth Democrat Union, a global association of conservative and center-right youth organizations since December 2013.[78]

For many years, the youth wing was led by Marcos Peña, Chief of the Cabinet and one of the biggest referents of the PRO party.[79]

In April 2018, leaders of the ruling party attended the First National Youth Meeting of Cambiemos. There Marcos Peña questioned "populism" and encouraged them to continue on the path of "collective construction".[80]

When Javier Milei won the elections in 2023, the group decided to support him, and turned towards the far-right.[81]

Pensar Foundation

Fundación Pensar is a think tank that develops electoral strategies and public policies for the party.[82]

In 2010, he was with Francisco Cabrera as president. The objective of the foundation was to design public policies and coordinate technical teams for a future national government of Mauricio Macri.[83]

PRO presidents

Name Portrait Vice President Presidency

start date

Presidency

end date

Mauricio Macri Gabriela Michetti 10 December 2015 10 December 2019

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election year Candidate(s) First round Second round Result Note
# votes % vote # votes % vote
2007 Ricardo López Murphy 273,015 1.43% Red XN Defeated as Recreate for Growth
2015 Mauricio Macri 8,601,063 34.15% 12,997,938 51.34% Green tickY Victory as Cambiemos
2019 Mauricio Macri 10,470,607 40.37% Red XN Defeated as Juntos por el Cambio
2023 Patricia Bullrich 6,379,023 23.81% Red XN Defeated as Juntos por el Cambio

Congressional elections

Chamber of Deputies

Election year votes % seats won Total seats Position Presidency Note
2005 1,046,020 7.55 9
9 / 257
 Minority Néstor Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2007 141,660 5.67 0
9 / 257
 Minority Néstor Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2009 3,391,391 19.21 20
20 / 257
 Minority Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2011 471,851 2.08 3
11 / 257
 Minority Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2013 2,033,459 8.18 18
20 / 257
 Minority Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2015 8,601,063 34.15 21
41 / 257
 Minority Mauricio Macri (PRO) In government
2017 10,161,053 41.76 14
55 / 257
 Minority Mauricio Macri (PRO) In government
2019 10,347,402 40.36 4
51 / 257
 Minority Alberto Fernández (FdT-PJ) In opposition

Senate elections

Election year votes % seats won Total seats Position Presidency Note
2005 492,892 7.5 0
0 / 72
 Minority Néstor Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2007 20,077 5.67 0
0 / 72
 Minority Néstor Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2009 121,100 19.21 0
0 / 72
 Minority Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2011 55,023 2.08 0
0 / 72
 Minority Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2013 779,404 8.18 3
3 / 72
 Minority Cristina Kirchner (FPV—PJ) In opposition
2015 8,601,063 34.15 5
6 / 72
 Minority Mauricio Macri (PRO) In government
2017 4,802,632 41.01 1
7 / 72
 Minority Mauricio Macri (PRO) In government
2019 2,363,432 41.94 1
8 / 72
 Minority Alberto Fernández (FdT-PJ) In opposition

Further reading

References

  1. ^ "Plan 2023: Pro rearma la Fundación Pensar tras la salida del poder". La Nación (in Spanish). 20 January 2020.
  2. ^ Juan R. Grandinetti, La militancia juvenil del partido Propuesta Republicana (PRO) en los centros de estudiantes universitarios, Paper, 2 May 2019
  3. ^ "Radiografía de los jóvenes Pro: rondan los 30, ocupan cargos altos y se preparan para suceder a Vidal y Peña". La Nación (in Spanish). 3 October 2017.
  4. ^ "Poder Judicial de la Nación Argentina".
  5. ^ "Cámara Nacional Electoral – Estadística de Afiliados Primer Semestre 2016 – Secretaría de Actuación Judicial – Unidad de Recopilación y Producción de Datos – Registro Nacional de Partidos Políticos" (PDF). www.electoral.gov.ar/ www.electoral.gov.ar. 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  6. ^ a b Bohoslavsky, Ernesto; Morresi, Sergio (2016). "El partido PRO y el triunfo de la nueva derecha en Argentina". Amérique Latine Histoire et Mémoire (32). doi:10.4000/alhim.5619.
  7. ^ "Las 8 alianzas que competirán en las próximas elecciones" [The 8 alliances that will run in the next elections]. La Nación (in Spanish). 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  8. ^ "Members | International Democracy Union". 1 February 2018.
  9. ^ "Partidos Miembros". Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  10. ^ Robertino Sánchez Flecha (25 May 2024). "Macri tomó el control del PRO en Buenos Aires y Bullrich romperá el bloque parlamentario como respuesta". Infobae. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  11. ^ Jonathan Watts and Uki Goñi (22 November 2015). "Argentina shifts to the right after Mauricio Macri wins presidential runoff". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  12. ^ "Mauricio Macri's long odds". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  13. ^ "Argentinian president Macri vows 'many reforms' after strong election result". The Guardian. 24 October 2017.
  14. ^ Editorial (24 August 2005). "El frente de Macri y Murphy tiene nombre: Propuesta Republicana". Clarín.
  15. ^ Fabián Bosoer (23 November 2015). "Macri y el PRO en el poder: una suma de novedades históricas" [Macri and the PRO in power: a sum of historical novelties] (in Spanish). Clarín. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  16. ^ "Dura derrota de Kirchner - LA NACION". La Nación.
  17. ^ Ramy Wurgaft (31 July 2011). "El conservador Mauricio Macri, reelegido alcalde de Buenos Aires". El Mundo.
  18. ^ "Jorge Macri venció en Vicente López - LA NACION". La Nación.
  19. ^ "El socialismo ganó Santa Fe y del Sel lo desplazó a Rossi". 25 July 2011.
  20. ^ "Página en reconstrucción". www.telam.com.ar.
  21. ^ "Meet PRO, Argentina – the IDU's newest member". International Democrat Union. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  22. ^ Guido Carelli Lynch (28 January 2017). "El PRO ingresa a la liga mundial de los partidos de derecha". Clarín.
  23. ^ Santiago Dapelo (12 June 2016). "Macri activa a medio gabinete para las elecciones de 2017" [Macri turns on half the cabinet for the 2017 elections]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  24. ^ "Esteban Bullrich se impuso sobre Cristina Kirchner por cuatro puntos". La Nación. 22 October 2017.
  25. ^ "Elecciones 2019: Axel Kicillof le ganó a María Eugenia Vidal y criticó a Cambiemos por la crisis en la Provincia". 28 October 2019.
  26. ^ Rosemberg, Jaime (28 October 2019). "Elecciones 2019: un triunfo aplastante proyecta a Larreta como el referente nacional de la oposición". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  27. ^ Ellitoral.com. "Milei pidió una interna con Patricia Bullrich" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  28. ^ "Javier Milei propone ir a una interna con Patricia Bullrich: "El que gana conduce y el que pierde acompaña"". infobae (in European Spanish). 17 April 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  29. ^ a b Criales, José Pablo (9 August 2023). "Javier Milei holds mass rally in Argentina: 'The political caste is afraid; do you want to scare them a little more?'". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  30. ^ "A Sharp Right Turn for Argentina? | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  31. ^ Jaureguy, Martina (25 October 2023). "Bullrich to endorse Milei in run-off: 'We decided to forgive each other'". Buenos Aires Herald. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  32. ^ Stefanoni, Pablo. "Argentina prepara elecciones en medio de una profunda crisis". OpenDemocracy.
  33. ^ "The Hard Right Captivates the Argentine Electorate". NACLA. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  34. ^ Página|12 (22 October 2023). "Patricia Bullrich quedó fuera del balotaje y el resultado de Juntos por el Cambio podría marcar el fin de la coalición | Elecciones Argentina 2023". PAGINA12 (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 December 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "Oposición argentina se divide por polémico apoyo a Milei frente a balotaje". Voz de América (in Spanish). 25 October 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  36. ^ "Nuevas adhesiones antes del balotaje: quiénes apoyan a Massa y quiénes a Milei". www.cronista.com (in Spanish). 14 November 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  37. ^ "Todos los funcionarios confirmados y los que se analizan". www.cronista.com (in Spanish). 24 November 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  38. ^ "Bullrich returns to government as security minister in Milei's Cabinet | Buenos Aires Times". www.batimes.com.ar. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  39. ^ ""PRO Libertad": diputados de Patricia Bullrich armaron un nuevo bloque y formalizaron la ruptura con Mauricio Macri en la Legislatura bonaerense". infobae (in European Spanish). 28 May 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  40. ^
  41. ^
  42. ^
  43. ^
  44. ^ *Sergio D. Morresi & Gabriel Vommaro, The Difficulties of the Partisan Right in Argentina: The Case of the PRO Party Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Draft, March 2013
  45. ^ "Mauricio Macri siempre fue desarrollista". La Política Online. 29 April 2012.
  46. ^ "Schiavoni: "Si hacíamos el sinceramiento que hizo Frondizi, nos quedábamos sin Gobierno"". Visión Desarrollista. 12 April 2018.
  47. ^ "Contradicciones entre el Macri desarrollista y el ortodoxo - LA NACION". La Nación.
  48. ^
  49. ^ "¿Frondizi como nueva épica? – Prensa económica".
  50. ^ Fabián Bosoer (23 November 2015). "Macri y el PRO en el poder: una suma de novedades históricas". Clarín.
  51. ^ "El PD ratificó su alianza con el Pro e irán juntos". Los Andes. 26 January 2014.
  52. ^ "El PRO ingresa a la liga mundial de los partidos de derecha". www.clarin.com. 28 January 2017.
  53. ^ de 2017, Por Silvia Mercado20 de Enero. "El PRO se afilió a la Unión Demócrata Internacional". infobae.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ "Acerca de nosotros – Sede KAS-ArgentinaKonrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V." Sede KAS-Argentina.
  55. ^ "Página/12 :: El país :: "Somos pro mercado"". www.pagina12.com.ar.
  56. ^ "No fue magia – Revista Anfibia". Anfibia. 26 October 2015.
  57. ^ "Change ahead: Mauricio Macri's vision for Argentina". BBC. 10 December 2015.
  58. ^ "Nueva derecha y autoritarismo social – Revista Anfibia". 16 November 2017.
  59. ^ "Larreta avanza en su armado de centro y se muestra con Frigerio y Vidal".
  60. ^ "Macri promete reducir "poco a poco" los impuestos y espera que el dólar esté "por debajo de los $16"". La Nación.
  61. ^ "Economía. Los grandes aciertos y los errores de Macri, según especialistas". La Nación. 29 October 2019.
  62. ^ "Primeros pasos hacia una mayor apertura comercial". La Nación. 24 October 2016.
  63. ^ "Argentina, Mexico embrace free trade". Argentina Investment and Trade Promotion Agency. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  64. ^ "Macri criticó el proyecto de reestatización de Aerolíneas – LA NACION". www.lanacion.com.ar. 25 August 2008.
  65. ^ "Macri: "Esta decisión va en contra de los intereses de los argentinos"". La Nación.
  66. ^ "¿Es verdad que el PRO votó en contra de las leyes que marca la campaña de Scioli? - Chequeado". Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  67. ^
  68. ^ a b "Macri dio un fuerte respaldo al matrimonio entre homosexuales". Clarín (in Spanish). 14 November 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  69. ^ "Matrimonio gay: cómo votó cada Diputado". Perfil. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  70. ^ "Especial elecciones: los(as) candidatos(as) que votaron contra vos, o a favor tuyo | Tod@s". 12 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013.
  71. ^ "Infobae: "Macri: 'Yo estoy a favor de la vida'" – Chequeado". 26 June 2018.
  72. ^ "Mauricio Macri se reunió con Barack Obama en la Casa Rosada". La Nación.
  73. ^ "Histórico: firman el acuerdo comercial entre el Mercosur y la Unión Europea". La Nación. 28 June 2019.
  74. ^ "Giro estratégico: Macri busca un acercamiento a la Alianza del Pacífico". La Nación.
  75. ^ "Diputados de Cambiemos lanzaron una mesa de trabajo para seguir de cerca la crisis de Venezuela" [Deputies of Cambiemos started a workgroup to follow the crisis in Venezuela] (in Spanish). Infobae. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  76. ^ "Macri confirmó que se cae definitivamente el memorándum con Irán". La Nación.
  77. ^ "La cara bonita de la nueva derecha – Revista Anfibia". 28 July 2014.
  78. ^ "Propuesta Republicana". Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  79. ^ "Marcos Peña, el dirigente del PRO más cercano a Macri". www.clarin.com. 21 November 2015.
  80. ^ "Marcos Peña a los jóvenes de Cambiemos: "El populismo se quedó sin votos y no acepta que es minoría"". 21 April 2018.
  81. ^ Cuarto (19 June 2024). "Jóvenes y de ultraderecha | La Juventud del PRO Salta está muy contenta con Milei". Cuarto (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  82. ^ Infobae, El PRO se defiende: "Tenemos equipos reconocidos a nivel mundial"
  83. ^ La Prensa, Macri presentó sus equipos técnicos con vistas al 2011
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