List of royal palaces

This is a list of royal palaces, sorted by continent.

Africa

[edit]
Residence Photo City Function Link
 Egypt
Abdin Palace Cairo
Al-Gawhara Palace
Koubbeh Palace
Tahra Palace
 Ethiopia
Menelik Palace Addis Abeba
Jubilee Palace
Guenete Leul Palace
 Eritrea
Imperial Palace Massawa
 Eswatini
Ludzidzini Royal Village Lobamba
Lozitha Palace Mbabane
 Lesotho
Royal Palace Maseru
 Libya
Royal Palace of Tripoli Tripoli
Al Manar Palace Benghazi
 Morocco
Dar al-Makhzen Rabat
Dar al-Makhzen Fez
Bahia Palace Marrakech
Dar al-Makhzen Tangier
El Badi Palace Marrakech
 Nigeria
Royal Palace of the Oba of Benin Benin City
Olowo of Owo's Palace Owo
Alaafin of Oyo's Palace Oyo
Sultan of Sokoto's Palace Sokoto
King Jaja of Opobo Palace Opobo
 Rwanda
Rwesero Palace Nyanza
 Tanzania
Sultan's Palace Stone Town, Zanzibar
 Tunisia
Bardo Palace Tunis now the national museum
 Uganda
Mengo Palace Kampala
Karuziika Palace Karuziika
Kyabazinga Palace Kyabazinga
Kabakas Palace Lubiri

Americas

[edit]
Residence Photo City Function Link
 Brazil
Imperial Palace Rio de Janeiro
Palace of São Cristóvão Rio de Janeiro
Palace of Petrópolis Petrópolis
Palace of Grão-Pará Petrópolis
Palace of Santa Cruz Rio de Janeiro
 Canada
Rideau Hall Ottawa, Ontario
La Citadelle Quebec City, Quebec
Government House (British Columbia) Victoria, British Columbia
Government House (Manitoba) Winnipeg, Manitoba
Government House (Newfoundland and Labrador) St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Government House (Nova Scotia) Halifax, Nova Scotia
Government House (Prince Edward Island) Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
Government House (Saskatchewan) Regina, Saskatchewan
Government House (New Brunswick) Fredericton, New Brunswick
 Mexico
Palace of Iturbide Mexico City
National Palace Mexico City
Castle of Chapultepec Mexico City
 Haiti
Sans-Souci Palace Milot
 United States
ʻIolani Palace Honolulu, Hawaiʻi

Asia

[edit]
Residence Photo City Function Link
 Afghanistan
Arg Kabul
Tajbeg Palace
 Azerbaijan
Palace of Nakhchivan Khans Nakhchivan
Palace of Shaki Khans Shaki
Palace of the Shirvanshahs Baku
Togh's Melikian Palace Tuğ
Palace of Ganja Khans Ganja
Palace of Karabakh Khans Shusha
 Bangladesh
Lalbagh Fort Dhaka
Boro Kotro
Ahsan Manzil
 Bhutan
Dechencholing Palace Thimphu
Samteling Palace
Thruepang Palace Trongsa District
 Brunei
Istana Nurul Iman Bandra Seri Begawan
Istana Darussalam
Istana Darul Hana
Istana Banderung Kayangan
Istana Edinburgh
Istana Kampong Ayer
Istana Nurul Izzah Jerudong
Istana Pantai Tutong
Istana Kota Manggalela Kuala Belait
 Cambodia
Royal Palace of Cambodia Phnom Penh
The Royal Residence Siem Reap
The Royal Palace Angkor Thom
 China
Epang Palace Xi'an
Weiyang Palace
Daming Palace
Huaqing Pool
Luoyang Palace Luoyang
Shangyang Palace
Forbidden City Beijing
Zhongnanhai
Beihai Park
Summer Palace
Old Summer Palace
Ming Palace Nanjing
Taicheng Nanjing
Mukden Palace Shenyang
Potala Palace Lhasa
 India
Bella Vista Hyderabad
Chowmahalla Palace
City Palace Jaipur
City Palace Udaipur
Falaknuma Palace Hyderabad
Hill Palace Cochin
King Kothi Palace Hyderabad
Kowdiar Palace Trivandrum
Lake Palace Udaipur
Mysore Palace Mysore
Rambagh Palace Jaipur
Sardar Mahal Hyderabad
Padmanabhapuram Palace Padmanabhapuram
Umaid Bhawan Palace Jodhpur
Ujjayanta Palace Agartala
Jai Vilas Mahal Gwalior
Amar Mahal Jammu
Victor Jubilee Palace Cooch Behar
Hazarduari Palace Murshidabad
Jhargram Palace Jhargram
Gajlaxmi Palace Dhenkanal
 Indonesia
Maimun Palace North Sumatra
Niat Palace
Niat Lima Laras Palace
Kuto Lamo Palace South Sumatra
Pagaruyung Palace West Sumatra
Silinduang Bulan Palace
Siak Palace, Riau
Pahlawan Palace (Sayap Palace)
Asher Ayah Al-Hashemite Palace
Sultanate Palace Indragiri Riau
Kadriyah Sultan's Palace West Kalimantan
Kutai Sultan's Palace East Kalimantan
Sambaliung Palace
Datu Luwu Palace (Polopo Palace) South Sulawesi
Bola Soba
Balla Lompoa Palace (Tamalate Palace)
Buton Palace Southeast Sulawesi
Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Yogyakarta
Taman Sari Water Castle
Kraton Surakarta Hadiningrat Central Java
Pura Mangkunegaran
Keraton Kasepuhan West Java
Ternate Sultan's Palace North Maluku
Bima Palace West Nusa Tenggara
Dalam Loka Palace
Tirta Gangga Water Palace Bali
Klungkung Palace
Ubud Palace
Ujung Water Palace
Tampaksiring Palace
 Iran
Ālī Qāpū Isfahan
Behistun Palace Kermanshah
Golestan Palace Tehran
Hasht Behesht Isfahan
Pearl Palace Mehrshahr
Niavaran Palace Complex Tehran
Saadabad Palace
Apadana Palace Marvdasht
 Israel
Royal Palace, Tell el-Ful Beit Hanina
 Japan
Heijō Palace Nara
Heian Palace Kyoto
Tokyo Imperial Palace Tokyo
Kyoto Imperial Palace Kyoto
Tōgū Palace Tokyo
Akasaka Palace
Shuri Castle Naha
 Jordan
Raghadan Palace Amman
Zahran Palace
 North Korea
Anhak Palace Pyongyang
Manwoldae Kaesong
 South Korea
Banwolseong Gyeongju
Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond
Gyeongbokgung Seoul
Changdeokgung
Changgyeonggung
Gyeonghuigung
Deoksugung
Hwaseong Hanggung Palace Suwon
Namhansan Hanggung Palace Namhansanseong
 Laos
Plumeria Luang Prabang
Royal Palace Museum
Xiengkeo Palace
 Malaysia
Istana Negara, Jalan Istana Kuala Lumpur
Istana Negara, Jalan Duta Kuala Lumpur
The Astana Sarawak
Istana Abu Bakar Pekan
Istana Alam Shah Klang
Istana Anak Bukit Kedah
Istana Besar Johor Bahru
Istana Iskandariah Kuala Kangsar
Istana Maziah Kuala Terengganu
Istana Besar Seri Menanti Seri Menanti
Istana Arau
Istana Kota Bharu
Istana Ampang Tinggi Negeri Sembilan
Istana Bandar Jugra
Istana Besar Johor Bahru
Istana Bukit Kayangan Shah Alam
Istana Bukit Serene Johor Bahru
Istana Darul Ehsan Putrajaya
Istana Jahar Kota Bharu
Istana Melawati Putrajaya
Istana Pasir Pelangi Johor Bahru
Istana Perlis, Kuala Lumpur
Istana Satu Kuala Terengganu
Istana Seri Akar Kota Bharu
Istana Terengganu Kuala Lumpur
Mestika Palace Shah Alam
Syarqiyyah palace Kuala Terengganu
Istana Abu Bakar Pahang
Istana Arau Perlis
Istana Balai Besar Kota Bharu
Istana Bukit Tanah Kelantan
Istana Cempaka Sari Perak
Istana Changkat Kuala Lumpur
Istana Kuala Cegar Kedah
Istana Kinta Perak
Istana Raja Di Hilir Perak
Istana Kesoma Kedah
 Myanmar
Arimadanapura Palace Bagan
Kanbawzathadi Palace Bago
Mandalay Palace Mandalay
Shwebo Palace Shwebo
   Nepal
Narayanhiti Royal Palace Kathmandu
Hanuman Dhoka
 Oman
Al Alam Palace Muscat ceremonial palace
Al Baraka Palace Seeb Sultan’s primary residence
Al Maamoura Palace Salalah Sultan’s residence
Al Shomoukh Palace Manah Sultan’s residence
 Palestine
Qasr al-Basha Gaza
 Philippines
Darul Jambangan Maimbung
 Singapore
Istana Kampong Glam Kampong Glam
Istana Woodneuk Tyersall Park
The Istana Orchard
 Syria
Royal Palace of Mari Mari
Royal Palace of Ugarit Ugarit
 Thailand
Grand Palace Bangkok
Dusit Palace
Derm Palace Thonburi
Royal Palace of Ayutthaya
 Vietnam
Imperial City Huế
Kính Thiên Palace Hanoi
Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty Thanh Hóa

Europe

[edit]
Residence Photo City Function Link
 Austria
Hofburg Palace Hofburg with Heldenplatz Vienna Winter residence of the Habsburgs until 1918; it now serves as residence of the President of Austria, museums and convention centre [1]
Schönbrunn Palace Schönbrunn Palace in 2022 Summer residence of the Habsburgs
Belvedere Belvedere Vienna April 2018 Private residence of Prince Eugene of Savoy and then Imperial palace of empress Maria Theresa
Hermesvilla Hermesvilla Private residence of Empress Elisabeth in Vienna [2]
Hofburg Hofburg, Innsbruck Innsbruck Residence of the Archdukes of Tyrol and the Habsburgs until 1918; it now serves as a museum [3]
Kaiservilla Kaiservilla vorderansicht Bad Ischl Hunting lodge and private retreat of Franz Josef I of Austria
Laxenburg Castle Blauer Hof Laxenburg Laxenburg Summer residence of the Habsburgs, along with Schönbrunn Palace [4]
 Belarus
Old Grodno Castle Grodno
 Belgium
Royal Palace Royal Palace, Brussels, August 2008 Brussels Official residence of king Philip I [5]
Royal Castle of Laeken 0 Château Royal de Laeken Private residence of king Philip I
Royal Greenhouses of Laeken Laeken Greenhouses Recepctions and state visits [6]
Château du Belvédère Château Belvedere Laeken Private Residence of former king Albert II
Château du Stuyvenberg Villa Stuyvenberg Laeken Private Residence of princess Astrid
Château de Ciergnon

Ciergnon koninklijk kasteel 2-02-2013 17-08-05

Ciergnon, Houyet Summer Residence
Rochefort Villers-sur-Lesse Summer Residence
 Bulgaria
Royal Palace Sofia National Art Gallery
Euxinograd Varna
 Czech Republic
Prague Castle Prague
 Denmark
Marselisborg Palace Aarhus privately owned by the crown:
Château de Cayx Cahors
Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen Palaces at the disposition by the crown:
Christiansborg Palace
Fredensborg Palace Fredensborg
Gråsten Palace Gråsten
Sorgenfri Palace Lyngby-Taarbæk
Hermitage Hunting Lodge Jægersborg Dyrehave
 Estonia
Kadriorg Palace Tallinn
 Finland
Imperial Palace Helsinki official residences of the President of Finland.
 France
Palace of Versailles Versailles [7]
Palais du Louvre Paris
Palais des Tuileries
Palais-Royal Seat of the Ministry of Culture, the Conseil d'État and the Constitutional Council
Luxembourg Palace
Palais de la Cité
Palace of Fontainebleau Fontainebleau
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Château de Compiègne Compiègne
Château de Saint-Cloud Saint-Cloud
Château de Rambouillet Rambouillet
Château de Blois Blois
Château d'Amboise Amboise
Château de Chambord Chambord, Loir-et-Cher
Château de Marly Marly-le-Roi
Château de Meudon Meudon
 Georgia
Batonis Castle Telavi the 17th Century royal stronghold containing the palace of the Kakhetian kings of eastern Georgia in Telavi.
Dadiani Palace Zugdidi a 19th Century palace built by David Dadiani the Prince of Samegrelo.
Geguti Palace Kutaisi 12th Century ruins of the palace of the kings of Imereti in western Georgia.
Viceroy's Palace Tbilisi the former palace of the Russian Viceroys built in 1818.
Sachino Palace a surviving part of an 18th Century palace built by Kartlian King Erekli II for his queen in Tbilisi.
 Germany
Berliner Schloss Berlin
Charlottenburg Castle
Stadtschloss, Potsdam Potsdam
Sanssouci
Dresden Castle Dresden
Zwinger
Karlsruhe Palace Karlsruhe
Residenz Munich
Nymphenburg Palace
Schleissheim Palace
Neues Schloss Stuttgart
Ludwigsburg Palace Ludwigsburg
Leineschloss Hannover
 Greece
Old Royal Palace Athens historically the Royal Palace of Athens, today houses the Parliament
New Royal Palace historically Crown Prince's Royal Palace, or Royal Palace of the Duke of Sparta, now the Presidential Manor,
Royal Mansion Psychiko only Crown Prince Paul and Crown Princess Frederica residence, today private property, Athens
Tatoi Palace Parnitha was the summer estate of the former Greek royal family, Athens
Queen's Tower Athens former royal estate held only by Queen Amalia, now private property
Palace of St. Michael and St. George Corfu originally the house of the British Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, now the seat of the Sino-Japanese Museum,
Mon Repos a summer residence of the former Greek royal family. It is now an archaeological museum.
Achilleion Royal Palace of the Empress Elizabeth of Austria, never held by the Greek Royal Family,
Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes Rhodes medieval palace renovated during Italian Occupation to constitute the summer estate of the King of Italy, never held by the Greek Royal Family
Thessaloniki Government House Kalamaria a royal mansion in Salonica situated in the suburb of
House of Princess Alice Neo Heraklion Donated to the Red Cross. It now also belongs to the municipality of Neos Heraklion and houses a club for the elderly
 Hungary
Buda Castle Budapest
 Ireland
Dublin Castle Dublin
 Italy
Palazzo dei Normanni Palermo Historic residence of the Kings of Sicily, now seat of the Sicilian Regional Assembly since 1946.
Palazzina Cinese
Palazzo Reale della Ficuzza Residence and hunting lodge of Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily during his exile in Sicily.
Palazzo Chiaramonte
Royal Palace Turin Residence of the House of Savoy until 1946, now a museum [8]
Castello del Valentino
Palazzo Madama e Casaforte degli Acaja
Palazzo Carignano
Villa della Regina
Royal Palace of Venaria
Castello della Mandria
Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi
Castle of Rivoli
Castle of Moncalieri
Castle of Agliè
Castle of Racconigi
Royal Palace Naples 18th century residence of the Buorbons as rulers of the Kingdom of Naples and later of the Two Sicilies.
Reggia di Capodimonte summer residence and hunting lodge of the Bourbon kings, now comprises the Museo di Capodimonte.
Reggia di Quisisana
Palace of Portici
Castel Nuovo
Castel Capuano
Castel Sant'Elmo
Castel dell'Ovo
Casina Vanvitelliana
Royal Palace of Ischia
Villa Favorita
Villa Floridiana
Villa Rosebery From June 1944, residence of King Victor Emmanuel III until his exile in 1946; now one of the three official residences of the President of Italy.
Royal Palace of Caserta Caserta
Royal Palace of Carditello
Belvedere di San Leucio
Quirinal Palace Rome Main residence of the President of Italy [9]
Presidential Estate of Castelporziano
Lateran Palace
Hadrian's Villa
Palazzina Reale Residence of King Victor Emmanuel III; seat of the embassy of Egypt in Rome since 1997.
Castello Ursino Catania
Casino Reale di Persano Salerno
Palazzo Pitti Florence
Royal Palace of Milan Milan
Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte
Royal Villa of Monza Monza
Royal Palace of Genoa Genoa
Miramare Castle Trieste
Palazzo Reale Cagliari
 Liechtenstein
Vaduz Castle Vaduz
 Lithuania
Royal Palace of Lithuania Vilnius
 Luxembourg
Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg Luxembourg
 Monaco
The Prince's Palace Monaco
 Montenegro
King Nikola's Palace Cetinje
Podgorica Royal Palace Podgorica
Blue Palace Cetinje
Nikšić Royal Palace Nikšić
Bar Royal Palace Bar
Biljarda Cetinje
 Netherlands
Royal Palace Amsterdam
Noordeinde Palace The Hague
Huis ten Bosch The Hague
Binnenhof The Hague
Het Loo Palace Apeldoorn
Soestdijk Palace Baarn
Anneville (Ulvenhout) Ulvenhout
Bronbeek Arnhem
City Hall of Tilburg Tilburg
Het Oude Loo Apeldoorn
Kneuterdijk Palace The Hague
Koninklijke Schouwburg The Hague
Lange Voorhout Palace The Hague
Mauritshuis The Hague
Huis Huguetan The Hague
Stadhouderlijk Hof Leeuwarden
Drakestein Lage Vuursche
Breda Castle Breda
Huis Doorn Doorn
De Horsten Wassenaar
Hof van Solms Oirschot
Oranje Nassau's Oord Wageningen
Kasteel Vaeshartelt Maastricht
 Norway
Royal Palace, Oslo Oslo
Stiftsgården Trondheim
 Poland
Royal Castle Warsaw
Wilanów Palace
Łazienki Palace
Ujazdów Castle
Kazimierz Palace
Belweder
Wawel Royal Castle Kraków
Royal Castle Lublin
Royal Castle Poznań
Imperial Castle Poznań
Royal Palace Wrocław
 Portugal
Ajuda National Palace Lisbon royal residence in 1828 and 1862-1889.
Queluz National Palace Queluz replaced the Royal Barrack in 1794.
Sintra National Palace Sintra
Belem Palace Lisbon official residence of the Presidents of the Republic since 1912.
Necessidades Palace royal residence in 1821-1822, 1828-1861 and 1889-1910. Now headquarters of Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Pena Palace Sintra
Citadel Palace Cascais
Mafra National Palace Mafra
Palace of the Carrancas Porto now Soares dos Reid Museum.
Dom Manuel Palace Evora only one wing of the palace survives.
Ducal Palace Alentejo used by the royal family but privately owned as part of the dukedom of Braganza estates.
Ribeira Palace Lisbon royal residence since 1503, destroyed by 1755 earthquake.
Royal Barrack Lisbon wooden building that served as royal residence after the 1755 earthquake, destroyed in 1794 and replaced by the Queluz Palace.
Alcaçova Palace São Jorge Castle Lisbon. Royal residence in 1255-1503, destroyed by 1755 earthquake.
Salvaterra Palace Salvaterra de Magos no longer extant.
Almeirim Palace Almeirim lost.
Corte Real palace Lisbon previous palace of the Corte Real family, bought by the crown for the princes. Destroyed by fire in 1751 and remains destroyed by 1755 earthquake.
Pinheiro Palace Herdade do Pinheiro Previously a Royal property, now in private ownership.
Guimaraes Castle Guimaraes residence of the Counts of Portugal between 1095 and 1131.
Paço das Escolas Coimbra royal residence between 1131 and 1255, used by Coimbra University since 1537.
Bemposta Palace Lisbon Built by Catherine of Braganza widow of Charles II of England, on her return to Portugal. Royal residence in 1822-1826. Now part of the Portuguese Military Academy.
Palacio Real de Alcantara Lisbon located in the area of Calvario, mostly destroyed in 1755. Only part of the old stables survive in calvario square.
Santos Royal Palace Lisbon sold to the family of the Marquis of Abrantes in the 17th century who lived in it up to 1909. Currently it is the Embassy of France in Lisbon.
Quinta Real de Caxias Caxias small palace with formal gardens and large baroque cascade with sculptures by Machado de Castro. Royal residence in 1861-1862.
 Romania
Royal Palace (Bucharest) Bucharest
Cotroceni Palace
Peleș Castle Sinaia
Săvârșin Castle Arad County
Elisabeta Palace Bucharest
 Russia
Grand Kremlin Palace Moscow
Terem Palace
Peterhof Palace Saint Petersburg
Stroganov Palace
Summer Palace
Tsarskoye Selo Pushkin
Vorontsov's Palace Saint Petersburg
Winter Palace
 Serbia
Stari Dvor Belgrade lit. "Old Palace"; official residence of the King from 1884 to 1922; now Belgrade City Hall
Novi Dvor lit. "New Palace"; official residence of the King from 1922 to 1934; now the seat of the President of Serbia
Kraljevski Dvor lit. "Royal Palace"; official residence of the King from 1934 to 1941; now the residence of the Crown Prince-pretender to the Serbian throne
Beli Dvor lit. "White Palace"; official residence of the Prince Regent from 1934 to 1941; now used as the site for receptions and public events of the Crown Prince-pretender to the Serbian throne
Villa Zlatni Breg Smederevo lit. "Golden Hill Villa"; private residence and summer retreat of the house of Obrenović from 1865 to 1903; now state representation house
 Spain
Royal Palace of Madrid Madrid official residence of the King
Royal Seat of San Lorenzo de El Escorial Royal Castle & Monastery of El Escorial
Royal Palace of El Pardo
Palace of Zarzuela residence of the King and Royal Family, part of the larger El Pardo complex
Royal Palace of Aranjuez
Royal House of the Farmer Aranjuez
Cottage of the Prince Madrid
Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso Segovia
Royal Palace of Riofrío
Royal Palace of La Almudaina Palma de Mallorca
 Sweden
Royal Palace Stockholm
Drottningholm Palace Drottningholm
Chinese Pavilion
Gripsholm Castle Mariefred
Gustav III's Pavilion Hagaparken
Haga Palace
Rosendal Palace Djurgården
Rosersberg Palace Rosersberg
Strömsholm Palace Kolbäck
Tullgarn Palace Södertälje
Ulriksdal Palace Solna
 Ukraine
Royal Palace Lviv
 Turkey
Topkapı Palace Topkapı Palace Istanbul In the 15th and 16th centuries it served as the main residence and administrative headquarters of the Ottoman sultans.
Çırağan Palace Çırağan Palace Former Ottoman palace, is now a five-star hotel in the Kempinski Hotels chain.
Dolmabahçe Palace Dolmabahçe Palace Dolmabahçe Palace served as the main administrative center of the Ottoman Empire from 1856 to 1887 and from 1909 to 1922.
Beylerbeyi Palace Beylerbeyi Palace Beylerbeyi Palace was commissioned by Sultan Abdülaziz (1830–1876) and built between 1861 and 1865 as a summer residence and a place to entertain visiting heads of state.
Yıldız Palace Yıldız Palace Yıldız Palace built in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was used as a residence by the Sultan and his court in the late 19th century.
Küçüksu Pavilion Küçüksu Pavilion Küçüksu Pavilion was used by Ottoman sultans for short stays during country excursions and hunting.
Adile Sultan Palace Adile Sultan Palace Adile Sultan Palace is the former royal residence of Ottoman princess Adile Sultan. It was donated to the state by Adile Sultan to be used as a school building for the Kandilli Anatolian High School for Girls and is today a cultural center.
 United Kingdom
Buckingham Palace London
Westminster Palace
St James's Palace
Kensington Palace
Richmond Palace
Palace of Whitehall
Windsor Castle Windsor
Eltham Palace Eltham
Hampton Court Palace Richmond
Nonsuch Palace Nonsuch Park
Holyrood Palace Edinburgh
Linlithgow Palace Linlithgow
Falkland Palace Falkland
Hillsborough Castle Royal Hillsborough

Oceania

[edit]
Residence Photo City Function Link
 Tonga
Royal Palace, Tonga Nukuʻalofa
 French Polynesia
Royal Palace Papeete
 Fiji
Royal Palace Levuka
 New Zealand
Turangawaewae Ngaruawahia
 Samoa
Villa Vailele Vailele
 United States
Hānaiakamalama Honolulu
Huliheʻe Palace Honolulu
ʻIolani Palace Honolulu
 Wallis and Futuna
Royal Palace Uvea
Royal Palace Sigave
Royal Palace Alo

See also

[edit]