Rugops

Rugops
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 95 Ma
Restored skull
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Family: Abelisauridae
Genus: Rugops
Sereno et al. 2004
Species:
R. primus
Binomial name
Rugops primus
Sereno et al. 2004

Rugops (meaning ‘wrinkle face’) is a monospecific genus of basal abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from Niger that lived during the Late Cretaceous period (Cenomanian stage, ~95 Ma) in what is now the Echkar Formation. The type and only species, Rugops primus, is known only from a partial skull. It was named and described in 2004 by Paul Sereno, Jeffery Wilson and Jack Conrad. Rugops has an estimated length of 4.4–5.3 metres (14–17 ft) and weight of 410 kilograms (900 lb). The top of its skull bears several pits which correlates with overlaying scale and the front of the snout would have had an armour-like dermis.

Discovery and naming

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Skeletal diagram of the holotype and only known specimen: MNN IGU1

A skull pertaining to an abelisaurid was recovered during an expedition in 2000 led by Paul Sereno near In-Abangharit, Niger Republic.[1][2] The specimen came from the Echkar Formation of the Tegama Group which dates to the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period, 96 Ma. The formation has also yielded specimens pertaining to the carcharodontosaurid Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis,[3] the spinosaurid Spinosaurus,[1] an unnamed rebbachisaurid and titanosaur,[1] and the crocodylomorphs Fortignathus,[4] Laganosuchus and Kaprosuchus.[5] The specimen was described in 2004 by Paul Sereno, Jeffery Wilson and Jack Conrad. The holotype specimen, MNN IGU1, consists of a partial skull which lacks portions of the palate and skull roof.[1] The type specimen may represent a subadult individual based on its small size, the lack of fusion between the nasals and the presence of the fenestra between the prefrontal, frontal, postorbital and lacrimal bones.[6]

The generic name, Rugops, is derived from the Latin word "ruga" (wrinkle) and the Greek word "opsi" (face). The specific name is derived from the Latin word "primus" (first). Both the generic and specific name refer to Rugops as being one of the earliest abelisaurids with a textured skull.[1]

In 2005, a partial right maxilla of an abelisaurid was described from the Kem Kem Group of Morocco. The maxilla shares some similarities with Rugops such as with the morphology of the teeth, the shape of the alveolar, the rugose texture on the lateral sides, the straight border with the premaxilla, and the position of the palatal shelf.[7] However, the maxilla cannot be referred to Rugops as the diagnostic features of the genus are located on different parts of the skull.[8]

Description

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Size compared to a human

In 2010, Sereno gave Rugops an estimated length of 6 metres (20 ft) and weight of 750 kilograms (1,650 lb).[9] However, Grillo & Delcourt (2016) gave a lower estimate of 4.4 metres (14 ft) long while Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2016) gave an estimate of 5.3 metres (17 ft) long and 410 kilograms (900 lb) in weight.[10][11]

Skull

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Skull diagram and holotype maxilla

The skull length of Rugops was about 31.5 centimetres (12.4 in).[1] As in other abelisaurids, the skull of Rugops has an external surface that is textured, a dental arcade that is U-shaped, maxillary-jugal contact that is broad, the presence of a socket on the maxilla and alveoli that are subrectangular in shape. The orbital brow is present on the skull, although it is not fully formed. Many of the bones that make up the skull have slender proportions. In addition, the skull also has relatively thin nasals and skull fenestrae that are proportionally large. The upper surface of each nasal bone has a row of several depressions with grooves for vascular supply going into them.[1] A similar condition is seen in Carnotaurus, although the upper surface of the nasals is convex unlike Rugops, as it is concave.[6] Sereno et al. (2004) suggested that the depressions on the dorsal surface of each nasal anchored either sensory structures or soft tissues for display.[1] Delcourt (2018), however, interpreted that they correlate with overlying scales, as seen in extant reptiles such as crocodiles and lizards. The anterior-most snout has a papillate texture which indicates the presence of an armour-like dermis. The author suggested that, based on the type specimen probably being a subadult individual, the armour-like dermis may have reached a larger surface as it grew to which it developed a more papillate texture. Delcourt (2018) also proposed that the armour-like dermis may correlate with a low-motion headbutting behaviour, as seen in marine iguanas.[12]

A maxilla (NPSJB-PV247) from Patagonia shows similarities with Rugops as the pattern of external ornamentation is nearly identical and the internal details are also have a close similarity.[13][1] In Rugops, the interdenticular sulci of the denticles, the presence of which might possible be a synapomorphic characteristic of Abelisauridae, is absent and has a higher dental formulae than in any other abelisaurid.[14] The nasal sculpturing of Rugops is similar to the ornamentation seen in Skorpiovenator as the surface of the nasals show hummocky-like rugosities and has grooves that lead into each foramen. However, unlike Skorpiovenator, Rugops lacks extra foramina on the skull roof that could represent homologues. The external morphology of the nasals are similar to that of Skorpiovenator as they share a similar foramina pattern. The ventral surface of the nasals have a series of foramina, which has been suggested to connect to an internal system.[15]

The describing authors indicated two distinguishing traits. Both of these are autapomorphies, unique derived characters. The skull roof has small fenestra that are present between the prefrontal, frontal, post-orbital and lacrimal. The dorsal surface of each nasal has a row of seven small depressions.[1]

Classification

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Life restoration

Sereno et al. (2004) initially found Rugops to be the basalmost abelisaurid,[1] a position also recovered by various analyses by Egli et al. (2016),[16] Delcourt (2018),[12] Cerroni et al. (2020)[17] and Rolando et al. (2020).[18] However, Rugops has also been recovered as being more derived than Rahiolisaurus and/or Eoabelisaurus but more basal than other abelisaurids by Pol & Rauhut (2012),[19] Rauhut & Carrano (2016),[20] and Iori et al. (2021).[21] Other alternative positions include Rugops being more derived than Kryptops, Chenanisaurus and/or Spectrovenator as recovered by Sereno & Brusatte (2008),[22] Zaher et al. (2020),[23] Gianechini et al. (2021)[24] and Agnolín et al. (2022),[25] and within a polytomy with other abelisaurids such as Xenotarsosaurus, Tarascosaurus, Ilokelesia and Genusaurus which has been recovered by Tortosa et al. (2014),[26] Baiano et al. (2020)[27] and Salem et al. (2022).[28]

A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Zaher et al. (2020) is reproduced below.[23]

Abelisauridae

The results of an earlier analysis by Pol & Rauhut (2012) are reproduced below.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sereno, Paul C.; Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Conrad, Jack L. (July 7, 2004). "New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1546): 1325–1330. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1691741. PMID 15306329.
  2. ^ "Rugops, new dinosaur find from Africa give clues to continents' split". July 24, 2006. Archived from the original on July 24, 2006.
  3. ^ Brusatte, S.L. and Sereno, P.C. (2007). "A new species of Carcharodontosaurus (dinosauria: theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Niger and a revision of the genus." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(4): .
  4. ^ Young, Mark T.; Hastings, Alexander K.; Allain, Ronan; Smith, Thomas J. (July 2016). "Revision of the enigmatic crocodyliform Elosuchus felixi de Lapparent de Broin, 2002 from the Lower-Upper Cretaceous boundary of Niger: potential evidence for an early origin of the clade Dyrosauridae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1111/zoj.12452. ISSN 0024-4082.
  5. ^ Sereno, Paul; Larsson, Hans (November 19, 2009). "Cretaceous Crocodyliforms from the Sahara". ZooKeys (28): 1–143. Bibcode:2009ZooK...28....1S. doi:10.3897/zookeys.28.325. ISSN 1313-2970.
  6. ^ a b Carrano, Matthew T.; Sampson, Scott D. (January 1, 2008). "The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (2): 183–236. Bibcode:2008JSPal...6..183C. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002246. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 30068953.
  7. ^ Mahler, L. (2005). "Record of Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Morocco". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 236–239. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0236:ROADTF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 4974444.
  8. ^ Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi (April 21, 2020). "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco". ZooKeys (928): 1–216. Bibcode:2020ZooK..928....1I. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7188693. PMID 32362741.
  9. ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 79
  10. ^ Grillo, O. N.; Delcourt, R. (2016). "Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods: Pycnonemosaurus nevesi is the new king". Cretaceous Research. 69: 71–89. Bibcode:2017CrRes..69...71G. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.001.
  11. ^ Molina-Pérez & Larramendi 2016. Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos, Larousse. Barcelona, Spain p. 256
  12. ^ a b Delcourt, Rafael (2018). "Ceratosaur palaeobiology: new insights on evolution and ecology of the southern rulers". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 9730. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.9730D. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28154-x. PMC 6021374. PMID 29950661.
  13. ^ C. Lamanna, Matthew; D. Martínez, Rubén; B. Smith, Joshua (2002). "A definitive abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 58–69. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0058:ADATDF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86153297.
  14. ^ Smith, Joshua B. (2007). "Dental morphology and variation in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". In Sampson, Scott D.; Krause, David W. (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8. Vol. 27. pp. 103–126. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[103:DMAVIM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85729335. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  15. ^ A. Cerroni, Mauricio; I. Canale, Juan; E. Novas, Fernando; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana (2020). "An exceptional neurovascular system in abelisaurid theropod skull: New evidence from Skorpiovenator bustingorryi". Journal of Anatomy. 240 (4): 612–626. doi:10.1111/joa.13258. PMC 8930818. PMID 32569442.
  16. ^ Egli, F. B.; AgnolÍn, F. L.; Novas, Fernando (2016). "A new specimen of Velocisaurus unicus (Theropoda, Abelisauroidea) from the Paso Córdoba locality (Santonian), Río Negro, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (4): e1119156. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E9156B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1119156. hdl:11336/46726. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87699625.
  17. ^ Cerroni, M.A.; Motta, M.J.; Agnolín, F.L.; Aranciaga Rolando, A.M.; Brissón Egli, F.; Novas, F.E. (2020). "A new abelisaurid from the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian-Turonian; Upper Cretaceous) of Río Negro province, Argentina". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 98: 102445. Bibcode:2020JSAES..9802445C. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102445. S2CID 213781725.
  18. ^ Aranciaga Rolando, Mauro; Cerroni, Mauricio A.; Garcia Marsà, Jordi A.; Agnolín, Federico L.; Motta, Matías J.; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Brisson Eglí, Federico; Novas, Fernando E. (October 14, 2020). "A new medium-sized abelisaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the late cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Allen Formation of Northern Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 105: 102915. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102915. hdl:11336/150468. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 225123133.
  19. ^ a b Pol, Diego & Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2012). "A Middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and the early diversification of theropod dinosaurs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1804): 3170–5. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0660. PMC 3385738. PMID 22628475.
  20. ^ W. M. Rauhut, Oliver; T. Carrano, Matthew (2016). "The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 178 (3): 546–610. doi:10.1111/zoj.12425.
  21. ^ Iori, F.V.; de Araújo-Júnior, H.I.; Simionato Tavares, S.A.; da Silva Marinho, T.; Martinelli, A.G. (2021). "New theropod dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of Brazil improves abelisaurid diversity". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 112: 103551. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11203551I. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103551. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 239682640.
  22. ^ Sereno, Paul C. and Brusatte, Stephen L. (2008). "Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53 (1): 15–46. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0102.
  23. ^ a b Zaher, H.; Pol, D.; Navarro, B.A.; Delcourt, R.; Carvalho, A.B. (October 2020). "An Early Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Brazil sheds light on the cranial evolution of the Abelisauridae" (PDF). Comptes Rendus Palevol. 19 (6): 101–115. doi:10.5852/cr-palevol2020v19a6.
  24. ^ Gianechini, Federico A.; Méndez, Ariel H.; Filippi, Leonardo S.; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana; Juárez-Valieri, Rubén D.; Garrido, Alberto C. (2021). "A New Furileusaurian Abelisaurid from La Invernada (Upper Cretaceous, Santonian, Bajo De La Carpa Formation), Northern Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (6): e1877151. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1877151.
  25. ^ Agnolín, Federico L.; Cerroni, Mauricio A.; Scanferla, Agustín; Goswami, Anjali; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana; Halliday, Thomas; Cuff, Andrew R.; Reuil, Santiago (February 10, 2022). "First definitive abelisaurid theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Northwestern Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4): e2002348. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2002348. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 246766133.
  26. ^ Tortosa, Thierry; Buffetaut, Eric; Vialle, Nicolas; Dutour, Yves; Turini, Eric; Cheylan, Gilles (2014). "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications". Annales de Paléontologie. 100 (1): 63–86. Bibcode:2014AnPal.100...63T. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003.
  27. ^ Baiano, Mattia; Coria, Rodolfo; Cau, Andrea (2020). "A new abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Huincul formation (lower upper Cretaceous, Neuquén Basin) of Patagonia, Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 110: 104408. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11004408B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104408. S2CID 214118853.
  28. ^ Salem, Belal S.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; El-Qot, Gamal M.; Shaker, Fatma; Thabet, Wael A.; El-Sayed, Sanaa; Sallam, Hesham M. (2022). "First definitive record of Abelisauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) from the Cretaceous Bahariya Formation, Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt". Royal Society Open Science. 9 (6): 220106. Bibcode:2022RSOS....920106S. doi:10.1098/rsos.220106. PMC 9174736. PMID 35706658.
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