Ryōkan

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Ryōkan Taigu (良寛大愚) (1758 – 18 February 1831)^[1] was a quiet and unconventional Sōtō Zen Buddhist monk who lived much of his life as a hermit. Ryōkan is remembered for his poetry and calligraphy, which present the essence of Zen life. He is also known by the name Ryokwan in English.

Ryōkan was born Eizō Yamamoto (山本栄蔵, Yamamoto Eizō) in the village of Izumozaki in Echigo Province (now Niigata Prefecture) in Japan to the village headman. He renounced the world at an early age to train at nearby Sōtō Zen temple Kōshō-ji, refusing to meet with or accept charity from his family. Once the Zen master Kokusen visited the temple, and Ryōkan was deeply impressed with his demeanour. He solicited permission to become Kokusen's disciple. Kokusen accepted, and the two returned to Entsū-ji monastery in Tamashima (now Okayama Prefecture).

It was at Entsū-ji that Ryōkan attained satori and was presented with an Inka by Kokusen. Kokusen died the following year, and Ryōkan left Entsū-ji to embark on a long pilgrimage. He lived much of the rest of his monastic life as a hermit. His decision to leave Entsū-ji may have been influenced by Gentō Sokuchū, the abbot of the temple. At the time, Gentō was aggressively reforming the Sōtō school to remove perceived 'foreign' elements, including kōan. The scholar Michel Mohr suggests Ryōkan may have been in disagreement with Gentō's efforts.^[2]

Ryōkan spent much of his time writing poetry, doing calligraphy, and communing with nature. His poetry is often very simple and inspired by nature. He loved children, and sometimes forgot to beg for food because he was playing with the children of the nearby village. Ryōkan refused to accept any position as a priest or even as a "poet." In the tradition of Zen his quotes and poems show he had a good sense of humour and didn't take himself too seriously.

Ryōkan lived a very simple life, and stories about his kindness and generosity abound. On his deathbed, Ryōkan offered the following death poem to Teishin, his close companion:

裏を見せ 表を見せて 散る紅葉

うらをみせ おもてをみせて ちるもみじ

ura wo mise / omote wo misete / chiru momiji

Now it reveals its hidden side
and now the other—thus it falls,
an autumn leaf.^[3]

In 1826 Ryōkan became ill and was unable to continue living as a hermit. He moved into the house of one of his patrons, Kimura Motouemon, and was cared for by a young nun called Teishin. "The [first] visit left them both exhilarated, and led to a close relationship that brightened Ryōkan's final years".^[4] The two of them exchanged a series of haiku. The poems they exchanged are both lively and tender. Ryōkan died from his illness on the 6th day of the new year 1831. "Teishin records that Ryōkan, seated in meditation posture, died 'just as if he were falling asleep'".^[5]

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It is common practice for a monk to abstain from eating meat. Once a young monk sat to dinner with Ryōkan and watched him eat fish. When asked why, Ryōkan replied, “I eat fish when it's offered, but I also let the fleas and flies feast on me [when sleeping at night]. Neither bothers me at all.”

It is said Ryōkan only slept with most of his body inside of a mosquito net so that he would not hurt the bugs outside.

Ryōkan was fond of rice wine and would sometimes drink it to excess. "I send one of the children to buy some country wine/ And after I'm drunk, toss off a few lines of calligraphy."^[6]

Ryōkan attended the midsummer Bon Festivals. Because he was a monk, he would normally be unable to attend, but sneaked in disguised as a woman.

Ryōkan hated waste, and so any food that he was offered that he did not eat, he put into a little pot. Over time, the food rotted and became filled with maggots and other bugs. When warned against eating it, all Ryōkan said was, “No, no, it's all right. I let the maggots escape before I eat it and it tastes just fine!”

One evening a thief visited Ryōkan's hut at the base of the mountain only to discover there was nothing to steal. Ryōkan returned and caught him. "You have come a long way to visit me," he told the prowler, "and you should not return empty-handed. Please take my clothes as a gift." The thief was bewildered. He took the clothes and slunk away. Ryōkan sat naked, watching the moon. "Poor fellow," he mused, "I wish I could have given him this beautiful moon." This story may be an interpretation of an account mentioned by Ryōkan in a haiku:

盗人に 取り残されし 窓の月

ぬすっとに とりのこされし まどのつき

nusutto ni / torinokosareshi / mado no tsuki

The thief left it behind:

the moon

at my window.^[7]

• Dew-Drops on a Lotus Leaf (Ryokwan of Zen Buddhism), foreword and translation by Gyofu Soma & Tatsukichi Irisawa, (Tokyo), 1950.
• One Robe, One Bowl: The Zen Poetry of Ryōkan (ISBN 0834801264), 1977, translated and introduced by John Stevens. Weatherhill, Inc.
• The Zen Poems of Ryōkan translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa, Princeton University Press, 1981.
• Ryokan: Zen Monk-Poet of Japan, translated by Burton Watson, Columbia University Press, 1992.
• Three Zen Masters: Ikkyū, Hakuin, Ryōkan (Kodansha Biographies) (ISBN 4770016514), by John Stevens, 1993.
• Great Fool: Zen Master Ryōkan: Poems, Letters, and Other Writings (ISBN 0-8248-1777-X), by Ryuichi Abe (with Peter Haskel), 1996.
• Ryokan's Calligraphy, by Kiichi Kato; translated by Sanford Goldstein and Fujisato Kitajima, (Kokodo) 1997.
• The Zen Fool: Ryōkan (ISBN 0804821283), translated, with an introduction, by Misao Kodama and Hikosaku Yanagashima, 1999.
• Ryokan: Selected Tanka and Haiku, translated from the Japanese by Sanford Goldstein, Shigeo Mizoguchi and Fujisato Kitajima (Kokodo, 2000)
• Dewdrops on a Lotus Leaf: Zen Poems of Ryōkan, translated and edited by John Stevens, Shambhala Publications, 2012.
• Sky Above, Great Wind: The Life and Poetry of Zen Master Ryokan (ISBN 1590309820),written by Kazuaki Tanahashi, 2012
• Kakurenbo Or the Whereabouts of Zen Priest Ryokan with translations by Nobuyuki Yuasa, (ISBN 978-0985565114), by Eido Frances Carney, Temple Ground Press, 2013.
• Zen Master Tales: Stories from the Lives of Taigu, Sengai, Hakuin, and Ryōkan, (ISBN 9781611809602), by Peter Haskel, Shambhala Publications, 2022.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ryōkan.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ryoukan.

• Calligraphy at the Wayback Machine (archived June 28, 2011)
• English translations at Allpoetry.
• English translations at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi
• Japanese audio of a selection.
• English translations at Poet Seers.
• Ryōkan as hermit.