Sanation

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Sanacja
Members
Józef Piłsudski
Ignacy Mościcki
Józef Beck
Tadeusz Hołówko
Janusz Jędrzejewicz
Wacław Jędrzejewicz
Adam Koc
Leon Kozłowski
Ignacy Matuszewski
Bogusław Miedziński (pl)
Bronisław Pieracki
Aleksander Prystor
Edward Śmigły-Rydz
Adam Skwarczyński
Walery Sławek
Kazimierz Świtalski

Sanation (Polish: Sanacja, pronounced [saˈnat͡sja]) was a Polish political movement that was created in the interwar period, prior to Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 Coup d'État, and came to power in the wake of that coup. In 1928 its political activists would go on to form a Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR).[1][2][3]

The Sanation movement took its name from Piłsudski's aspirations for a moral "sanation" (healing) of the Polish body politic.[4] The movement functioned integrally until his death in 1935. Following his death, Sanation split into several competing factions, including "the Castle" (President Ignacy Mościcki and his partisans).[5][1][2] Sanation, which advocated authoritarian rule, rested on a circle of Piłsudski's close associates, including Walery Sławek, Aleksander Prystor, Kazimierz Świtalski, Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Adam Koc, Józef Beck, Tadeusz Hołówko, Bogusław Miedziński, and Edward Śmigły-Rydz.[5] It preached the primacy of the national interest in governance, and contended against the system of parliamentary democracy.[5][1][2][3]

Background

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Named after the Latin word for "healing" ("sanatio"),[6] the Sanation movement mainly comprised former military officers who were disgusted with the perceived corruption in Polish politics. Sanation was a coalition of rightists, leftists, and centrists whose main focus was the elimination of corruption and the reduction of inflation. Sanation appeared prior to the May 1926 Coup d'État and lasted until World War II but was never formalized. Piłsudski, though he had been the former leader of the Polish Socialist Party, had grown to disapprove of political parties, which he saw as promoting their own interests rather than supporting the state and the people. For this reason, the Sanation movement never led to the creation of a political party. Instead, in 1928 Sanation members created a Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem (BBWR, "Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government"), a pro-government grouping that denied being a political party.

History

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In front, left to right: Józef Piłsudski, Walery Sławek, Edward Śmigły-Rydz, 1930

Although Piłsudski never claimed personal power, he exercised extensive influence over Polish politics after Sanation took power in 1926. For the next decade, he dominated Polish affairs as strongman of a generally popular centrist regime. Kazimierz Bartel's government and all subsequent governments were first unofficially approved by Piłsudski before they could be confirmed by the President. In the course of pursuing sanation, Piłsudski mixed democratic and authoritarian elements. Poland's internal stability was enhanced, while economic stagnation was ended by Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski's economic reforms. At the same time, the Sanation regime prosecuted communist parties (on the ostensible formal grounds that they had failed to legally register as political parties) and sought to limit the influence of opposition parties by splitting their forces.[citation needed][3] A distinguishing feature of the regime was that, unlike the situation in most of non-democratic Europe, it never transformed itself into a full-blown dictatorship. Freedom of press, speech, and political parties was never legally abolished, and opponents were usually dealt with via "unidentified perpetrators" rather than court sentences.[citation needed]

Sanation allowed the 1928 election to be relatively free, but was dealt a setback when its BBWR supporters came up far short of a majority. Before the 1930 election some opposition parties united in a Centrolew (Center-Left) coalition calling for the overthrow of the government; Sanation reacted by arresting more than 20 prominent opposition-leader Centrolew participants. Subsequently BBWR won over 46 percent of the vote and a large majority in both houses of parliament[citation needed]. The personality cult of Józef Piłsudski stemmed from his general popularity among the nation rather than from top-down propaganda; this is notable, considering Piłsudski's disdain for democracy. Sanation's ideology never went beyond populist calls to clean up the country's politics and economy; it did not occupy itself with society, as was the case with contemporary fascist regimes. From 1929, the semi-official newspaper of Sanation, and thus of the Polish government, was Gazeta Polska (the Polish Gazette)[citation needed].

Legislative agenda

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The Sanation government invalidated the May 1930 election results by disbanding the parliament in August.[7] New elections were scheduled for November 1930.[8] Using anti-government demonstrations as a pretext, 20 opposition-party members,[7] including most of the leaders of the Centrolew alliance (Socialist, Polish People's Party "Piast", and Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" leaders) were arrested[9] in September 1930 without warrants, on the mere order of Piłsudski and the Minister of Internal Security, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, and accused of plotting an anti-government coup.[10]

The opposition leaders (including the former prime minister Wincenty Witos, and Wojciech Korfanty) were imprisoned and tried in the Brest Fortress (hence the popular name for the November 1930 election: "the Brest election"). A number of less-known political activists across the country were also arrested;[7] they were released after the election. The Brest trial ended in January 1932, with ten of the accused sentenced to up to three years' imprisonment; appeals in 1933 confirmed the sentences. The government gave those sentenced a choice of emigrating abroad; five took that choice, while the other five decided to serve the prison term.[9]

Splintering and power-sharing

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A crucial turning point for the Piłsudskiites came in 1935 with Piłsudski's death. The April 1935 Constitution, adopted a few weeks earlier, had been tailored for Marshal Piłsudski. In the absence of a successor with equal authority, a reinterpretation of the new Constitution was in order. In the words of Ignacy Matuszewski, "We must replace the Great Man with an organization."

Piłsudski's death triggered Sanation's splintering, driven by two processes: competition for power and influence among Piłsudski's heirs (the wars among the diadochi – "the heirs" – as Adam Pragier termed it); and a search for a more suitable ideology which Piłsudski's supporters might accept. The intersection of personal competition and ideological differences led to discord and splintering.[11]

Eventually, Sanation devolved into three major factions:

  1. "the Colonels" (Pułkownicy, gathered around Walery Sławek), which sought to continue the erstwhile Piłsudskiite idea in conformity with the wording of the April Constitution;[12]
  2. "the Castle" (Zamek, formed around President Ignacy Mościcki, who resided in the Warsaw Castle — hence that faction's name); and
  3. GISZ (Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych), formed around General Inspector of the Armed Forces Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz as a stand-in for the late Marshal Piłsudski.[13]
Image from the "Wiarus" newspaper depicting Marshal Piłsudski, President Mościcki and Marshal Śmigly-Rydz as the fathers of Poland.

Walery Slawek's supporters lost ground after his resignation from the post of prime minister at the end of 1935, after the dissolution of the BBWR as well as the appointment of the Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski cabinet on October 13, 1935, which ousted the orthodox Piłsudskiites, so-called Colonels, from power. The other two emerging groups in December 1935 reached an agreement and shared power, resulting in the formation of the Felicjan Slawoj-Składkowski's cabinet on 15 May 1936, consisting of representatives of the President and the General Inspector of the Armed Forces. Another consequence of the agreement was a declaration by the Prime Minister in agreement with the President on July 16, 1936, declaring Śmigły-Rydz “the first person in Poland after Mr. President.”

"In accordance with the will of Mr. President of the Republic Ignacy Mościcki, I order the following: General Śmigły-Rydz, appointed by Mr. Marshal Józef Piłsudski as the First Defender of the Fatherland and the first co-cooperator of the President of the Republic in governing the state, is to be regarded and respected as the first person in Poland after Mr. President of the Republic. All state functionaries headed by the Prime Minister are to show him signs of honor and obedience."

— Prime Minister General Sławoj Składkowski

The document violated the state order established by the April Constitution.

Another result of the Mościcki-Śmigły agreement was the promotion of the general to Marshal of Poland. On November 10, 1936, President Moscicki appointed him General of the branch and at the same time Marshal of Poland and decorated him with the Order of the White Eagle.[14]

Also, the creation of the Camp of National Unity (OZN) on Śmigły's order and working under his auspices increased his influence, as a result of which it was he who decided the ideological direction of Sanation in 1937-1939.

Piłsudski's death triggered a power struggle, typical in such circumstances. There were also growing differences in political thought among the Piłsudskiites. The Colonels' group and Sławek lost, and with him the concepts of a socialized state and the Constitution as the sole regulator of state life. A new authority was created in the person of Śmigły-Rydz, by the way, mainly by some former Colonels. The new group centered around the General Inspector steered in a nationalistic, sometimes clearly pro-totalitarian direction. The Castle Group and the “Naprawa” group, centered around the president, attempted to restrain these tendencies. Weak among the Piłsudskiites, the Sanation left practically broke with the camp.[15]

World War II

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During the 1939 invasion of Poland, many Sanationists evacuated to Romania or Hungary, whence they were able to go on to France or French-mandated Syria and, after the fall of France, to Britain. Though France insisted on excluding Sanationists from the Polish Government in Exile, many continued influential. During the war, Sanationists created several resistance organizations, including in 1942 the Polish Fighting Movement (Obóz Polski Walczącej), which in 1943 became subordinate to the Home Army and in 1944 merged along with the Council of Independence Organizations (Konwent Organizacji Niepodległościowych) into the Union of Independence Organizations (Zjednoczenie Organizacji Niepodległościowych). After World War II, Poland's Soviet-installed communist autocracy branded Sanationists as enemies of the state and executed or forced many into exile.

Political parties

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The following is a list of Sanation's political parties and their successors:[citation needed]

Notable members

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Puchalski, Piotr (2019). Beyond Empire: Interwar Poland and the Colonial Question, 1918–1939. The University of Wisconsin–Madison Press. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Kowalski, Wawrzyniec (2020). "From May to Bereza: A Legal Nihilism in the Political and Legal Practice of the Sanation Camp 1926–1935". Studia Iuridica Lublinensia (5). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej: 133–147. doi:10.17951/sil.2020.29.5.133-147. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Olstowski, Przemysław (2024). "The Formation of Authoritarian Rule in Poland between 1926 and 1939 as a Research Problem". Zapiski Historyczne (2). Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu: 27–60. doi:10.15762/ZH.2024.13. Retrieved 19 October 2024. The case of authoritarian rule in Poland [...] following the May Coup of 1926, is notable for its unique origins [...] Rooted in a period when Poland lacked statehood [...] Polish authoritarianism evolved [...] Central to this phenomenon was Marshal Józef Piłsudski, the ideological leader of Poland's ruling camp after the May Coup of 1926
  4. ^ The Polish word "sanacja" is defined identically as "ł[aciński]: uzdrowienie" ("L[atin]: healing") in Słownik wyrazów obcych (Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), New York, Polish Book Importing Co., 1918 (8 years before Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 Coup d'État), p. 701; and in M. Arcta słownik wyrazów obcych (Michał Arct's Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo S. Arcta, 1947, p. 313. Słownik wyrazów obcych PWN (PWN Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1971, p. 665, defines the expression as follows: "sanacja <łac. sanatio = uzdrowienie> (sanation, from Lat[in] sanatio = healing) 1. w Polsce międzywojennej — obóz Józefa Piłsudskiego, który pod hasłem uzdrowienia stosunków politycznych i życia publicznego dokonał przewrotu wojskowego w maju 1926 r.... (1. in interwar Poland, the camp of Józef Piłsudski, who worked a military coup in May 1926 under the banner of healing politics and public life...) 2. rzad[ko używany]: uzdrowienie, np. stosunków w jakiejś instytucji, w jakimś kraju. (2. rare[ly used]: healing, e.g., of an institution, of a country.)"
  5. ^ a b c "Sanacja," Encyklopedia Polski, p. 601.
  6. ^ Neither the English "sanation" nor the cognate Polish "sanacja"—both derived from the same Latin root, "sanatio"—has much currency in its respective language. The terms' unfamiliarity doubtless accounts for misconceptions about the meaning of the Polish political term. Adam Zamoyski, for example (The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture, p. 343), mistranslates it as "sanitation". Other English-language authors, baffled by the Polish term and unfamiliar with its Latin etymology and English cognate, have left it untranslated.
  7. ^ a b c Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom By Andrzej Paczkowski, page 28.
  8. ^ Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine By Timothy Snyder, page 73.
  9. ^ a b Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century By Richard & Benjamin Crampton, pp. 102–103.
  10. ^ Domestic problems and foreign policies of interwar east European states By Anna M. Cienciala.
  11. ^ Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021). W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-83-226-4040-1.
  12. ^ Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021). W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 55. ISBN 978-83-226-4040-1.
  13. ^ Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021). W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 47. ISBN 978-83-226-4040-1.
  14. ^ Mirowicz, Ryszard (1988). Edward Rydz-Śmigły: działalność wojskowa i polityczna. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych. p. 130.
  15. ^ Janusz Faryś, Polska bez Piłsudskiego : z dziejów myśli piłsudczykowskiej (1935-1939) , Mazowieckie Studia Humanistyczne, 2002, 8, 2, p. 289

References

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