Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Santurce
Barrio
Aerial view of Santurce in 2008
Aerial view of Santurce in 2008
Location of Santurce shown in yellow within San Juan shown in light gray
Location of Santurce shown in yellow within San Juan shown in light gray
CommonwealthPuerto Rico
MunicipalitySan Juan
Area
 • Total8.70 sq mi (22.53 km2)
 • Land5.24 sq mi (13.57 km2)
 • Water3.46 sq mi (8.96 km2)
Elevation
[1]
49 ft (15 m)
Population
 • Total69,469
 • Density13,257.4/sq mi (5,118.7/km2)
 (US Census 2020)
Time zoneUTC−4 (AST)
ZIP Codes
00907, 00908, 00909, 00911, 00912, 00913, 00914, 00915, 00916, 00936, 00940

Santurce (Spanish pronunciation: [sanˈtuɾse], meaning Saint George from Basque Santurtzi) is the largest and most populated barrio of the municipality of San Juan, the capital city of Puerto Rico. With a population of 69,469 in 2020, Santurce is also one of the most densely populated areas of the main island of Puerto Rico (13,257.4 persons per square mile) with a population larger than most municipalities of the territory.[2]

Founded as San Mateo de Cangrejos in the 1760,[3] Santurce officially became part of the municipality of San Juan in 1863.[4] From its original settlement, its history has been marked by diverse waves of immigration, particularly of Afro-Puerto Rican, Chinese, Jewish and Dominican communities who have left a cultural imprint in the area.[5][6][7][8] In the 20th century, it grew as a key economic and cultural center of San Juan with an influx of businesses, theaters, and hotels, making it one of the most significant cultural districts in Puerto Rico.[9][10][11][12] Today, Santurce's neighborhoods like Condado and Miramar have become popular tourist and commercial areas.[13]

History

[edit]

16th–18th centuries

[edit]
Battle of San Juan (1797)

The history of the settlement of Santurce is closely linked to that of Old San Juan due to its location as the closest entry point from the Islet of San Juan to the Puerto Rican mainland and for its location between the San Juan Bay and the Atlantic coast.[14] San Antonio Bridge, the first bridge connecting the islet to the main island was built across Condado Lagoon in the 1560s,[15] during a period of infrastructural and military development of San Juan that also saw the edification of its city walls. Fortín San Antonio was also built during this time in order to defend the city from both northeast foreign invaders and land-based indigenous attacks.

The area that would become Santurce was first settled between the end the 16th-century and throughout the 17th-century by both freed and escaped slaves coming from both rural Puerto Rico and other islands throughout the West Indies. The town of San Mateo de Cangrejos ("Saint Matthew" of the Crabs) was officially founded in 1760 by Basque settlers who formally acquired the land around what are today the subbarrios of San Mateo, Pulguero and Minillas.[16] The area around what is today Isla Grande was also developed during this time with projects such as the Miraflores armory,[17] established as part of military infrastructure developments by Alejandro O'Reilly.[18] Santurce was captured by the British under the command of Ralph Abercromby on April 18, 1797, during the early stages of the 1797 siege of San Juan, but it was later liberated on May 1.[19][20]

19th century

[edit]
San Juan Tramway

Santurce saw further urban growth during the early decades of the 19th century thanks to the establishment of the Camino Real, a military road between San Juan and the town of Río Piedras (then called El Roble) built in 1810; this stretch of road now known as Ponce de León Avenue would prove to be of extreme importance in the urban history of the city of San Juan.[21] The town church, San Mateo de Cangrejos of Santurce Parish, would also be established during this time in 1832.[22] The establishment of the telegraph network in 1858 further modernized the town,[23] which by 1863 was formally annexed to the municipality of San Juan.[24]

In 1876, an engineer from the port town of Santurtzi in Spain's autonomous Basque Country region known as Pablo Ubarri arrived on the island to help in the construction of a railroad system and a steam tramway between San Juan and the town of Río Piedras through the center of San Mateo de Cangrejos. He was later granted the title of Count of Santurce by the Spanish Crown. With the newly acquired title and influence, the district was renamed after his title, county of Santurce (condado de Santurce), a decision that has caused controversy ever since. The tourist district of Condado (Spanish for 'county') traces its etymology to this title.[25] The steamway service developed by the count in 1878 further helped the population of the barrio to considerably grow.[26] Other key developments during this time were the construction of a civil hospital in 1885 (today the location of the Museum of Art of Puerto Rico), the establishment of street lighting and the electric grid in 1893, the installation of phone infrastructure in 1897, and the inauguration of both railway service and the Carretera Central linking San Juan to Ponce in 1898.[23]

The Treaty of Paris in 1898 saw the culmination of the Spanish-American War, with Puerto Rico now becoming a colony of the United States.[27] In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico, finding that the population of Santurce was 5,840.[27]

20th century

[edit]
Condado Vanderbilt Hotel in 1950.

The United States Army established Camp Las Casas, in the area of Las Casas in 1904. The camp was the main training base of the Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry (on January 15, 1899, the military government changed the name of Puerto Rico to Porto Rico and on May 17, 1932, U.S. Congress changed the name back to "Puerto Rico") The Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry was a U.S. Army Regiment which was later renamed the "65th Infantry Regiment". The 65th Infantry Regiment was segregated. However, a separate division called the 375th Regiment enlisted Black soldiers. The base continued in operation until 1946, when it was finally closed. Residencial Las Casas would later be developed on this location.[28]

During its early years, the Ambassador Theatre was the place where kids went to see "Abbott and Costello" movies.

The district of Condado continued to rapidly grow after the construction of Dos Hermanos Bridge in 1910, connecting the district to San Juan Antiguo.[29] This period of population growth brought prosperity to many of the neighborhoods of Santurce with high urbanization in Miramar, Ocean Park, Sagrado Corazón and the formal establishment of a local marketplace, for example, also in 1910. Tourism industry in Puerto Rico is formally born during this time with the establishment of Condado Vanderbilt Hotel in 1917,[30][31] something that would quickly prompt the opening of numerous hotels, restaurants and other businesses in the area of Condado in order to cater to the increasing number of tourists and visitors from overseas.[32]

Between 1937 and 1948, Santurce became one of the most vibrant areas of the capital.[33] Numerous museums, art galleries, music venues also opened during this time. The district, notably Miramar and Sagrado Corazón, also experienced an architectural boom as vernacular Criollo style interacted with imported styles such as Art Deco, Prairie School and Spanish Revival. Some of these areas have been designated by the Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Office as protected historic zones today.[34]

Korber House, which became Sha'are Zedeck synagogue in 1954

At its population peak in 1950, Santurce had a population of 195,007 inhabitants, making it more populated than every other municipality in the island at the time. This figure together with the annexation of Río Piedras a year after, brought the population of the municipality of San Juan to 451,658 by 1960, making it the second largest city in the Caribbean (after Havana) and the 29th largest city in the United States at the time.[35] The population of the district became the most diversified at the time with large numbers of immigrant communities establishing businesses and institutions in the area. For example, the first synagogue in Puerto Rico, Sha'are Zedeck, was established here during this time in 1952 by William Korber, a wealthy Puerto Rican of German descent.[36] Additionally, a large influx of Jewish Cubans also arrived immediatelly after the Cuban Revolution in 1959.[37] With the establishment of a more robust island-wide roadway infrastructure, Santurce however began to experience a rapid population decline starting in the 1960s decade as large numbers of residents began to move outward from the city and into the newly emerging suburbs of Bayamón, Carolina, Guaynabo, and Levittown, for example. This period also saw a shift in business and commercialization away from Santurce, which before functioned as one of the main urban cores of the city, towards Hato Rey, and its newly developed central business district that is popularly known as the Golden Mile (la Milla de Oro). By the end of the 20th century, Santurce had a population of only 95,000 inhabitants and, with the exceptions of districts such as Condado, Miramar and Ocean Park, was experiencing extreme urban decay.[38][39]

Cerra Street (2014)

21st century

[edit]

Despite notable developments such as the Puerto Rico Convention District and the Tren Urbano, early 21st century Santurce saw a continuation of a period of economic decline now coupled with the financial crisis of the local banking and mortgage system.[40][41] The district however began a period of cosmopolitan revival and economic growth in 2009,[42] as many new local establishments such as bars, clubs and restaurants opened their doors due to the resurging importance of trade and tourism prompted by a decrease in rent which attracted both artists and entrepreneurs to the area.[43] Since then, Santurce began experiencing a new wave of gentrification and is now hailed by many as Puerto Rico's "hipster haven".[44][45] In 2018, twenty-two murals were painted in and around Santurce to illustrate Santurce's culture and history,[46] which inspired the annual Santurce es Ley arts festival, the largest mural and arts festival in the Caribbean and one of the largest of its kind in Latin America.[47]

Geography

[edit]
A couple walks on a street in Santurce

Santurce is located along the north-eastern coast of Puerto Rico. It lies south of the Atlantic Ocean, east of Old San Juan and west of Isla Verde. The district occupies an area of 5.24 square miles (13.6 km2) of land and 3.46 (8.96 km2) of water. It is surrounded by six bodies of water: San Juan Bay, Condado Natural Lagoon, the Martín Peña Channel, San José Lagoon, Los Corozos Lagoon, and the Atlantic Ocean with its respective beaches and estuaries.[14]

Geographically speaking, Santurce is a peninsula connected to the Puerto Rico mainland in the east, where it borders with the Isla Verde district of Carolina. It is 7.6 km long from west to east, and up to 3.0 km wide in the eastern part. The peninsula is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the north, with more than five km of beaches from the Condado peninsula in the west, to a point 600 m east of Punta Las Marías, where it borders on the Isla Verde area, and Laguna San José and its northern embayment, Laguna Los Corozos to the east. To the south is the Martín Peña Channel, which separates Santurce from the northern barrios of former municipio Río Piedras: Hato Rey Norte, Hato Rey Central, and Oriente. To the west is San Juan Bay, where three bridges, Dos Hermanos Bridge (Ave. Ashford), G. Esteves Bridge (Ave. Ponce de León) and San Antonio Bridge (Ave. Fernandes Juncos) connect Santurce with La Isleta (small island) where Old San Juan is located. It has a total area of 8.70 square miles (22.5 km2) composed of 5.24 square miles (13.6 km2) of land and 3.46 square miles (9.0 km2) of water area.

The topography is mainly flat with low hills toward the central areas and swampy areas to the south along the Martín Peña Channel and to the east near the Laguna San José (San José Lagoon). The highest point is at Monteflores at 23 meters (75 feet) above sea level.

Cityscape

[edit]
Aerial view of Santurce, clockwise: Atlantic Ocean, Parque/Ocean Park waterfront high-rises, San Mateo/Minillas/Bolívar high-rises, Luis Muñoz Marín Expressway, Sports and Recreation Department headquarters in Buenos Aires, Martín Peña Channel, PR-22, Miramar, Puerto Rico Convention Center in Isla Grande, San Antonio Channel, Puerta de Tierra, El Boquerón, Condado and Condado Lagoon.

Architecture

[edit]

Structures of architectural value and historical importance are located mainly throughout Avenida Juan Ponce de León, Avenida Ashford and Avenida Fernández Juncos.

Public spaces

[edit]

Beaches

[edit]

Seaport

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19005,840—
191017,338196.9%
192035,096102.4%
193081,960133.5%
1940133,09162.4%
1950195,00746.5%
1960178,179−8.6%
1970128,232−28.0%
1980101,103−21.2%
199095,184−5.9%
200094,337−0.9%
201081,251−13.9%
202069,469−14.5%
U.S. Decennial Census
1899 (shown as 1900)[51] 1910–1930[52]
1930–1950[53] 1980–2000[54] 2010[55]
See also: Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico and History of the Jews in Latin America

Santurce is one of the top ten most-populated areas of Puerto Rico. It includes the neighborhoods of Miramar, Loíza, Isla Grande, Barrio Obrero, and Condado,[56] which are cultural hot spots for art, music, cuisine, fashion, hotels, technology, multimedia, film, textile and startups.

The 2010 U.S. Census recorded a total population of 81,251 people living in an area of 5.24 square miles (13.6 km2). It is the most populous borough (barrio) in Puerto Rico and one of the most densely populated areas of San Juan, at 15,447.0 residents per square mile (6,931.2/km2).[56]

Santurce is home to one of the largest Jewish communities in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean with over 1,500 people attending two local synagogues. Jews were officially prohibited from settling in the island through much of its history, but many managed to settle in the island as secret Jews.[57]

Many arrived from France, the Netherlands, Saint-Barthélemy and Curaçao after World War II. A minor portion are descendants of Jewish Cubans who came to establishment after Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution of 1959. Like in many former Spanish colonies founded soon after the Spanish Inquisition, there are some Puerto Ricans who are Crypto-Jews. Recent DNA ancestry has identified a number of Portuguese descendants who arrived in Puerto Rico after the start of the Portuguese Inquisition in 1536. These are descendants of Converso families. There are some who maintain elements of Jewish traditions, although they themselves are, or were raised as Christians.

Santurce also has a very big Dominican community, along with Cuban, Colombian, Argentine and Chinese communities.

Subdivisions of Santurce

[edit]

Santurce has a community of 81,251 of inhabitants living in a land area of 5.24 square miles (13.6 km2). It is subdivided into 40 "subbarrios" (sub-districts).

  1. Alto del Cabro
  2. Barrio Obrero
  3. Bayola
  4. Bolívar
  5. Buenos Aires
  6. Campo Alegre
  7. Chícharo
  8. Condadito
  9. Condado
  10. Figueroa
  11. Gandul
  12. Herrera
  13. Hipódromo
  14. Hoare
  15. Isla Grande
  16. La Zona
  17. Las Casas
  18. Las Marías
  19. Las Palmas
  20. Loíza
  21. Machuchal
  22. Marruecos
  23. Martín Peña
  24. María Moczó
  25. Melilla
  26. Merhoff
  27. Minillas
  28. Miramar
  29. Monteflores
  30. Ocean Park
  31. Parque
  32. Pozo del Hato
  33. Pulguero
  34. Sagrado Corazón
  35. San Juan Moderno
  36. San Mateo
  37. Seboruco
  38. Shanghai
  39. Tras Talleres
  40. Villa Palmeras

Population

[edit]

For centuries "barrios" were the primary administrative division of Puerto Rico's municipalities, however, presently they primarily serve statistical purposes for both the U.S. Census Bureau & the Puerto Rico Planning Board. The most densely populated area lies to the southeast bordering the San José Lagoon and the Martín Peña Channel, while the least densely populated areas are found by the mangrove swamps to the south surrounding the Martín Peña Channel, and the western area of Isla Grande, a decommissioned United States Navy military base.[58][27][59]

Population density per sub-district of Santurce according to Census 2000.
Per capita income by sub-district of Santurce according to Census 2000.
Nr. Sub-barrio Land Area
(m2)		 Population
(Census 2000)		 Density
km−2
1 Alto del Cabro 156717 1164 7427.4
2 Barrio Obrero 1034200 11467 11087.8
3 Bayola 71645 564 7872.1
4 Bolívar 163417 1223 7483.9
5 Buenos Aires 446986 1303 2915.1
6 Campo Alegre 123061 942 7654.7
7 Chícharo 75355 722 9581.3
8 Condadito 62470 748 11973.7
9 Condado 824791 6170 7480.7
10 Figueroa 350927 1016 2895.2
11 Gandul 167753 2035 12130.9
12 Herrera 123369 1841 14922.7
13 Hipódromo 268195 2017 7520.6
14 Hoare 363490 3 8.3
15 Isla Grande1) 2039968 753 369.1
16 La Zona 379687 1280 3371.2
17 Las Casas2) 803500 6775 8431.9
18 Las Marías 242223 1172 4838.5
19 Las Palmas 316171 2772 8767.4
20 Loíza 323012 2139 6622
21 Machuchal 140008 1212 8656.6
22 María Moczó 106196 1964 18494.1
23 Marruecos 267165 0 0
24 Martín Peña 185692 415 2234.9
25 Melilla 129544 926 7148.2
26 Merhoff 300801 2992 9946.8
27 Minillas 215963 1484 6871.5
28 Miramar 632154 5440 8605.5
29 Monteflores 172397 1657 9611.5
30 Ocean Park4) 520891 1976 3793.5
31 Parque 299804 3251 10843.8
32 Pozo del Hato 176987 137 774.1
33 Pulguero 131613 1196 9087.2
34 Sagrado Corazón 345472 1646 4764.5
35 San Juan Moderno 91500 1083 11836.1
36 San Mateo 168864 1989 11778.7
37 Seboruco 167887 2198 13092.1
38 Shanghai 686961 11331 16494.4
39 Tras Talleres 168076 2453 14594.6
40 Villa Palmeras 163389 2648 16206.7
  Santurce 13568557 81251 6932.7
1) recently named Puerto Rico Convention Center
2) including "Isla Guachinanga" in the "Laguna San José"
3) should be attributed to Merhoff Sub-Barrio (22)[60]
4) including "Isla Piedra" one km off the Atlantic coast

Transportation

[edit]

Public transportation is provided by several bus lines (locally known as guaguas) operated by the Puerto Rico Metropolitan Bus Authority and circulate along the main avenues of Ponce de León and Fernández Juncos among others.

In the peripheries of Santurce there is a rapid transit system called Tren Urbano. The Sagrado Corazón station is the terminus of the sole metro system line of San Juan, located in the southeast section of the district in the neighborhood of Martín Peña.

Santurce is a few minutes away by car from the US territory’s main airport, Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, and from San Juan's secondary commercial airport, Isla Grande Airport.

Culture

[edit]
Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art

Museums and galleries

[edit]

Santurce is the main residence of two major museums on the island.

Performing arts

[edit]

Education

[edit]
Academia Interamericana Metro

Santurce is home to some of the most prestigious private education institutions in Puerto Rico.

It also includes notable public schools:

Synagogues and cathedrals

[edit]
Nuestra Señora de Lourdes Chapel

Sports

[edit]

Santurce has the most modern swimming facilities in the Caribbean and fourth in the world. It is an Olympic aquatic sports facility used to host local and international events such as the 2nd A.S.U.A Pan American Masters Swimming Championship. The San Juan Natatorium is located in Santurce's Central Park. [citation needed]

The district also has a baseball and a basketball team both known as the Santurce Crabbers (Cangrejeros de Santurce) because of the original name of the township. They have been part of the community for over 70 years. Both teams have enjoyed great domestic success, the baseball team is regarded[by whom?] as the ‘New York Yankees of Puerto Rico’, largely in part to the accomplishments of its legendary players, such as Roberto Clemente and Willie Mays[citation needed].

Health

[edit]

Santurce has an extensive healthcare network which includes two of the finest hospitals on the island, Ashford Presbyterian Community Hospital and Pavia Hospital.

Economy

[edit]
See also: Economy of Puerto Rico and Real estate in Puerto Rico

Santurce experienced significant economic growth following World War II. During this period the district underwent an economic revitalization. Tourism is also a key industry based on Santurce's proximity to Puerto Rico's main international airport, Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, and the smaller Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport. The concentration of hotels are primarily located in the Condado area where there are numerous luxurious hotels including La Concha Resort, Marriott and the Conrad Hotel.

Notable natives and residents

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Santurce Barrio
  2. ^ "Link to Puerto Rico – San Juan". Proyecto Salón Hogar (in Spanish). Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  3. ^ "Parroquia San Mateo/ Santurce – Arquitectura Histórica de Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). December 5, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  4. ^ "Encyclopedia of Puerto Rico" (in English and Spanish). San Juan: Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades. OCLC 234072526. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  5. ^ Martinez, Robert A. "African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality". ipoaa.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  6. ^ "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN PUERTO RICO 2009-2011 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". Data Set: 2010 U.S. Census. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  7. ^ Society For Crypto Judaic Studies, Harry Ezratty, Profile Archived April 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, cryptojews.com; accessed March 18, 2015.
  8. ^ "San Juan: Culture & Community". Reform Judaism. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  9. ^ Teleview Productions (Emerson Yorke Studios). "Report on Puerto Rico, U.S.A. (1955)". Prelinger Archives. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
  10. ^ Bliss, Peggy Ann. "A walking tour of Santurce (Part II)". Puerto Rico Daily Sun. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
  11. ^ Adoquín, Periódico El (December 21, 2021). "Santurce: Un barrio levantado por el arte". Periódico El Adoquín (in Spanish). Retrieved October 25, 2024.
  12. ^ Diálogo, Por Especial para (October 31, 2015). "Santurce suena a diversidad". Diálogo UPR (in Spanish). Retrieved October 25, 2024.
  13. ^ "Exploring the Santurce Neighborhood". Discover Puerto Rico. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
  14. ^ a b Bliss, Peggy Ann. "A walking tour of Santurce". Puerto Rico Daily Sun. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  15. ^ Marley 2005.
  16. ^ "Parroquia San Mateo/ Santurce – Arquitectura Histórica de Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). December 5, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  17. ^ "Archivo Histórico y Fotográfico de Puerto Rico". Flickr. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  18. ^ Negroni, Héctor Andrés (1992). Historia Militar de Puerto Rico. p. 192. ISBN 8478441387. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  19. ^ Van Middeldyk, R.A. (1903). Brumbaugh, Martin (ed.). The History of Puerto Rico: From the Spanish Discovery to the American Occupation. D. Appleton and Company. pp. 139–141. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
  20. ^ The Forts of Old San Juan. Washington, D.C.: Division of Publications, National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 2018. pp. 68–71. ISBN 9780912627625.
  21. ^ "Historia de Puerta de Tierra (San Juan)". www.puertadetierra.info. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  22. ^ "Parroquia San Mateo/ Santurce - Arquitectura Histórica de Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). December 5, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  23. ^ a b Gilberto Aponte Torres, San Mateo de Cangrejos: Notas para su Historia (1985)
  24. ^ "Encyclopedia of Puerto Rico" (in English and Spanish). San Juan: Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades. OCLC 234072526. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  25. ^ Cangrejos – Santurce – Authors; Aníbal Sepúlveda, Jorge Carbonell, Centro de Investigaciones CARIMAR, Oficina Estatal de Preservación Histórica.
  26. ^ Document CF408, Tranvía de la Capital a Río Piedras (Nov 16, 1898), Archivo General de Puerto Rico
  27. ^ a b c Joseph Prentiss Sanger; Henry Gannett; Walter Francis Willcox (1900). Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office (in Spanish). Imprenta del gobierno. p. 162.
  28. ^ "Historia Militar de Puerto Rico"; by Héctor Andrés Negroni; pg. 370; ISBN 84-7888-138-7
  29. ^ Carlos Toledo. "El Condado: Celebrando 100 años de distinguida historia". Galenus. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  30. ^ Flores, Ronald. "New Hotels on the Horizon". (February/March 2009) ¡Qué Pasa!. Puerto Rico Tourism Company.
  31. ^ Hansen, Kristine (November 13, 2012). "Historic Condado Vanderbilt Hotel Reopens in San Juan". Fodor's. Random House Inc. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  32. ^ Cangrejos - Santurce - Authors; Aníbal Sepúlveda, Jorge Carbonell, Centro de Investigaciones CARIMAR, Oficina Estatal de Preservación Histórica. (Spanish)
  33. ^ A. Sepúlveda. Cangrejos: Historia ilustrada de su desarrollo urbano. (1987) p. 45.
  34. ^ GOBIERNO DE PUERTO RICO, JUNTA DE PLANIFICACIÓN DE PUERTO RICO (December 7, 2022). "REGISTRO DE PROPIEDADES DESIGNADAS POR LA JUNTA DE PLANIFICACIÓN DE PUERTO RICO" (PDF). jp.pr.gov.
  35. ^ "Population and Area (Historical Censuses)" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
  36. ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico, Jewish Virtual Library, Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  37. ^ Luxner, Larry (August 3, 2004). "Puerto Rico's Jews planting roots on an island with little Jewish history". luxner.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2005. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  38. ^ Peffer, Randall (October 1, 2002). Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 142.
  39. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "The Contemporary City". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  40. ^ Kotoky, Anurag (May 4, 2009). "U.S. banking regulators move to clean up the financial mess in Puerto Rico". Reuters. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  41. ^ Dash, Eric (April 29, 2010). "Puerto Rican Lenders Face Their Own Crisis". New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
  42. ^ Peggy Ann Bliss. "$400,000 fund makes music for Santurce". Puerto Rico Daily Sun. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  43. ^ Peffer, Randall (October 1, 2002). Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 142.
  44. ^ Squires, Kathleen (January 12, 2015). "Neighborhood Guide: Santurce, San Juan's Hipster Haven". Fodors Travel Guide. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  45. ^ Travel (February 26, 2015). "Take a walk on Puerto Rico's hipster side | National Post". Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  46. ^ "Un proyecto urbano muestra a Santurce desde una nueva óptica". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). February 13, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  47. ^ "Abre la novena edición de "Santurce es ley" con un atractivo proyecto en la Plaza de la calle Hoare". Primera Hora (in Spanish). May 24, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  48. ^ "La Plaza del Mercado in Santurce, San Juan: The Complete Guide". TripSavvy. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  49. ^ "6 Puerto Rico TripAdvisor Tips We Love | ViaHero". www.viahero.com. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  50. ^ "La Placita de Santurce | San Juan & Around, Puerto Rico Nightlife". www.lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  51. ^ "Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899". War Department Office Director Census of Porto Rico. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  52. ^ "Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  53. ^ "Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  54. ^ "Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  55. ^ Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  56. ^ a b Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. 2010.
  57. ^ Society For Crypto Judaic Studies, Harry Ezratty, Profile Archived April 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, cryptojews.com; accessed March 18, 2015.
  58. ^ Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969.
  59. ^ Gwillim Law (May 20, 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  60. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  61. ^ "Teatro Victoria Espinosa". Discover Puerto Rico. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
[edit]

18°26′27″N 66°02′50″W / 18.44083°N 66.04722°W / 18.44083; -66.04722

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santurce,_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico&oldid=1253982916"