Shafi'i school

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The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism (Arabic: ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.^[1][2] It was founded by the Muslim scholar, jurist, and traditionist al-Shafi'i (c. 767–820 CE), "the father of Muslim jurisprudence",^[3] in the early 9th century.^[4][5][3]

The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are Ḥanafī, Mālikī and Ḥanbalī.^[1][2] Like the other schools of fiqh, Shafiʽi recognize the First Four Caliphs as the Islamic prophet Muhammad's rightful successors and relies on the Qurʾān and the "sound" books of Ḥadīths as primary sources of law.^[4][6] The Shafi'i school affirms the authority of both divine law-giving (the Qurʾān and the Sunnah) and human speculation regarding the Law.^[7] Where passages of Qurʾān and/or the Ḥadīths are ambiguous, the school seeks guidance of Qiyās (analogical reasoning).^[7][8] The Ijmā' (consensus of scholars or of the community) was "accepted but not stressed".^[7] The school rejected the dependence on local traditions as the source of legal precedent and rebuffed the Ahl al-Ra'y (personal opinion) and the Istiḥsān (juristic discretion).^[7][9]

The Shafiʽi school was widely followed in the Middle East until the rise of the Ottomans and the Safavids.^[6][10] Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafiʽi Islam across the Indian Ocean, as far as India and Southeast Asia.^[11][12] The Shafiʽi school is now predominantly found in parts of the Hejaz and the Levant, Lower Egypt, Somalia, Yemen and Indonesia, and among the Kurdish people, in the North Caucasus and generally all across the Indian Ocean (Horn of Africa and the Swahili Coast in Africa and coastal South Asia and Southeast Asia).^{[13][14][1][15]}

One who ascribes to the Shafi'i school is called a Shafi'i, Shafi'ite or Shafi'ist (Arabic: ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-shāfiʿī, pl. ٱلشَّافِعِيَّة, al-shāfiʿiyya or ٱلشَّوَافِع, al-shawāfiʿ).

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The fundamental principle of the Shafiʽi thought depends on the idea that "to every act performed by a believer who is subject to the Law there corresponds a statute belonging to the Revealed Law or the Shari'a".^[9] This statute is either presented as such in the Qurʾān or the Sunnah or it is possible, by means of analogical reasoning (Qiyas), to infer it from the Qurʾān or the Sunnah.^[9]

As-Shafiʽi was the first jurist to insist that Ḥadīth were the decisive source of law (over traditional doctrines of earlier thoughts).^[16] In order of priority, the sources of jurisprudence according to the Shafiʽi thought, are:^[4][17]

• Qurʾān — the sacred scripture of Islam.^[9][4]
• Sunnah — defined by Al-Shāfiʿī as "the sayings, the acts, and the tacit acquiescence of Prophet Muhammad as related in solidly established traditions".^[9][17]

The school rejected dependence on local community practice as the source of legal precedent.^[7][18][9]

• Qiyas with Legal Proof or Dalil Shari'a — "Analogical reasoning as applied to the deduction of juridical principles from the Qurʾān and the Sunnah."^[4][17]
  • Analogy by Cause (Qiyas al-Ma'na/Qiyas al-Illa)^[9]
  • Analogy by Resemblance (Qiyas al-Shabah)^[9]
• Ijmā' — consensus of scholars or of the community ("accepted but not stressed").^[7]

The concept of Istishab was first introduced by the later Shafiʽi scholars.^[10] Al-Shafiʽi also postulated that "penal sanctions lapse in cases where repentance precedes punishment".^[16]

Views on FGM

The school does not differentiate male and female circumcision and considers female circumcision (Female Genital Mutilation) alongside male circumcision to be wajib (obligatory). This makes it unique among the four primary Sunni schools of Jurisprudence as the only one to fully require FGM.^[19]

The groundwork legal text for the Shafiʽi law is al-Shafiʽi's al-Risala ("the Message"), composed in Egypt. It outlines the principles of Shafiʽi legal thought as well as the derived jurisprudence.^[20] A first version of the Risālah, al-Risalah al-Qadima, produced by al-Shafiʽi during his stay in Baghdad, is currently lost.^[9]

Al-Shāfiʿī fundamentally criticised the concept of judicial conformism (the Istiḥsan).^[21]

• Shafiʽi school argued that various existing local traditions may not reflect the practice of Muhammad (a critique to the Mālikī thought).^[9] The local traditions, according to the Shāfiʿī understanding, thus cannot be treated as sources of law.^[21]

• The Shafiʽi school rebuffed the Ahl al-Ra'y (personal opinion) and the Istiḥsān (juristic discretion).^[9] It insisted that the rules of the jurists could no longer be invoked in legal issues without additional authentications.^[21][22][23] The school refused to admit doctrines that had no textual basis in either the Qurʾān or Ḥadīths, but were based on the opinions of Islamic scholars (the Imams^[21]).^[24][21]
• The Shafiʽi thinking believes that the methods may help to "substitute man for God and Prophet Muhammad, the only legitimate legislators"^[9] and "true knowledge and correct interpretation of religious obligations would suffer from arbitrary judgments infused with error".^{[25][26][27][28]}

Al-Shāfiʿī (c. 767–820 AD) visited most of the great centres of Islamic jurisprudence in the Middle East during the course of his travels and amassed a comprehensive knowledge of the different ways of legal theory. He was a student of Mālik ibn Anas, the founder of the Mālikī school of law, and of Muḥammad Shaybānī, the Baghdad Ḥanafī intellectual.^[3][29][30]

• The Shafiʽi thoughts were initially spread by Al-Shafiʽi students in Cairo and Baghdad. By the 10th century, the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and Syria also became chief centres of Shafiʽi ideas.^[10]
• The school later exclusively held the judgeships in Syria, Kirman, Bukhara and the Khorasan. It also flourished in northern Mesopotamia and in Daylam.^[10] The Ghurids also endorsed the Shafiʽis in the 11th and 12th centuries AD.^[10]
• Under Salah al-Din, the Shafiʽi school again became the paramount thought in Egypt (the region had come under Shi'a influence prior to this period).^[10] It was the "official school" of the Ayyubid dynasty and remained prominent during Mamlūk period also.^[16] Baybars, the Mamlūk sultan, later appointed judges from all four madhabs in Egypt.^[10]
• Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafiʽi Islam across the Indian Ocean, as far India and the Southeast Asia.^[11][12]

• Rise of the Ottomans in the 16th century resulted in the replacement of Shafiʽi judges by Ḥanafī scholars.^[28][10]
• Under the Safavids, Shafiʽi preeminence in Central Asia was replaced by Shi'a Islam.^[10]
• After the beginning of the Safavid rule, the presence of the Shafi's in Iran was limited to the western regions of the country.^{[31][32][33][34]}

The Shafiʽi school is presently predominant in the following parts of the world:^[13]

• Middle East and North Africa: Parts of Hejaz, the Levant (Palestine, Jordan and a significant number in Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq), Lower Egypt, among Sunnis in Iran and Yemen, and the Kurdish people.^{[16][7][35][36]}
• Eurasia: Northern regions of Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Chechen and Ingush regions of the North Caucasus.
• On the Indian Ocean
  • Africa: Djibouti, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and the Swahili Coast (Kenya and Tanzania).^[14][2]
  • South Asia: Maldives, Sri Lanka and southern India (Kerala, southern Tamil Nadu, western Karnataka).
  • Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Thailand, Brunei, and the southern Philippines.

The Shafiʽi school is one of the largest school of Sunni madhhabs by number of adherents.^[2][13] The demographic data by each fiqh, for each nation, is unavailable and the relative demographic size are estimates.

Al-Muzani (c.791-878) Al-Ghazali (c.1058-1111) Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (c.1230-1277) Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (c.1150-1209) Ibn al-Nafis (c.1213-1288) Ibn Kathir (c.1300-1373) Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam (c.1182-1262) Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (c.1228-1302) Al-Suyuti (c.1445-1505) In Hadith: Abu Zur'a al-Razi Abu Hatim al-Razi Ibn Khuzaymah Ibn Hibban Al-Khattabi Al-Daraqutni Hakim al-Nishaburi Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani Al-Bayhaqi (c.994-1066) Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi Al-Baghawi Ibn Asakir Ibn al-Salah Ibn al-Najjar Al-Nawawi Al-Mizzi Al-Dhahabi (c.1274-1348) Taqi al-Din al-Subki Ibn Kathir (c.1300-1373) Ibn al-Mulaqqin Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (c.1372-1449) Al-Sakhawi Al-Suyuti Al-Qastallani Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (c.1503-1566) In Tafsir: Al-Tabari (c.839-923) Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi Al-Baghawi Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Ibn Kathir (c.1300-1373) Taqi al-Din al-Subki Al-Baydawi Al-Mahalli Al-Suyuti Said Nursî Hamka

In Fiqh: Al-Khattabi Al-Mawardi Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi Al-Juwayni Al-Ghazali Al-Baghawi Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam Ibn al-Salah Ar-Rafi'i Al-Nawawi Taqi al-Din al-Subki Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini Ibn al-Mulaqqin Al-Baydawi Al-Mahalli Zakariyya al-Ansari Al-Suyuti Ibn Hajar al-Haytami Sayf al-Din al-Amidi Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri Zainuddin Makhdoom I Ibn Nuhaas Abdallah al-Qutbi In Usul al-Fiqh: Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi Al-Juwayni Al-Ghazali Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam Taqi al-Din al-Subki Al-Mahalli Al-Suyuti In Arabic language studies: Ibn Malik Ibn Hisham Fairuzabadi Taqi al-Din al-Subki Al-Suyuti In Theology: Ibn Kullab Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari Ibn Furak Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi Al-Bayhaqi Al-Juwayni Al-Ghazali Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam Rashid Rida Taqi al-Din al-Subki

In Philosophy: Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad Fazlur Rahman Malik Khaled Abou El Fadl In Sufism Harith al-Muhasibi Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin Qushayri Abu Talib al-Makki Imam al-Haddad Ahmad Ghazali (c.1061-1123) Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi Yusuf Hamdani Ahmed ar-Rifa'i Najm al-Din Kubra Shams Tabrizi Safi-ad-din Ardabili Kamal Khujandi Yusuf an-Nabhani Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla'i Uways al-Barawi In history Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi Ibn 'Asakir Ali ibn al-Athir Ibn al-Najjar Ibn Khallikan Al-Dhahabi Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani Statesmen Saladin Nizam al-Mulk

• Sunni Islam
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• Shia Islam

1.^ "The law provides sanctions for any religious practice other than the Sunni Shafiʽi doctrine of Islam and for prosecution of converts from Islam, and bans proselytizing for any religion except Islam."^[14]

• Al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs; Lowry, Joseph E. (2013). The Epistle on Legal Theory: A Translation of Al-Shafi'i's Risalah. Translated by Lowry, Joseph E. New York University Press. ISBN 9781479855445. JSTOR j.ctt17mvkhj.
• Cilardo, Agostino (2014). "Shafiʽi Fiqh". In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO.
• Yahia, Mohyddin (2009). Shafiʽi et les deux sources de la loi islamique, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, ISBN 978-2-503-53181-6
• Rippin, Andrew (2005). Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 90–93. ISBN 0-415-34888-9.
• Calder, Norman, Jawid Mojaddedi, and Andrew Rippin (2003). Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature. London: Routledge. Section 7.1.
• Schacht, Joseph (1950). The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Oxford University. pp. 16.
• Khadduri, Majid (1987). Islamic Jurisprudence: Shafiʽi's Risala. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society. pp. 286.
• Abd Majid, Mahmood (2007). Tajdid Fiqh Al-Imam Al-Syafi'i. Seminar pemikiran Tajdid Imam As Shafie 2007.
• al-Shafiʽi, Muhammad b. Idris, "The Book of the Amalgamation of Knowledge" translated by A.Y. Musa in Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam, New York: Palgrave, 2008.

• Shafi'iyyah (University of Cumbria)