Siege of Serdica (809)

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Siege of Serdica
Part of the Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars
Date Spring 809 Location Sofia 42°40′0″N 23°19′48″E / 42.66667°N 23.33000°E / 42.66667; 23.33000 Result Bulgarian victory
Belligerents
Bulgarian Empire	Byzantine Empire
Commanders and leaders
Krum	Unknown
Strength
Unknown	6,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown	6,000

The siege of Serdica (Bulgarian: Обсадата на Сердика) took place in the spring of 809 at modern Sofia, Bulgaria. As a result, the city was annexed to the Bulgarian State and remained so until the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire.

After the destruction of the Avar Khaganate, Khan Krum turned his gaze to the southwest to liberate the Slavs who populated the valley of the Struma River and Macedonia. The main obstacle to Krum's plan, however, was the strong Byzantine fortress at Serdica.

The Byzantine Empire, however, was the first to initiate conflict. In 807, the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I marched against Bulgaria but was soon forced to return to Constantinople due to a mutiny of his troops at Adrianople.^[1] The following year, the Bulgarians, in response to an equestrian raid in the valley of the Struma River, defeated the Byzantines and captured their baggage.

In the spring of 809, Krum took the offensive and surprised the Byzantines by besieging Serdica. The garrison held out for several weeks even as food supplies shrunk and the number of men declined due to desertions and the release of mercenaries. At Easter, the Byzantines were ready to surrender the fortress.^[2]

Krum promised to give safe conduct to the Byzantines on condition they yield the fortress. The Byzantines agreed and Krum entered Serdica before Easter. Despite Krum's promise of safe conduct, he killed the entire garrison of 6,000 along with some of the citizens. Nikephoros was unhappy with those Byzantines who abandoned the garrison and those who defected to the Bulgarians. One of those defecting was the highly skilled mechanic Evmat who would help Krum later on with the construction of siege machines.

The taking of Serdica was significant for Bulgaria in that the city was a major crossroad of Southeast Europe. In addition, Serdica was used as a primary military position by later rulers of Bulgaria to expand borders and spread their influence.

• Andreev, Yordan; Lalkov, Milcho (1996). Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (in Bulgarian). Veliko Tarnovo.
• Norwich, John J. (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
• Peychev, Atanas (1984). 1300 Years on Guard. Sofia: Military Publishing House.
• Venning, Timothy, ed. (2006). A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1774-4. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
• Zlatarski, Vasil N. (1970). History of the Bulgarian State in the Middle Ages, Part I (2nd ed.). Sofia: Science and Art.

• Stoyanov, Aleksandr (July 2019). "The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages". Journal of Military History. 83 (3): 719–746.