Simraungadh (medieval city)

This article is about the medieval city. For Municipality in Nepal, see Simraungadh (Municipality).
Simraungadh
Native name
सिमरौनगढ़ (Hindi)
Location of the medieval city of Simraungadh on the India-Nepal border following archaeological excavations
Founded11th century
Demolished1324

Simraungadh, (also referred to as Simramapura, Simraongarh or Simroungarh) (/ˈsiːmraʊnɡɜːr/, Devanagari: सिम्रौनगढ) was a fortified city[1] and the main capital of the Karnats of Mithila,[2] founded by its first ruler, Nanyadeva[3] in 1097.[4][5][6] At the present time, the excavations show that the city is located on the India-Nepal border. There is also a municipality by the same name in Nepal.[7] The archaeological site is currently split between Bara district in Nepal in the north and East Champaran in Bihar, India in the south, both falling within the Mithila cultural region.[8][9]

History

[edit]
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq leading his troops in the capture of the city of Simraungadh (1324). A 1410 Jalayrid Mongol illustration of the Basātin al-uns, a book written by Akhsatan Dehlavi al-Hindi, a member of the Tughluq court and an ambassador to Iran. Ca.1410 copy of 1326 lost original. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.[10]

Harisingh Dev (r. 1295 to 1324 CE), the sixth descendant of Nanyadeva was ruling the Tirhut Kingdom. At the same time, the Tughlaq dynasty came to power and ruled the Delhi sultanate, and whole of Northern India, from 1320 to 1413 CE. In 1324 CE, the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty and Delhi Sultan, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq turned his attention towards Bengal.[11] The Tughlaq army invaded Bengal and on his way back to Delhi, The sultan heard about the Simraungarh which was flourishing inside the jungle.[12] The last king of the Karnata dynasty, Harisingh Dev didn't show his strength and left the fort as he heard the news of approaching army of the Tughlaq Sultan towards the Simraungarh.[13] The Sultan and his troop stayed there for 3 days and cleared the dense forest. Finally on day 3, the army attacked and entered the huge fort whose walls was tall and surrounded by 7 big ditches.[14]

The remains are still scattered all over the Simroungarh region. King Harisingh Deva fled northwards into the then Nepal. The son of Harisingh Dev, Jagatsingh Dev married Nayak Devi, the widowed princess of Bhaktapur.[15]

Medieval city plan and fortification

[edit]
City plan according to Cassiano Beligatti in 1740

The medieval city of Simraungadh was enclosed within an impressive system of earthen ramparts and infilled ditches.[16] The fortification of the medieval city has a rectangular shape and ground plan. The fortifications of Simraungadh are called Baahi locally[17] and remembered as a Labyrinth.[7] The fort is spread in 6 Kos[18] and the main enclosure is about 7.5 km north–south and 4.5 km east–west. The eastern and western sides of the fort were built over two natural embankments. The western side of the fort was dry in comparison to the eastern side.[9] The Labyrinth and the powerful defence system of the city were well planned to protect from the river floods, and enemies and regulate agriculture from controlled flow of water from the ditches showing the ability of the Kingdom.

During the reign of Rama Singh Deva (r. 1227 - 1285 CE) over Simraungadh, the Tibetan monk Dharmasvamin visited the fortified city in 1236 AD on his way back to Nepal and Tibet from Nalanda. He made the following remarks regarding the palace and fortification system of Pa-ta (Simraungadh),

The city was surrounded by seven tall walls, and the palace had eleven large gates and was surrounded by 21 ditches filled with water and rows of trees. The height of the city walls was equal to that of a Tibetan fort. The protective measures were taken due to Tughlaq armies, who led an army expedition but failed to reach it.

After the fall and decline of the Karnat dynasty from Simraungadh,[19] the region was either controlled by Oiniwar rulers or Makwanpur rulers until the Unification of Nepal in 1768 AD. During the period, an Italian Missionary traveller Cassiano Beligatti, with seven other missionaries reached this place on their way to Kathmandu valley from Patna on 29 February 1740.[20] He describes his journey on his travelling manuscript about this place is as follows,

There were some old ruins, and some seemed to be remains of substantial buildings. The city was situated in the quasi-labyrinth enclosed by high walls and was impossible to enter except in a single spot. There were four fortresses, which were evenly distributed from place to place within the enclosures of the labyrinth; and these enclosures had a distance from one side to the other of about a Kos or two miles, and the walls were extremely high with a width in proportion.[21]

[edit]
  • Simraungadh Toran Dwar Statue
    Simraungadh Toran Dwar Statue
  • Pillar at Simraungadh
    Pillar at Simraungadh
  • Statue of Brahma from Simraungadh at National Museum Kathmandu
    Statue of Brahma from Simraungadh at National Museum Kathmandu
  • 12th century Stone Inscription from Simraungadh in Tirhuta script
    12th century Stone Inscription from Simraungadh in Tirhuta script
  • Simraungadh Brahma statue
    Simraungadh Brahma statue
  • Statue of the Buddha found at Simraungadh
    Statue of the Buddha found at Simraungadh
  • Dvarapala found at Simraungadh
    Dvarapala found at Simraungadh
  • Shiva found at Simraungadh
    Shiva found at Simraungadh
  • Statue of Garuda
    Statue of Garuda
  • Bhairava statue
    Bhairava statue

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lunden, Staffan (1994). "A Nepalese Labyrinth" (PDF). Caerdroia. 26: 13–21.
  2. ^ Jha, Makhan (1982). Civilizational Regions of Mithila & Mahakoshal. Capital Publishing House.
  3. ^ Sinha, Chandreshwar Prasad Narayan (1979). Mithila Under the Karnatas, C. 1097-1325 A.D. Janaki Prakashan.
  4. ^ Chaudhary, Radhakrishna. Mithilak Itihas [मिथिलाक इतिहास] (in Hindi). Ram Vilas Sahu. pp. 70–112. ISBN 9789380538280.
  5. ^ Cimino Maria, Rosa (August 1986). "Simraongarh The forgotten city and its art" (PDF). Contribution to Nepalese Studies. 13 (3): 277–288. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  6. ^ Garbini, Riccardo (October–November 1993). "A Fragmentary Inscription From Simraongarh, The Ancient Mithila Capital" (PDF). Ancient Nepal (135): 1–9. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  7. ^ a b Vidale, M; Lugli, F (1992). "Archaeological Investigation at Simraongarh" (PDF). Ancient Nepal: 2. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  8. ^ Jha, Pankaj (2019). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 27. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.001.0001. ISBN 9780199489558.
  9. ^ a b Vidale, M.; Balista, C.; Torrieri, V. (October–November 1993). "A Test Trench Through the Fortifications of Simraongarh" (PDF). Ancient Nepal (135): 10–21. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  10. ^ ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). "Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" (PDF). Muqarnas. 28: 230, 258 Fig.56. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 23350289.
  11. ^ Choudhary, Radhakrishna (1970). History of Muslim rule in Tirhut, 1206-1765, A.D. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.
  12. ^ Thapa, Netra Bahadur (1981). A Short History of Nepal (PDF). Ratna Pustak Bhandar. pp. 38–39.
  13. ^ Abdusi Akhsatan Dehlavi, Mohammad bin Sadr Taj (1301–1335). "Basatin-Ul Uns". Center for Persian Research: XXI. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (1829). History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Till the Year A.D. 1612. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  15. ^ "Simroungarh | Nepal | Heritage & Archaeological Site".
  16. ^ Khanāla, Mohanaprasāda (1999). Simaraunagaḍhako itihāsa [History of Simraungadh] (in Nepali). Nepāla ra Eśiyālī Anusandhāna Kendra, Tribhuvana Viśvavidyālaya.
  17. ^ "बारा जिल्लाको ऐतिहासिक पर्यटकीय गन्तव्य सिम्रौनगढ" [Simraungadh is a historical tourist destination of Bara district]. nepalpatra.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  18. ^ Sharma, Janak Lal (January 1968). "चितवनदेखि जनकपुरसम्मका केही पुरातात्विक स्थल" [Some archeological sites from Chitwan to Janakpur] (PDF). Ancient Nepal (in Nepali) (2): 1–10. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  19. ^ Giri, Sheetal. "डोय राज्यको स्थापना र पतन" [Rise and fall of Doy Kingdom]. Nagarik News (in Nepali). Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  20. ^ Landon, Perceval (2007). Nepal. New Delhi, India: Rupa & Co. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-81-291-1084-8. OCLC 244248214.
  21. ^ Lundén, Staffan (June 1998). "A Nepalese Labyrinth". Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO). 48 (1/2): 117–134. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
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