Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet

Sir Samuel Hood Bt KB
Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet, portrait by unknown artist, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
Born	27 November 1762 (1762-11-27)
Died	December 24, 1814(1814-12-24) (aged 52) Madras, India
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service / branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1776 – 1814
Rank	Vice-admiral
Commands	HMS Juno HMS Aigle HMS Zealous HMS Venerable East Indies Station Leeward Islands Station
Battles / wars	First Battle of Ushant, 1778 Battle of the Saintes, 1782 Battle of the Nile, 1798
Awards	Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword Knight of the Order of the Bath
Relations	Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood (1724–1816); Admiral Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport (1726–1814)

Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet, KB (27 November 1762 – 24 December 1814), of 37 Lower Wimpole Street, London,^[3] was an officer of the Royal Navy. He served as a Member of Parliament for Westminster in 1806.

He is not to be confused with his father's first cousin Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood (1724–1816) who sponsored both him and his elder brother Captain Alexander Hood (1758–1798) into the Royal Navy.^[4]

He was born on 27 November 1762, the 3rd son of Samuel Hood (1715–1805), a purser in the Royal Navy, of Kingsland in the parish of Netherbury in Dorset,^[5] by his wife Anne Bere, a daughter of James Bere of Westbury in Wiltshire.^[6] His father's first cousins were the famous brothers Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood (1724–1816) and Admiral Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport (1726–1814), sons of Rev. Samuel Hood (1691/2-1777), Vicar of Butleigh and prebendary of Wells Cathedral both in Somerset and Vicar of Thorncombe in Devon. The 1st Baronet's two elder brothers were also naval officers, like Samuel all "gallant Dorset sailors" (as the latter's 1914 monument in Netherbury Church records^[7][8]), namely Captain Arthur Hood (1755–1775) (drowned while serving in the West Indies on board HMS Pomona) and Captain Alexander Hood (1758–1798) (killed in the hour of victory while commanding HMS Mars in her famous duel with the French ship 'Hercule').^[9] The mural monument in Butleigh Church to the 1st Baronet and his brothers is inscribed with verse by the poet Robert Southey, including the lines referring to their early lives and kinsmen:

He entered the Royal Navy in 1776 at the start of the American War of Independence.^[10] His first engagement was the First Battle of Ushant on 27 July 1778, and, soon afterwards transferred to the West Indies, he was present, under the command of his cousin, at all the actions which culminated in Admiral George Rodney's victory of 12 April 1782 in the Battle of the Saintes.

After the peace, like many other British naval officers, Hood spent some time in France, and on his return to England was given the command of a sloop, from which he proceeded in succession to various frigates. In the 32-gun fifth-rate frigate Juno his gallant rescue of some shipwrecked seamen won him a vote of thanks and a sword of honour from the Jamaica assembly.^[10]

Early in 1793, after the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, Hood went to the Mediterranean in Juno under his cousin Lord Hood, and distinguished himself by an audacious feat of coolness and seamanship in extricating his vessel from the harbour of Toulon, which he had entered in ignorance of Lord Hood's withdrawal. In 1795, in Aigle, he was put in command of a squadron for the protection of Levantine commerce, and in early 1797 he was given command of the 74-gun ship of the line Zealous, in which he was present at Admiral Horatio Nelson's unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Captain Hood conducted the negotiations which relieved the squadron from the consequences of its failure.^[10]

Zealous played an important part at the Battle of the Nile. Her first opponent was put out of action in twelve minutes. Hood immediately engaged other ships, the Guerriere being left powerless to fire a shot.

When Nelson left the coast of Egypt, Hood commanded the blockading force off Alexandria and Rosetta. Later he rejoined Nelson on the coast of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, receiving for his services the order of St Ferdinand.^[10]

In the 74-gun third-rate Venerable Hood was present at the Battle of Algeciras on 8 July 1801 and the action in the Straits of Gibraltar that followed. In the Straits his ship suffered heavily, losing 130 officers and men.

In 1802, Hood was employed in Trinidad as a commissioner, and, upon the death of the flag officer commanding the Leeward Islands Station, he succeeded him as commodore.^[11] Island after island fell to him, and soon, outside Martinique, the French had scarcely a foothold in the West Indies. Amongst other measures Hood took one may mention the garrisoning of Diamond Rock, which he commissioned as a sloop-of-war to blockade the approaches of Martinique. For these successes he was, amongst other rewards, appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath (KB).^[10]

In command next of the squadron blockading Rochefort, Sir Samuel Hood lost an arm during the action of 25 September 1806 against a French frigate squadron. Promoted to Rear Admiral a few days after this action, Hood was in 1807 entrusted with the operations against Madeira, which he brought to a successful conclusion.^[10]

In 1808 Hood sailed to the Baltic Sea, with his flag in the 74-gun Centaur, to take part in the Russo-Swedish war. In one of the actions of this war Centaur and Implacable, while unsupported by the Swedish ships (which lay to leeward), cut out the Russian 50-gun ship Sevolod from the enemy's line and, after a desperate fight, forced her to strike. King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden rewarded Admiral Hood with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword.^[10] He became a baronet on 1 April 1809.^[12]

Having been present in the roads of A Coruña at the re-embarkation of the army of Sir John Moore after the Battle of A Coruña, Hood thence returned to the Mediterranean, where for two years he commanded a division of the British fleet. On 1 August 1811 he was promoted to vice admiral.^[10]

He departed Portsmouth at the end of September with his family and Captain Webley aboard HMS Owen Glendower 36 under Captain Bryan Hodgson. They were put back into Lymington within days due to bad weather. He departed again at the end of October. After a very rough voyage, Hood eventually arrived at Madras in 1812 where he took HMS Illustrious 74 as his flagship in his last command, that of Commander in Chief of the East Indies Station. He moved with Captain Webley to HMS Minden 74 once she was brought out from Portsmouth by Captain Alexander Skene in January 1813. Minden remained as his flagship through December 1814 with his friend Captain George Henderson taking command in April 1814.^[13][14][15] "In the summer of 1814 [Admiral Hood] made a voyage, in his majesty’s ship Minden, to the eastern parts of his station.”^[16] He eventually arrived at Semarang, Java on 29 June 1814. Hood then "sailed on the Minden from Batavia on 1 August 1814 for Madras.^[17][18]

While serving in the East Indies Station - "His command was uneventful, the war [in that area] having been brought to an end with the reduction of Java and Mauritius: and the time was mainly occupied in regulating and reforming points of organization or discipline and the methods of victualling, in which he introduced some substantial reforms, effecting a saving to the government of something like thirty per cent.”^[19]

He married Mary Elizabeth Frederica Mackenzie, eldest daughter and heiress of Francis Mackenzie, 1st Baron Seaforth, but left no issue.

Hood was about to retire and return to England. Rear-Admiral Sir George Burlton had been appointed to succeed him, but before the exchange could take place Hood died at Madras on 24 December 1814 after a three-day fever following a visit to Tippoo Sahib's former palace at Srirangapatna.^[13] "In him it may truly be said, that the British nation lost one of its most experienced and gallant defenders, a long-tried friend and companion of the Immortal Nelson."^[20] He was buried at St. Mary's Church, Madras, where survives his mural monument. The heir to his baronetcy, under special remainder, was his nephew Sir Alexander Hood, 2nd Baronet (1793–1851), son of his elder brother Captain Alexander Hood (1758–1798) by his wife Elizabeth Periam, daughter and sole heiress of John Periam (1714–1788) of Wootton House^[21][22][23] (alias "Butleigh Wootton") in the parish of Butleigh, Somerset.

A lofty column, the Admiral Hood Monument, was raised to his memory on a hill on the Wootton House estate, 3⁄4 of a mile (1.2 of a km) to the south-west of Wootton House,^[24] Butleigh, Somerset, inherited by his nephew and heir Sir Alexander Hood, 2nd Baronet (1793–1851) from his mother Elizabeth Periam. The Butleigh connection started with Sir Samuel Hood's great uncle (and the father of his two famous Admiral cousins) Rev. Samuel Hood (1689–1777) who was Vicar of Butleigh and of Thorncombe in Somerset and was a Prebendary of Wells Cathedral. The south face of its base is inscribed:^[25]

This monument is dedicated to the late Commander by the attachment and reverence of British officers of whom many were his admiring followers in these awful scenes of war; in which, while they call forth the grandest qualities of human nature, in his likewise gave occasion for the exercise of its most amiable virtues. He died at Madras, December 24th 1814.

Other monuments survive in Butleigh Church (with an inscription written by the poet Robert Southey) and in St. Mary's Church, Madras. The Hoods Tower Museum in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka, gains its name from the fire control tower named after him at Fort Ostenburg.

• James, William; Chamier, Frederick (1837). The Naval History of Great Britain 1793 – 1827. London: Richard Bentley.
• Hall, Basil (1862). The Lieutenant and Commander. London: Bell and Daldy.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hood, Sir Samuel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

• Parliamentary biography