Sohal surgeonfish

Sohal surgeonfish
In the Red Sea

Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)[2] (Persian Gulf)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Acanthuriformes
Family: Acanthuridae
Genus: Acanthurus
Species:
A. sohal
Binomial name
Acanthurus sohal
(Forsskål 1775)
Synonyms[3]
  • Chaetodon sohal Forsskål, 1775
  • Acanthurus carinatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801
  • Acanthurus ruppelii Swainson, 1839
  • Ctenodon ruppelii (Swainson, 1839)

The sohal surgeonfish (Acanthurus sohal) or sohal tang, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acanthuridae, which includes the surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and tangs. This fish is found in the northwestern Indian Ocean.

Taxonomy

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The sohal surgeonfish was first formally described in 1775 as Chaetodon sohal by the Swedish-speaking Finnish naturalist, explorer and orientalist Peter Forsskål with its type locality given as the Red Sea.[4] Forsskål proposed Acanthuirus as a subgenus of Chaetodon although he recognised that it was probably different from Chaetodon even at the family level. In 1856 Desmarest designated Teuthis hepatus, which had been described from a type now known to have been collected at Ambon Island in the Moluccas (other erroneous type localities were named) in 1758 by Linnaeus, as the type species of the genus.[5][4] T. hepatus is a synonym of Paracanthurus hepatus and this would make Paracanthurus synonymous with Acanthurus. An alternative would be to use the name Harpurus proposed as a monospecific genus in 1788 by Johann Reinhold Forster when he described Harpurus fasciatus, a synonym of Acanthurus triostegus. It has been proposed that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should be petitioned to stabilise the genera Acanthurus and Paracanthurus.[6] In 2014 it was proposed that the type species of Acanthurus should be C. sohal, which had also been described by Forsskål in 1775 as a member of the subgenus alongside C. bifasciatus, C. nigrofuscus and C. unicornis, and had been designated as the type species by Jordan and Evermann in 1917.[7] The genus Acanthurus is one of two genera in the tribe Acanthurini which is one of three tribes in the subfamily Acanthurinae which is one of two subfamilies in the family Acanthuridae.[8]

Etymology

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The sohal surgeonfish's specific name, sohal, is the Arabic name for this species along the Red Sea coast.[9]

Description

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Juvenile
Adult

The sohal surgeonfish has its dorsal fin supported by 9 spines and 30 or 31 soft rays while the anal fin is supported by 3 spines and 28 or 29, typically 29, soft rays. The depth of the body is around half the standard length. This fish has longitudinal, thin black stripes separated by greenish olive stripes and these join together at the spine on the caudal peduncle. The stripes are finer and more sinuous on the upper body but broader and straighter on the lower body. The stripes are greyer on the upper head and nape. The lower head and ventral surface of the body are pale with faint grey and greenish grey longitudinal lines> the dorsal, anal and pelvic fins are black with vivid blue margins, there is a large patch of orange on the body underneath the pectoral fin and the sheath of the spine on the caudal peduncle is orange. The caudal fin is lunate.[10] This species has a maximum published total length of 40 cm (16 in).[3]

Distribution and habitat

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Juvenile, in the Red Sea

The sohal surgeonfish is endemic to the northwestern Indian Ocean where it is found in the Red Sea, east along the coast of the Arabian Peninsula to the Persian Gulf.[1] It has been found in the Mediterranean Sea, in 2017 and 2018, and reached there either by release from an aquarium or by Lessepsian migration through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea.[11] It is usually found on the outer edges of fringing reefs that are exposed to surge, typically down to depths of around 20 m (66 ft).[10]

Biology

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Fighting an elegant unicornfish

The sohal surgeonfish may be encountered either singly or in small schools and is known to be very territorial. The spine on the caudal peduncle has been reported to bear venom.[10] It grazes on algae growing on hard substrates and despite being solitary they will school to graze in the territories of other fishes. The territory guards food resources and the territory holder may shelter and otherwise spend a lot of time out of its territory or patrolling its boundaries.[1]

Utilisation

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The sohal surgeonfish is targeted by fisheries as a food fish and is also traded in the aquarium trade.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Choat, J.H.; McIlwain, J.; Abesamis, R.; et al. (2012). "Acanthurus sohal". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T177987A1512212. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T177987A1512212.en. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  2. ^ Choat, J.H.; Burt, J.; Al-Khalaf, K. & Alam, S. (2015). "Acanthurus sohal (Persian Gulf assessment)". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T177987A56983649. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Acanthurus sohal". FishBase. June 2023 version.
  4. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Acanthurus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  5. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Acanthuridae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  6. ^ Ronald Fricke (2008). "Authorship, availability and validity of fish names described by Peter (Pehr) Simon Forsskål and Johann Christian Fabricius in the 'Descriptiones animalium' by Carsten Niebuhr in 1775 (Pisces)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie. 1: 1–76.
  7. ^ Vahe D. Demirjian (2014). "Acanthurus Forsskål, 1775 (Osteichthyes, ACANTHURIDAE): proposed conservation by designation of Chaetodon sohal Forsskål, 1775 as the type species". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 71 (2): 81–83.
  8. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  9. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 2): Families EPHIPPIDAE, LEIOGNATHIDAE, SCATOPHAGIDAE, ANTIGONIIDAE, SIGANIDAE, CAPROIDAE, LUVARIDAE, ZANCLIDAE and ACANTHURIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  10. ^ a b c John E. Randall (2022). "Family Acanthuridae". In Phillip C Heemstra; Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; John E Randall (eds.). Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean (PDF). Vol. 5. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 219–244. ISBN 978-1-990951-32-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-12. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  11. ^ Michel Bariche1; Nancy Sayar1; and Paolo Balistrer (2019). "Records of two non-indigenous fish species Synanceia verrucosa Bloch and Schneider, 1801 and Acanthurus sohal (Forsskål, 1775) from the Gaza strip (eastern Mediterranean Sea)" (PDF). BioInvasions Records. 8 (3): 699–705.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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