Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna

Sri Lanka People's Front
ශ්‍රී ලංකා පොදුජන පෙරමුණ
இலங்கை பொதுஜன முன்னணி
AbbreviationSLPP
LeaderMahinda Rajapaksa[1]
ChairpersonVen. Prof. Uthurawala Dhammarathana Thero[2]
General SecretarySagara Kariyawasam
FounderBasil Rajapaksa
Founded2016; 8 years ago (2016)
Split fromSri Lanka Freedom Party[3]
Preceded byThe Sri Lanka National Front
Headquarters1316 Nelum Mawatha, Jayanthipura, Battaramulla[4]
Youth wingSri Lanka People's Youth Front
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[12]
National affiliationSri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance
Colours  Maroon
Sloganඅපි අපේ රට හදමු!
('Let's Build Our Country!')
Parliament of Sri Lanka
3 / 225
Local Government Bodies
3 / 30
Election symbol
Flower bud
Party flag
Website
slpp.org
Part of a series on the
Aragalaya
Protesters protest in front of the Presidential Secretariat
Background
Existing political culture
Pre-2022 political instabilty
Economic crisis (2019–present)
Causes
Effects
Political crisis (2022–present)
Opponents & demands
  • Opponents
  • Demands

1. Resignation of President Gotabaya Rajapaksa 2. Accountability for corruption 3. Economic reforms 4. Access to essential services 5. Political reforms 6. Youth participation

Protests
Government overthrow
Elections of 2024
Legacy
Legacy

The Sri Lanka People's Front (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා පොදුජන පෙරමුණ, romanized: Śrī Laṃkā Podujana Peramuna; Tamil: இலங்கை பொதுஜன முன்னணி, romanized: Ilaṅkai Potujaṉa Muṉṉaṇi), commonly known by its Sinhalese name Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP), is a political party in Sri Lanka. It was the ruling party in Sri Lanka from 2019 to 2022 and was the largest party in parliament from 2020 to 2024.[13] Previously a minor political party known as the Sri Lanka National Front (SLNF) and Our Sri Lanka Freedom Front (OSLFF), it was relaunched in 2016 as the SLPP and the party became the base for members of the United People's Freedom Alliance loyal to its former leader Mahinda Rajapaksa and the Rajapaksa family.[5]

The party was formed as a result of a split from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), a centre-left, Sinhalese nationalist, and post-colonial party.[11] The SLPP borrowed some elements of the SLFP ideology but not its economic outlook,[11] and is opposed to federalism in Sri Lanka.[14] The party is led by Mahinda Rajapaksa,[15] a former president of Sri Lanka. Sagara Kariyawasam is the general secretary of the party. G. L. Peiris was formerly the chairman of the party before defecting to form the Freedom People's Congress.[16]

Background

[edit]

Sri Lanka National Front

[edit]

The Sri Lanka National Front (Sri Lanka Jathika Peramuna) contested the 2001 Sri Lankan parliamentary election in 15 of the 22 electoral districts across the country. The party failed to win a single seat in the Parliament of Sri Lanka after securing 719 votes (about 0.01% of all votes cast).[17] The SLNF contested again in the 2004 Sri Lankan parliamentary election in 17 of the 22 electoral districts but once again failed to win any seats in Parliament after securing 493 votes (0.01%).[18] SLNF leader Wimal Geeganage contested the 2005 Sri Lankan presidential election and came in eighth after securing 6,639 votes (0.07%).[19]

The SLNF contested the 2010 Sri Lankan parliamentary election in 19 of the 22 electoral districts but failed to win any seats in Parliament after securing 5,313 votes (0.07%) across the country.[20] Geeganage contested in the 2015 Sri Lankan presidential election and came in last place, at 19th, after securing 1,826 votes (0.02%).[21]

Our Sri Lanka Freedom Front

[edit]

In 2015, the SLNF changed its name to Our Sri Lanka Freedom Front (Ape Sri Lanka Nidahas Peramuna) and its symbol from the cricket bat to a flower bud.[22][23] In early 2016, OSLFF leader Geeganage hinted that a change in the party leadership was soon to come.[24]

History

[edit]

Founding

[edit]

In November 2016, the OSLFF relaunched itself as the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna, a political front for the Joint Opposition, and appointed G. L. Peiris, the country's former minister of foreign affairs and Rajapaksa ally, as its chairman.[25][26] Attorney Sagara Kariyawasam, a former organizer of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and attorney for former president Rajapaksa and his brother, former defense secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa,[27][28][29] was appointed as the party secretary. The flower bud remained as the symbol of the party.[30][31] Basil Rajapaksa, another brother of Rajapaksa, joined the SLPP shortly after it was relaunched.[32]

Electoral successes

[edit]

In the 2018 Sri Lankan local elections, in a surprise result, the SLPP won a 40% plurality of votes, emerging as the party with the most councilors and local authorities;[33][34] they won 239 Local Government Bodies including Municipals Councils, Urban Councils, and Pradeshiya Sabhas.[35] The SLPP contested in the election under its flower bud symbol.[36] In the 2019 Sri Lankan presidential election, the younger brother of the Rajapaksas contested in the elections as the SLPP candidate and later won the election and was sworn in as the new president of Sri Lanka.[37][38] In the 2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election, the SLPP won a landslide victory and a clear majority in the parliament, winning 116 seats in Parliament. Five members of the Rajapaksa family won seats in the parliament, and the former president Rajapaksa was sworn in as the new prime minister of Sri Lanka.[39]

Economic crisis

[edit]
Main article: Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)

The Rajapaksa administration introduced massive tax cuts in late 2019,[40] which lead to a drop in government revenue that was soon compounded with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which saw the island nation losing its lucrative US$3 billion tourism industry that put 200,000 out of work in 2020 and most of 2021. Although the export sector picked up by 2021 and tourism started picking up, it appeared that Sri Lanka was facing its most severe economic crisis since its independence in 1948 due to the loss of revenue from tax cuts, rampant money printing and unsustainable borrowings. By end of 2021, Sri Lanka was facing a debt crisis with a possibility of sovereign default. According to a poll conducted by Verité Research in March 2022, the government's approval rating had fallen to just 10% as a result of the crisis.[41]

Following severe shortages of fuel, the state owned Ceylon Electricity Board was forced to implement 10–13 hour power cuts across the island in late March. The SLPP government was beginning to grow increasingly unpopular. This triggered the 2022 Sri Lankan protests, which demanded the resignation of Gotabaya Rajapaksa and other key officials from the Rajapaksa family.[42][43][44] On 3 April, several ministers in the second Gotabaya Rajapaksa cabinet submitted their resignations. This included three ministers from the Rajapaksa family: Chamal Rajapaksa, Basil Rajapaksa, and Namal Rajapaksa.[45] The president was to announce the new cabinet the following day. On 18 April, Rajapaksa appointed 17 new cabinet members, selected among his party members. This move was seen as a sign of Rajapaksa's lack of willingness to listen and adhere to the protesters' demands.[46]

On 9 May, Rajapaksa tendered his resignation as prime minister to the president.[47] Rajapaksa was heavily criticised by netizens and the public for resigning after instigating violence against peaceful protests.[48] Ranil Wickremesinghe was sworn in as the new prime minister on 12 May. Eventually, protests peaked on 9 July, after large numbers of protesters gathered at Chatham Street, near the President's House, Colombo, demanding his immediate resignation. Protesters also broke into the Presidential Secretariat and Temple Trees, the prime minister's official residence,[49] and gathered around the private residence at 115 Fifth Lane of Wickremesinghe. The speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka issued a statement that night that Rajapaksa would resign from office on 13 July.[50][51] Political parties including the country's opposition agreed to form an all-party interim government after the president's resignation.[52][53] Wickremesinghe also announced that he would be willing to resign as prime minister, saying that he would do so once a new government was formed.[54][55]

Self-exile and resignation of Gotabaya Rajapaksa

[edit]

On the morning of 13 July, Rajapaksa fled Sri Lanka and appointed Wickremesinghe as acting president in his absence. Rajapaksa emailed a letter of resignation to the speaker of the parliament on 14 July the next day, thus marking the end of Rajapaksa's presidency.[56] The news of his resignation was celebrated by the public mainly at Galle Face and also in the other parts of Colombo.[57] On 15 July, the parliamentary speaker Mahinda Yapa Abewardhana announced the official resignation of Rajapaksa.[58] Wickremesinghe was officially sworn in as the acting president,[59] and was later elected in the 2022 Sri Lankan presidential election by the Parliament of Sri Lanka to complete the remainder of Rajapaksa's term.[60]

During the 2022 Sri Lankan presidential election, Dinesh Gunawardena temporarily succeeded Mahinda Rajapaksa as the de facto leader of the SLPP.[61] Gunawardena would later become Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. On 15 December 2023, the National Convention of the SLPP was held, in which Mahinda Rajapaksa was reappointed as the party leader.[62][63]

2024 presidential election

[edit]

In 2024, there was much speculation whether the SLPP would field its own candidate or endorse incumbent president Ranil Wickremesinghe at the 2024 presidential election. In late July 2024, the SLPP announced that it would not endorse Wickremesinghe in the election.[64] On 7 August 2024, the SLPP announced Namal Rajapaksa, son of Mahinda Rajapaksa, as its candidate in the 2024 presidential election. He was the youngest candidate in the election.[65] Rajapaksa was eliminated after the first vote count, placing 4th behind Anura Kumara Dissanayake, Sajith Premadasa and Ranil Wickremesinghe and winning only 2.57% of the popular vote.[66]

2024 Parliamentary election

[edit]

From the election results so far it is apparent that the NPP is on the threshold of obtaining a two-thirds majority in Parliament , or fall slightly short. The SLPP managed to secure only 3 seats including one bonus seat (national list) in the Parliament through the results of the 2024 Election. The number of total votes obtained by the SLPP, once the largest party in Parliament from 2020 to 2024, was only 350,429 (3.14%) in this year’s parliamentary poll.[67]

If the NPP gets a two-thirds majority, it is the first time under the Proportional Representation system that one party has got a two thirds majority in Parliament. In 2010 the United People's Freedom Alliance and in 2020 the SLPP fell just short of a two thirds and had to get the support of some opposition members to get a two thirds majority.[68]

Ideology

[edit]

The SLPP split from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), a centre-left, Sinhalese nationalist, and post-colonial party, which political scientist Jayadeva Uyangoda described as "a progressive, social democratic, centre-left political party, that made tremendous contribution to social change and democracy".[11] The SLPP borrowed the elements of nationalism from the SLFP but not its economic outlook.[11] The party is opposed to federalism in Sri Lanka.[14]

In 2019, the SLPP began to outperform the SLFP, which did not field a candidate in the 2019 presidential election.[11] The split and rightward turn of the SLPP,[3] which moved towards neo-nationalism and right-wing populism,[8][9] corresponded with the shifts of the nation's two other major parties: Anura Kumara Dissanayake's leftist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna moved closer to social democracy and democratic socialism, while Sajith Premadasa's free-market oriented United National Party (and later the Samagi Jana Balawegaya) became more supportive of welfare.[11] Uyangoda described the SLPP as "a right wing, neo-conservative party that favours authoritarianism", and commented: "Though ironically created by the SLFP, the SLPP doesn't replace it, it merely displaces it. The SLPP will undoubtedly tread a free market-oriented path but have Mahinda Rajapaksa to disguise its policy in state-capitalist rhetoric."[11] Ahead of the 2019 elections, Deshika Elapata, a junior researcher of the European Institute for Asian Studies, described the SLPP as "a socially right-wing and economically left-wing party rooted in Sinhalese nationalism and social democracy".[6]

Electoral history

[edit]

Presidential

[edit]
Election year Candidate Votes % Result
2005 Wimal Geeganage 6,639 0.07% Lost
2015 Wimal Geeganage 1,826 0.02% Lost
2019 Gotabaya Rajapaksa 6,924,255 52.25% Won
2022[a] Supported Ranil Wickremesinghe 134 (E.V) 61.19% Won
Dullas Alahapperuma 82 (E.V) 37.44% Lost
2024 Namal Rajapaksa 342,781 2.57% Lost

Parliamentary

[edit]
Election year Votes Vote % Seats won +/– Leader Result for the party
2001 719 0.01%
0 / 225
 New Wimal Geeganage Extra-parliamentary
2004 493 0.01%
0 / 225
 Steady Wimal Geeganage Extra-parliamentary
2010 5,313 0.07%
0 / 225
 Steady Wimal Geeganage Extra-parliamentary
2020 6,853,690 59.09%
145 / 225
[b] 		Increase 145 Mahinda Rajapaksa Government
2024 350,429 3.14%
3 / 225
 Decrease 142 Opposition

Local

[edit]
Election year Votes Vote % Councillors Local Authorities +/– Leader
2018 5,006,837 40.47%
3,436 / 8,327
231 / 340
 New Mahinda Rajapaksa
2019 (Elpitiya) 23,372 56.3%
17 / 29
1 / 1
 New
2024 (Elpitiya) 3,597 9.91%
3 / 30
0 / 1
 Decrease 14

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ This was an indirect election. During this election, one faction of the SLPP supported Wickremesinghe from the UNP, while the other faction supported Alahapperuma from the SLPP.
  2. ^ Total number of seats won by SLPFA, SLPP alone won 100 seats

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "SLPP re-elects Mahinda Rajapaksa as party leader". www.adaderana.lk. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  2. ^ Senanayake, Subashini. "Ven. Prof. Uthurawala Dhammarathana Thera elected SLPP Chairman". Daily News. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Jayatilleka, Dayan (12 November 2017). "The SLFP's Crisis". Colombo Telegraph. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 14 July 2022. In the growing Oppositional space, Mahinda Rajapaksa, the Rajapaksa family, and Prof G. L. Peiris would naturally have been a strong, organic center-left or liberal-nationalist moderate center, but they have been pulled to or pushed by the neo-nationalist populist Right, due to the ideological gravitational effect or osmosis of the Buddhist clergy and civil society as well as Diaspora pressure groups.
  4. ^ Jayamanna, Kamal; Marasinghe, Sandasen (12 February 2018). "Historic victory for SLPP – JO". Daily News. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Jayakody, Rasika (8 October 2017). "Week of Masqueraders". The Sunday Observer. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  6. ^ a b Elapata, Deshika (4 November 2019). "EU Election Observation Mission to Sri Lanka 2019". European Institute for Asian Studies. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  7. ^ [5][6]
  8. ^ a b c Gunawardena, Devaka (19 November 2019). "Sri Lanka: Gotabaya's Triumph Is Constrained by Circumstances Beyond His Control". The Wire. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  9. ^ a b Jayasuriya, Kanishka (27 November 2019). "The Sri Lankan election and authoritarian populism". East Asia Forum. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  10. ^ [5][8][9]
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Srinivasan, Meera (9 October 2019). "Is this the beginning of the political demise of Sri Lanka Freedom Party?". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  12. ^ [3][11][8]
  13. ^ "Sri Lanka ruling party to announce presidential candidate on Aug 07". EconomyNext. 6 August 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  14. ^ a b Jeyaraj, D. B. S. (23 February 2019). "The Politics of Demonizing Federalism and Depicting It as Separatism". Daily Mirror. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  15. ^ "Mahinda made Leader of SLPP". Ada Derana. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna". Colombo, Sri Lanka: Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  17. ^ "Results of Parliamentary General Election – 2001" (PDF). Colombo, Sri Lanka: Election Commission of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  18. ^ "Results of Parliamentary General Election – 2004" (PDF). Colombo, Sri Lanka: Election Commission of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  19. ^ "Results Of Presidential Election – 2005 (Summary)" (PDF). Colombo, Sri Lanka: Election Commission of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  20. ^ "Results of Parliamentary General Election – 2010" (PDF). Colombo, Sri Lanka: Election Commission of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  21. ^ "Results Of Presidential Election – 2015" (PDF). Colombo, Sri Lanka: Election Commission of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  22. ^ "If UPFA nomination foils; Mahinda prepared to contest through 'budding flower'". Ada Derana. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  23. ^ "G.L. Peiris to Chair Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna changed". Puvath.lk. November 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  24. ^ Fernando, Tharushan (2 February 2016). "Contention in political circles over budding new political party". News First. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  25. ^ "GL named Chairman of Podujana Peramuna". The Daily Mirror. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  26. ^ Sri Abeyratne, Dharma (3 November 2016). "Renamed political party under GL's chairmanship". Daily News. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  27. ^ Jayakody, Rasika (14 February 2016). "SLFP cracks down on dissidents as pro-MR party suffers birth-pangs". Sunday Observer. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  28. ^ Fonseka, Piyumi (26 July 2015). "MR sends Letters of Demand". The Daily Mirror. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  29. ^ Ramakrishnan, T. (24 April 2015). "Gotabaya Rajapaksa appears before anti-graft body". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  30. ^ Dharmasena, Ranil (3 November 2016). "Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna formed". The Island. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  31. ^ "'Our Sri Lanka Freedom Front' changes name; GL named Chairman". Ada Derana. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  32. ^ "Basil Rajapaksa Joins Sri Lanka Podujana Permauna". Hiru News. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  33. ^ Imtiaz, Zahrah (14 February 2018). "Over 180 Local Govt. hung councils". Daily News. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  34. ^ Kanakarathna, Thilanka (6 March 2018). "LG Election: SLPP obtained 40% votes; media miscalculated: Champika". The Daily Mirror. Colombo, Sri Lankaaccess-date=6 May 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  35. ^ "SLPP wins 239 LG bodies, UNP 41". Daily Mirror. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  36. ^ "Podu Jana Peramuna submits nominations". News Radio. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  37. ^ "Sri Lanka's ruling party calls an election, hoping for a landslide". The Economist. 5 March 2020.
  38. ^ Bastians, Dharisha; Schultz, Kai (17 November 2019). "Gotabaya Rajapaksa Wins Sri Lanka Presidential Election". The New York Times.
  39. ^ "Mahinda Rajapaksa sworn in as Sri Lanka's PM".
  40. ^ "Cabinet announces massive tax cuts". newsfirst.lk. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  41. ^ "Only 10% approve the way current government is working – Survey reveals". Ada Derana. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  42. ^ Dhillon, Amrit (1 April 2022). "Sri Lanka: 50 injured as protesters try to storm president's house amid economic crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  43. ^ "Main opposition SJB to hold mass protest rally in Colombo". NewsWire. 13 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  44. ^ "Dozens arrested in Sri Lanka amid protests over worsening economy". Aljazeera. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  45. ^ "Sri Lanka's cabinet ministers resign amid protests, social media ban". France24. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  46. ^ "Gotabaya Rajapaksa: Under fire Sri Lanka president appoints new cabinet". BBC News. 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  47. ^ "Sri Lankan PM quits after violent clashes". Dawn. 9 May 2022.
  48. ^ "MR's parting shot of violence at the Galle Face Prime Minister leaves office only after almost setting the country on fire". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  49. ^ Mogul, Rhea; Smith-Spark, Laura; Vogt, Adrienne; Woodyatt, Amy (9 July 2022). "Live updates: Turmoil in Sri Lanka as thousands protest". CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  50. ^ "Sri Lanka's president resigns in the face of massive protests". The Economist. 9 July 2022.
  51. ^ "Sri Lanka president to resign on July 13: Speaker". EconomyNext. 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  52. ^ "Sri Lanka Economic Crisis: Sri Lankan parties agree to form all-party interim govt after Rajapaksa's resignation". The Times of India. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  53. ^ "Sri Lanka Opposition parties agree to form all-party interim govt". Business Standard. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  54. ^ "PM says he is willing to resign". Daily Mirror. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  55. ^ "Sri Lanka protesters set the prime minister's home on fire after he agrees to resign". NPR. Associated Press. 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  56. ^ "Sri Lanka president Rajapaksa emails resignation letter to parliamentary speaker – source". Reuters. 14 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  57. ^ "Sri Lankans hit the streets in celebration as President Gotabaya Rajapaksa resigns". India Today. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  58. ^ "Sri Lanka President Gotabaya Rajapaksa has resigned – source". Newswire. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  59. ^ "Ranil takes oaths as Acting President". News First. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  60. ^ "Sri Lanka PM becomes acting president, election set for July 20". France24. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  61. ^ Pathirana, Saroj. "Sri Lanka presidency a close contest after frontrunner pulls out". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  62. ^ "SLPP National Convention gets underway". www.adaderana.lk. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  63. ^ "SLPP re-elects Mahinda Rajapaksa as party leader". www.adaderana.lk. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  64. ^ "Sri Lanka president fails to get backing of largest party for re-election". Reuters. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  65. ^ "Heir apparent to Sri Lanka's powerful Rajapaksa family will run in September's presidential election". AP News. 7 August 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  66. ^ "Sri Lanka Presidential Election 2024 Live Update". election.newswire.lk. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  67. ^ Radhakrishnan, R. K. (15 November 2024). "Sri Lanka Election Results 2024: JVP Wins Parliament Control, Marks Historic Political Shift". Frontline. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  68. ^ "The NPP's Rise and the Opposition's Fall in Sri Lanka". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka_Podujana_Peramuna&oldid=1265558209"