Suparshvanatha

Suparshvanatha
7th Jain Tirthankara
Suparshvanatha
Suparshvanatha Jain Temple, Agra
Venerated inJainism
PredecessorPadmaprabha
SuccessorChandraprabha
SymbolSwastika
Height200 bows (600 meters)
Age2,000,000 purva (141.12 Quintillion years)
ColorGolden
Genealogy
Born
Varanasi
Died
Shikharji
Parents
  • Pratishtha (father)
  • Prithvi (mother)

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Suparshvanatha (Sanskrit: सुपार्श्वनाथ Supārśvanātha), also known as Suparśva, was the seventh Jain Tīrthankara of the present age (avasarpini). He was born to King Pratistha and Queen Prithvi at Varanasi on 12 Jestha Shukla in the Ikshvaku clan. He is said to have attained moksha at Shikharji on the sixth day of the dark half of the month of Phālguna.

Jain biography

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Life before renunciation

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Suparśvanātha was the seventh Jain Tīrthankara of the present age (avasarpini).[1] He was born to King Pratishtha and Queen Prithvi at Varanasi on 12 Jestha Shukla in the Ikshvaku clan.[2] There is temple dedicated to Suparshvanatha built in Bhadaini, Varanasi to commemorate the birth of Suparshvanatha.[3][4] Nine months before the birth of Suparśvanātha, Queen Prithivī dreamt the sixteen most auspicious dreams.[5] Suparśvanātha spent 5 lakh pūrva as youth (kumāra kāla) and ruled His kingdom for 14 lakh pūrva and 20 pūrvāṇga (rājya kāla).[6] Suparśvanātha was married and ruled after his father King Pratistha. He conducted affairs in state and looked after well being of individual.[7]

Renunciation

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According to Jain legends, When he observed tree leaves falling and flower wilting, he renounced his worldly life. He gave his kingdom to his son and became a Jain ascetic. After 9 months and then obtained Kevala Jnana (omniscience). After a many years of spreading his knowledge, he is said to have attained nirvana at Sammed Shikharji on the sixth day of the dark half of the month of Phālguna.[7][6]

Disciples

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According to Jain texts Balladatta Svami was the leader of the Suparśvanātha disciples and 20 lakh years he also achieved nirvana.[6]

As a historical figure

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The Yajurveda is also said to have mentioned the name of Suparśvanātha but the meaning is different. It is an epithet of God which means "All-Pure Lord".

The Mahavagga book of the Khandhaka (1. 22. 13), a Buddhist text, mentions a temple of Suparśvanātha situated at Rajgir in the time of Gautama Buddha.[8]

At Mathura, there is an old stupa with the inscription of 157 CE. This inscription records that an image of the tīrthankara Aranatha was set up at the stupa built by the gods. However, Somadeva Suri stated in Yashstilaka and Jinaprabha Suri in Vividha Tirtha Kalpa that the stupa was erected for Suparśvanātha.[8]

Adoration

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Svayambhūstotra by Acharya Samantabhadra is the adoration of twenty-four Tīrthankaras. Its five slokas (aphorisms) are dedicated to Tīrthankara Suparśvanātha.[9]

As an inanimate equipment (a vehicle, for example) requires an animate being (a man) for its operation, so does the body, that the soul adopts as its encasement, require the soul for its functioning. The body is repugnant, foul-smelling, perishable, and a source of anxiety and, therefore, it is futile to have attachment towards it. O Lord Suparśvanātha, this is your benign precept.

— Svayambhūstotra (7-2-32)[10]

Suparshvanatha is associated with Nandavarta (Dig.) & Svastika (Svet.) emblem, Sirisa tree, Varanandin (Dig.) & Matanga (Svet.) Yaksha and Kali (Dig.) & Santa (Svet.) Yakshi.[11][12]

In literature

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Supasnath Chariyam was compiled during reign of Mokkhal in 1422-23 at Dilwara.[13]

Iconography

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Image depicting Suparshvanatha, the seventh tirthankara of present half cycle of time

Suparshvanatha is usually depicted in a lotus or kayotsarga posture. Statues and paintings show his head shielded by a multi-headed serpent, fanned out like an umbrella.[14]

Serpent-hood iconography is not unique to Suparshvanatha; it is also found above the icons of Parshvanatha, the 23rd of the 24 tirthankaras, but with a small difference.[15] Suparshvanatha's serpent hood has five heads, and a seven (or more)-headed serpent is found in Parshvanatha icons. Statues of both tirthankaras with serpent hoods have been found in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, dating to the 5th to 10th centuries.[16][17]

Unlike Parshvantha who is depicted with coils of snake behind the body, Suparshva is depicted with snake hood only overhead. Suparshva's emblem of swastika is carved (or stamped) beneath his legs as an icon identifier.[18][12][19]

  • Suparsvanatha, c. 900 CE, Norton Simon Museum
    Suparsvanatha, c. 900 CE, Norton Simon Museum
  • 16th century bronze idol of Suparsvanatha, Honolulu Museum of Art
    16th century bronze idol of Suparsvanatha, Honolulu Museum of Art
  • Jain chaumukha sculpture with Suparshvanath and three other Tirthankaras, 1st century
    Jain chaumukha sculpture with Suparshvanath and three other Tirthankaras, 1st century
  • Supārśva in middle with Pārśva on both side, Jain temple, Deogarh
    Supārśva in middle with Pārśva on both side, Jain temple, Deogarh
  • Suparshvanatha with yaksha Varanandin and yakshi Kali
    Suparshvanatha with yaksha Varanandin and yakshi Kali
  • Suparshvnatha at Bijoliya Jain Temple
    Suparshvnatha at Bijoliya Jain Temple

Main temples

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See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suparshvanatha.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Tukol 1980, p. 31.
  2. ^ Singh 2015.
  3. ^ Singh 2009, p. 54.
  4. ^ Lodha 2013, p. 544.
  5. ^ Jain 2015, p. 188.
  6. ^ a b c Jain 2015, p. 189.
  7. ^ a b Jain 2009, p. 78.
  8. ^ a b Jain 2009, p. 77.
  9. ^ Jain 2015, p. 44-50.
  10. ^ Jain 2015, p. 45.
  11. ^ Tandon 2002, p. 44.
  12. ^ a b Titze 1998, p. 5.
  13. ^ Neeraj & Nīraja 1991, p. 9.
  14. ^ Cort 2010, p. 385.
  15. ^ Cort 2010, pp. 278–279.
  16. ^ Harvard & Tirthankara Suparsvanatha.
  17. ^ Pal, Huyler & Cort 2016, p. 204.
  18. ^ Harrell 2013, p. 124-125.
  19. ^ Shah 1987, p. 139.
  20. ^ Mehta 1970, p. 130.

Sources

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