French
DeutschTennis pro tours and tournament ranking series
For many years before the Open Era of tennis in 1968, the usual format for the handful of touring tennis professionals was a series of two-man one-night stands across the United States and often in other countries as well. The most notable of these tours were the "World Series"[1][2] or "World Professional Championships",[3][4][5][6] in which the reigning world champion went head-to-head against a challenger, most often the leading amateur of the previous year who had just turned pro. Promoters would attempt to sign the leading amateur to a contract with a minimum guarantee against a percentage of gate receipts, making a similar type of deal with the reigning professional champion and sometimes giving smaller percentages to undercard players. The winners of the tours were described as being the "world champion".[7]
After World War II, with an increasing number of prominent professional players, there were occasionally tournament series with point systems which created official rankings for the complete field of pros. The tournament ranking series were held in 1946, 1959 and 1960 and there were also World Championship tours in these same three years involving only a few pros. The last World Championship two-man tour was held in 1963, featuring a final set of matches of Ken Rosewall against Rod Laver. From 1964 until 1967, a tournament series with a point system determined the pro No. 1 player. Some shorter two-man or four-man tours continued to be held from 1964 onward, as there had been since the late 1920s, but without a world title at stake.[8]
World Championship tours
[edit]* Partial or incomplete result.
| Date | Pro tour | Standings | Head-to-head results | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1928 Aug 25–Dec 7 | World tour | Principals: Secondaries: | Koželuh–Richards | 15–4 [citation needed] | [9] |
| 1931 Feb 18–Aug 16 | North America tour[a] | Principals:
Secondaries: | Tilden–Koželuh | 50–17 | [10] |
| 1932 Jan 4–Jul 10 | U.S. tour[b] | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Tilden–Nüsslein | 100–50 | [11] [12] |
| 1933 Jan–May | North America tour[c] | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Tilden–Nüsslein | 56–22[13] | [11] |
| 1934 Jan 10–May 13 | U.S. tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Vines–Tilden | 38–19[14] | [15] |
| 1935 Jan 9–Apr 29 [citation needed] | North America tour[d] |
| Vines–Stoefen | 25–1 | [16] |
| Vines–Nüsslein | 75%–25+%* | ||||
| Vines–Tilden | 9–3[17] | ||||
| Vines–Lott | 2–0[18] | ||||
| Tilden–Lott | 35–6*[19] | ||||
| Vines/Tilden–Lott/Stoefen | 20–10 | ||||
| 1936 Jan 11–Jun 7 [citation needed] | North America tour[e] | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Vines–Stoefen | 33–5* | [20] |
| 1937 Jan 6–May 12 | North America tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Vines–Perry | 32–29 | [21] |
| Tilden–Perry | 2–0 | ||||
| Barnes–Lott | 25-19* | ||||
| Perry/Vines–Barnes/Lott | 25–16* | ||||
| 1938 Jan 11–May 30 | North America tour[f] | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Vines–Perry | 49–35 | [22] |
| Senior–Bell | 25–12* | ||||
| Senior/Vines–Bell/Perry | 33–21* | ||||
| 1939 Jan 3–Mar 6 | North America tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Budge–Vines | 22–17 | [23] |
| Skeen–Chapin | 13–2* | ||||
| 1939 Mar 10–May 8 | North America tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Budge–Perry | 28–8 | [23] |
| 1941 Jan 6–May 10 | North America tour[g] |
| Budge–Tilden | 47–6[24] | [25] |
| 1941 Dec 26–Apr 5 | U.S. tour[h] |
| Budge–Riggs | 15–10 | [26] [27] |
| Budge–Kovacs | 12–5 | ||||
| Budge–Perry | 15–3 | ||||
| Budge–Stoefen | 10–0 | ||||
| 1946 Mar 9–Jun 2 | North America tour | Principals:
Secondaries: | Riggs–Budge | 24–22 | [28] |
| 1947 Dec 26–1948 May 27 | North America tour | Principals:
Secondaries: | Kramer–Riggs | 69–20 | [8] |
| 1949 Oct 25–1950 May 21 | World tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Kramer–Gonzales | 94–29 | [29] |
| 1950 Oct 28–1951 Mar | North America tour[8] |
| Kramer–Segura | 64–28 | [30] |
| 1953 Jan 6–Jun 1 | North America tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Kramer–Sedgman | 54–41 | [8] [31] |
| Segura–McGregor | 71–25 | ||||
| 1954 Jan 3–May 30 | North America tour |
| Gonzales–Sedgman | 30–21 | [8] |
| Gonzales–Segura | 30–21 | ||||
| Segura–Sedgman | 23–22 | ||||
| 1955 Dec 9–1956 Jun 3 | North America tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Gonzales–Trabert | 74–27 | [8] |
| 1957 Jan–May | World tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Gonzales–Rosewall | 50–26 | [8] |
| 1958 Jan–May | World tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Gonzales–Hoad | 51–36 | [8] |
| 1959 Feb 20–May 31 | North America tour |
| Gonzales–Cooper | 14–0 | [32] |
| Gonzales–Anderson | 20–0 | ||||
| Hoad-Gonzales | 15–13 | ||||
| Hoad–Cooper | 18–2 | ||||
| Hoad–Anderson | 9–5 | ||||
| Cooper–Anderson | 19–8 | ||||
| 1960 Jan–Jun | World tour |
| Gonzales–Rosewall | 20–4 | [33] |
| 1960 Dec 30–1961 May 28 | World tour |
| — | — | [34] |
Finals:
| Gonzales–Gimeno (final) | 21–7 | |||
| Sedgman–MacKay (3rd place) | 15–13 | ||||
| 1963 Feb–May 30 | North America tour |
| Rosewall–Laver | 5–3 | [35] |
Finals:
| Rosewall–Laver (final) | 14–4 | |||
| Gimeno–Buchholz (3rd place) | 11–7 | ||||
Winners
[edit]| Tours | Player | Years |
|---|---|---|
| 7 |  Pancho Gonzales | 1954, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 |
| 5 | Ellsworth Vines | 1934, 35, 36, 37, 38 |
| 4 | Don Budge | 1939 (Mar), 39 (May), 41, 42 |
| Jack Kramer | 1948, 50, 51, 53 | |
| 3 | Bill Tilden | 1931, 32, 33 |
| 1 |  Karel Koželuh | 1928 |
| Bobby Riggs | 1946 | |
 Ken Rosewall | 1963 |
Tournament ranking series
[edit]There were occasionally important professional tournament series which were referred to as establishing full field rankings, necessitated by the increasing number of prominent professional players in the post-World War II period. In 1946, there was a professional tournament series of 18 events in the U.S. under the organization of the P.P.A.T. (Professional Players Association of Tennis) linked by a points system won by Bobby Riggs, which he relied upon as evidence of his mastery of the entire pro field.[36] In 1959, Jack Kramer established a series of 15 tournaments in Australia, North America, and Europe linked by a points system which provided a full field ranking of all the contract professionals, plus a substantial money prize for the top finisher, with Lew Hoad emerging as world No. 1.[37] The 1959 tournament series was officially named the "Ampol Open Trophy", after the principal sponsor of the tournaments, the Ampol oil company, and the trophy awarded to the winner.[38] The 1959 tournament series was referred to as "the world series" in Kramer's brochure and a newspaper report.[39][40] In 1960, Kramer again established a tournament series with a points system, but both Gonzales and Hoad withdrew from the field and the final results are unknown. In 1964, under Kramer's advice, the I.P.T.P.A. (International Professional Tennis Players Association) established a series of 17 tournaments in U.S. and Europe with a points system, and a world No. 1 and world champion was named as a result, Ken Rosewall. This system continued in subsequent years, with Rod Laver attaining the No. 1 ranking position for the 1965, 1966, and 1967 pro tournament series. The final results of these later tournament series were not published. In 1968–69, the two pro tennis tours, the NTL and the WCT, each had a tournament series ranking list which contributed four players from each tour to a combined final tournament at the Madison Square Garden. Tony Roche won the 1968 event,[41] and Rod Laver won the 1969 event.[42] Beginning in 1970, the ILTF authorized Kramer to arrange a year-end championship in which the pros with the highest tournament series points competed for the title of Grand Prix champion. This event was held in various locations and finally remained at Madison Square Garden from 1977 to 1989. In 1990, the ATP took over running the event and started awarding ranking points for the 8 qualifiers based on their results in the tournament. Currently, the championship is known as the "ATP Finals".[43]
| Date | Tournament series | Standings | Points results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1946 June 11 – Nov 17 | P.P.A.T. 18 tournaments[i] |
| 278 164 149 143 94 74 68 60 50 36 | [45] |
| 1959 Jan 8–1960 Jan 2 | Ampol Open Trophy 15 tournaments[ii] | 51 43 41 32 25 14 14 8 1 1 | [45] [46] | |
| 1964 May 19–Oct 31 | I.P.T.P.A. 17 tournaments[iii] |
| — | [47] [48] |
Winners
[edit]| Series | Player | Years |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | Rod Laver | 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969 |
| 1 | Bobby Riggs | 1946 |
| 1 | Lew Hoad | 1959 |
| 1 | Ken Rosewall | 1964 |
| 1 | Tony Roche | 1968 |
Other professional tours
[edit]* Partial or incomplete result.
Women
[edit]| Date | Pro Tour | Standings | Head-to-head results | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 Oct 9–1927 Feb | North America tour[i] | Lenglen–Browne | 38–0 | [49] | |
| 1927 Jul 5–Jul | U.K. tour[j] |
| — | incomplete results | [50] |
| 1936 Jan 11–Apr | U.S. tour | Arnold–Sharp | — | [51] | |
| 1936 Oct 9– | Asia tour |
| Marble–Hardwick | incomplete results | [51] |
| 1941 Jan 6–May 10 | North America tour[k] | Marble–Hardwick | 58–3 | [52] [27] | |
| 1942 Jun 6– | U.S. tour[l] | Principals:
Secondaries: | Round–Hardwick | — | [53] |
| 1943 Jun 9– | U.S. tour (military posts) | Principals:
Secondaries: | Marble–Hardwick | — | [53] |
| 1943 | U.S. tour (Women's Army Corps bases)[m] |
| Donelley-Harrington | — | [53] |
| 1943 Sep– | U.S. Tour (colleges)[n] |
| Marble–Hardwick | — | [53] |
| 1944 | Canal Zone and Caribbean tour |
| Marble–Hardwick | — | [53] |
| 1947 Jun 8– | U.S. & Europe tour | Betz–Palfrey Cooke | — | [8] [54] | |
| 1951 | U.S. tour |
| Betz–Moran | — | [55] |
| 1959 Dec 28–1960 | U.S. tour | Gibson–Fageros | 114–4 | [8] [56] | |
Men
[edit]| Date | Pro tour | Standings | Head-to-head results | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 Oct 9–1927 Feb | North America tour[o] | — | incomplete results | [49] | |
| 1927 Jul 5–Jul | U.K. tour[p] |
| Koželuh–Kinsey | incomplete results | [57] |
| 1929 Sep–Oct 27 | U.S. tour |
| Koželuh–Richards | 5–2 | [58] |
| 1930 | U.S. tour | Principals:
Secondaries: | Koželuh–Richards | 4–2 | [58] |
| 1931 May 9–17 | North America tour |
| Tilden–Richards | 4–0* | [59] |
| 1931 Oct 21–Nov 9 | Europe tour[q] |
| — | incomplete results | [59] |
| 1932 Sep 17–Nov 27 | Europe tour[r] |
| — | incomplete results | [60] |
| 1933 | Europe tour[s] |
| — | incomplete results | [60] |
| 1933 | U.S. tour |
| — | incomplete results | [citation needed] |
| 1933 | South America tour |
| Nüsslein–Koželuh | incomplete results | [citation needed] |
| 1933–1934 | South America tour |
| — | incomplete results | |
| 1934 Feb 19–Mar 19 [citation needed] | North America tour |
| Vines–Cochet | 10–0 | [61] |
| Vines–Plaa | 8–2 | ||||
| Tilden–Cochet | 8–2 | ||||
| Tilden–Plaa | 10–0 | ||||
| 1934 April 2–May | U.S. tour |
| — | incomplete results | [61] |
| 1934 Aug–Sep | Europe tour |
| — | incomplete results | [61] |
| 1935 | World tour |
| — | incomplete results | [62] |
| 1936 Jan–Jun | U.S. tour[t] | Principals:[63]
Secondaries: | Tilden–Barnes | — | [65] |
| 1936 Oct 9–Nov | Asian tour |
| Vines–Tilden | — | [65] |
| 1937 Jan–Apr [citation needed] | North America tour |
| — | incomplete results | [66] |
| 1937 Mar 24–Apr 10 | U.S. tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Perry–Tilden | 4–1* | [66] |
| Perry/Vines–Richards/Tilden | 5–0 | ||||
| 1937 May–Jun 15 | Europe Tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Perry–Vines | 6–3 | [citation needed] |
| 1937 Oct | Italy tour |
| — | incomplete results | [66] |
| 1937 Nov 20–1938 Mar 24 [citation needed] | Egypt & Asia tour |
| Cochet–Tilden | incomplete results | [66] [67] |
| Ramillon–Burke | |||||
| 1938 | U.S. tour |
| — | incomplete results | [citation needed] |
| 1938 Nov 15–Nov 29 | Caribbean tour |
| Vines–Perry | 4–4 | [67] |
| 1939 May 25–Aug 30 [citation needed] | Europe tour[u] |
| Budge–Vines | 15–5 | [68] |
| Budge–Tilden | — | ||||
| Budge–Stoefen | — | ||||
| 1939 Oct–1940 Jan | U.S. & Mexico tour |
| — | incomplete results | [69] [70] |
| 1940 | U.S. tour |
| Perry–Tilden | incomplete results | [citation needed] |
| 1941 Jun–Sep 1 | U.S. tour | Principals:
Secondaries:
| Perry–Tilden | incomplete results | [26] |
| Koželuh–Richards* | incomplete results | ||||
| 1946 Feb–Aug | U.S. tour |
| incomplete results | [citation needed] | |
| 1946 Dec–1947 Jan | South African tour |
| Budge–Riggs | incomplete results | [71] |
| 1947 Feb | Europe tour |
| Budge–Riggs | incomplete results | [71] |
| 1947 Apr–Sep | USA Pro Challenge Tour |
| Kovacs–Riggs | — | [v] |
| 1948 Jun–Jul | South America tour |
| — | incomplete results | [83] |
| 1948 Sep–Nov | Australia tour |
| — | incomplete results | [84] |
| 1950 Nov–Dec | New Zealand tour |
| — | incomplete results | [85] |
| 1951 Jan–Feb | Australia tour |
| — | — | [85] |
| 1951 Oct–Nov | South America tour |
| Segura–Gonzales | incomplete results | [86] |
| 1953 Aug–Sep | Europe tour |
| — | incomplete results | [87] |
| 1954 Sep–Oct | Asia tour |
| — | — | [88] [89] |
| 1954 Nov–Dec | Australia tour |
| Gonzales–Sedgman | 16–9 | [citation needed] |
| Gonzales–Segura | 4–2 | ||||
| Gonzales–McGregor | 15–0 | ||||
| 1955 Jan–Feb | Australia tour |
| — | incomplete results | [90] |
| 1955 Jul–Sep | Europe tour |
| — | incomplete results | [91] |
| 1956 Jun–Jul | South America tour |
| — | incomplete results | [92] |
| 1956 Aug–Oct | Europe tour |
| — | incomplete results | [93] |
| 1956 Oct–Nov | South Africa tour |
| — | [93] | |
| 1957 Jun–Jul | South America tour |
| — | incomplete results | [94] |
| 1957 Aug–Oct | Europe tour |
| — | incomplete results | [95] |
| 1957 Oct–Nov | South Africa tour |
| — | incomplete results | [96] |
| 1957 Nov | Asia tour |
| — | incomplete results | [95] |
| 1957 Nov–Dec | Australian tour |
| — | incomplete results | [97] [98] |
| 1958 Jul–Oct | Europe tour |
| — | incomplete results | [99] |
| 1958 2 Aug–25 Oct | Perrier Trophy tour |
| — | incomplete results | [100] |
| 1958 Nov–Dec | Asia tour |
| — | incomplete results | [101] |
| 1959 Jan–Feb | Australia tour |
| — | incomplete results | [102] [103] |
| 1959 Feb–Mar | New Zealand tour |
| — | incomplete results | [32] |
| 1959 Jul–Oct | Grand Prix de Europe |
| — | — | [104] |
| 1959 Nov | South African tour |
| — | — | [105] |
| 1960 April | New Zealand tour |
| Hoad–Anderson | 1–0 | [106] |
| 1960 Jun–Aug | Grand Prix de Europe |
| — | — | [107] |
| 1960 Oct–Dec | Asia tour |
| — | incomplete results | [34] |
| 1961 Feb | Europe tour |
| — | incomplete results | [108] |
| 1961 Apr | South America tour |
| — | — | [108] |
| 1961 July | Soviet Union tour |
| — | — | [109] |
| 1961 Aug–Sep | British Isles tour |
| Hoad–Gonzales | 6–4 | [110] [111] |
| 1962 Mar | New Zealand tour |
| Rosewall–Ayala | 4–1 | [112] |
| Gimeno–Sedgman | 3–2 | ||||
| 1962 Jul–Oct | Facis trophy |
| Winner: Hoad | — | [113] |
| 1962 | European Cup |
| Winner: Cooper | [114] | |
| 1962 Aug–Sep | Europe Tour |
| [115] [116] | ||
| 1963 Jan | Australasia tour |
| Rosewall–Laver | 11–2 | [117] [118] [119] |
| Hoad–Laver | 8–0 | ||||
| 1963 Jan–Feb | New Zealand tour |
| — | incomplete results | [35] |
| 1963 Jul–Sep | Europe Tour |
| — | incomplete results | [120] |
| 1963 | European Cup | [114] | |||
| 1963 Jul–Sep | Facis trophy |
| Winner: Laver | incomplete results | [121] |
| 1964 Jan | Australia tour |
| — | incomplete results | [122] |
| 1964 Feb–Mar | New Zealand tour |
| Hoad–Laver | 3–1 | [123] [124] |
| 1964 Jul–Sep | Europe Tour |
| — | incomplete results | [125] |
| 1964 Jul–Oct | Facis trophy |
| Winner: Rosewall | incomplete results | [126] |
| 1964 Nov | France tour |
| — | incomplete results | [127] |
| 1965 Jul–Oct | Europe Tour |
| — | incomplete results | [128] |
| 1966 Apr | Europe tour |
| — | incomplete results | [129] |
| 1966 Aug–Sep | Europe Tour |
| — | incomplete results | [130] |
| 1967 Jan–Feb | Australasia tour |
| — | incomplete results | [131] |
| 1967 Apr | France tour |
| — | incomplete results | [132] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Jack Curley promoter.
- ^ Tilden Tennis Tours, inc.
- ^ Tilden Tennis Tours, inc.
- ^ Bill O'Brien promoter.
- ^ Split with Tilden group after openers in New York and Chicago.
- ^ Jack Harris manager.
- ^ Jack Harris manager.
- ^ Alexis Thompson manager.
- ^ C. C. Pyle promoter.
- ^ Charles B. Cochran promoter.
- ^ Jack Harris manager.
- ^ To benefit British-American Ambulance Corps.
- ^ Sponsored by United Service Organizations.
- ^ Arranged by American Lawn Tennis magazine.
- ^ Secondaries to Lenglen tour. C. C. Pyle promoter.
- ^ Charles B. Cochran promoter.
- ^ Jeff Dickson promoter.
- ^ Roman Najuch manager. Many local players including amateurs also participated.
- ^ Many local players including amateurs also participated in various one-night stands and team events.
- ^ Split from Vines group after openers in New York and Chicago.
- ^ Jack Harris manager.
- ^ See:[72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81][82]
Tournament series:
- ^ The P.P.A.T. tournaments, from where points were introduced on June 11 were: Southern Pro – Memphis; U.S. Pro Clay Court – Richmond; New England Pro – Longwood; Middle States Pro – Philadelphia Country Club;[44] U.S. Pro – Forest Hills; Cape Cod Pro; New Castle Pro; White Mountain Pro; Cotton State Pro – Birmingham; North Carolina Pro – Asheville; Pittsburgh Pro; Indianapolis Pro; Michigan Pro – Kalamazoo; Great Lakes Pro – Chicago; Oklahoma City Pro; San Francisco Pro; La Jolla Pro; U.S. Pro Hard Court.
- ^ The Ampol Open tournaments were: Melbourne – Olympic Velodrome (10 Jan); Brisbane (20 Jan); Perth (26 Jan); Sydney – Marks Athletic Field (4 Feb); Adelaide – Norwood Cricket Oval (11 Feb); L.A. Masters – L.A. Tennis Club (5 Jun); Toronto – Toronto Lawn Tennis Club (16 Jun); New York City – Forest Hills (23 Jun); Paris – Roland Garros (8 Sep); London – Wembley (19 Sep); Perth (26 Nov); Adelaide – Memorial Drive Tennis Club (1 Dec); Sydney – White City (8 Dec); Brisbane – Milton Courts (15 Dec); Melbourne – Kooyong (26 Dec).
- ^ The I.P.T.P.A. tournaments were: World Pro Indoor – College Park; U.S. Pro Indoor – White Plains; L.A. Masters RR; St. Louis Pro; Monterey Pro; Milwaukee Pro; U.S. Pro – Longwood; Cannes Pro; Noordwijk Pro; Geneva Pro; French Pro – Coubertin; Wembley Pro; Bavarian Pro – Munich; Hanover Pro; Rhodesian Pro; Johannesburg Pro; Cape Town Pro.
References
[edit]- ^ "The News and Observer". Raleigh, North Carolina. April 28, 1957. p. 21. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved June 4, 2023 – via Newspapers.
- ^ "The Courier-Journal". Louisville, Kentucky. January 5, 1958. p. 32. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.
- ^ Troy, Jack (April 8, 1934). "Vines defeats Tilden in five sets". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 1B – via newspapers.com.
Ellsworth Vines, tall, cool and resourceful had what is technically known as controlled speed as he defeated Big Bill Tilden, 4–6, 7–5, 4–6, 6–4, 6–3, in another match of the colorful series for the world's professional tennis championship [...].
- ^ "Perry to meet Vines in main singles battle". The Evening News. Harrisburg. May 11, 1937. p. 14 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Vines and Perry to battle here for World's Professional Tennis Championships". The Desert Sun. January 21, 1938. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Tennis greats play tonight". The Atlanta Constitution. February 3, 1939. p. 21 – via newspapers.com.
Don Budge, left, and Ellsworth Vines will continue their battle for the world's professional tennis championship [...].
- ^
- "Remembering Jack Kramer". tennisserver.com.
- "The Cincinnati Enquirer". Cincinnati. July 4, 1948. p. 11. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.
- "Daily News". New York City. October 8, 1948. p. 84. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.
- "The Bellingham Herald". Bellingham, Washington. December 24, 1950. p. 11. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.
- "Birmingham Post-Herald". Birmingham, Alabama. June 9, 1951. p. 10. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.
- "Albuquerque Journal". Albuquerque, New Mexico. June 1, 1953. p. 13. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023 – via Newspapers.
- "Wereldtitel tennisprofs officieus voor Gonzales" (in Dutch). Netherlands: The Daily Reporter. June 2, 1959. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Collins (2010), p. 755.
- ^ Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter 2, part 1: 1927-1928". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter 3: Tilden's Year of Triumph: 1931". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ a b Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter IV: Tilden and Nusslein, 1932-1933". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ Collins (2010), p. 47.
- ^ "1933 World Tour". The Tennis Base.
- ^ "1934 World tour". The Tennis Base.
- ^ Bowers, Ray. "Forgotten Victories: The Early Pro Tennis Wars". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ Bowers, Ray. "Forgotten Victories: History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VI: Vines's Second Year: 1935". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ Kieran, John (April 29, 1935). "Sports of the Times; Random Volleys Across the Net". New York Times.
- ^ "Some Highlights on Tilden Troupers". American Lawn Tennis. March 20, 1935.
- ^ Currie, George (April 15, 1935). "Tilden Troupe of Net Stars Due Here Soon". Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- ^ Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VII: Awaiting Perry, 1936". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VIII: Perry and Vines, 1937". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter IX: Readying for Budge, 1938". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ a b Bowers, Ray. "FORGOTTEN VICTORIES: History of the Pro Tennis Wars 1926-1945, Chapter X: Budge's Great Pro Year, 1939". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ "1941 World Tour". The Tennis Base.
- ^ Bowers, Ray. "FORGOTTEN VICTORIES: A History of Pro Tennis 1926-1945 - Chapter XI: AMERICA, 1940-1941". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
- ^ a b Bowers, Ray. "FORGOTTEN VICTORIES: A History of Pro Tennis 1926-1945 - Chapter XI: AMERICA, 1940-1941". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
- ^ a b Bowers, Ray. "FORGOTTEN VICTORIES: A History of Pro Tennis 1926-1945 - Chapter XII: AMERICA, 1942". tennisserver.com. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
- ^ Don Budge: A Tennis Memoir (1969), p.145
- ^ "1949–50 World Tour". The Tennis Base.
- ^ "Newsday". Melville, New York. March 28, 1951. p. 105. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2023 – via Newspapers.
- ^ McCauley (2000), p. 199.
- ^ a b