Tesla Model 3

"Model 3" redirects here. For other uses, see Model 3 (disambiguation).

Tesla Model 3
Overview
ManufacturerTesla, Inc.
Production2017–present
Assembly
DesignerFranz von Holzhausen[1]
Body and chassis
ClassMid-size car
Body style4-door sedan
Layout
RelatedTesla Model Y
Powertrain
Electric motor
TransmissionSingle-speed fixed (9:1 ratio)[2]
Battery
Electric range
  • 272 mi (438 km) (RWD)
  • 363 mi (584 km) (LR RWD)
  • 341 mi (549 km) (LR AWD)
  • 303 mi (488 km) (Performance)
  • (all EPA est.)
Plug-in charging
  • AC onboard charger:
  •     7.6 kW at 32 A (RWD)
  •     11.5 kW at 48 A (LR)
  • DC:
  •     170 kW (RWD)
  •     250 kW (LR)[3]
  • CCS2, GB/T or NACS connector
Dimensions
Wheelbase113.2 in (2,875 mm)
Length
  • 184.8 in (4,694 mm) (2017–2023)
  • 185.8 in (4,720 mm) (2023–present)[4]
Width72.8 in (1,849 mm)
Height
  • 56.8 in (1,443 mm) (2017–2023)
  • 56.7 in (1,441 mm) (2023–present)[4]
Curb weight3,552–4,048 lb (1,611–1,836 kg)

The Tesla Model 3 is a battery electric powered mid-size sedan with a fastback body style built by Tesla, Inc., introduced in 2017. The vehicle is marketed as being more affordable to more people than previous models made by Tesla. The Model 3 was the world's top-selling plug-in electric car for three years, from 2018 to 2020, before the Tesla Model Y, a crossover SUV based on the Model 3 chassis, took the top spot. In June 2021, the Model 3 became the first electric car to pass global sales of 1 million.

A facelifted Model 3 with revamped interior and exterior styling was introduced in late 2023 for countries supplied by Gigafactory Shanghai and in early 2024 in North America and other countries supplied by the Tesla Fremont Factory.

History

[edit]
Design sketches photographed at the Tesla Design Studio, 2016.
2019 Tesla Model 3 Performance, rear

In a 2006 interview with Wired Science, Elon Musk presented the Model 3 as likely being affordable by most people able to purchase new cars, aiming for a $30,000 price point.[5] In 2008 the car was stated to be a family car.[6] In 2017 Tesla added that the Standard Range version of the all-electric car would have an estimated EPA-rated range of 215 miles (346 km), a five-passenger seating capacity, front and rear trunks, and promised sports-car levels of acceleration performance.[better source needed][7][8] Tesla said it would have a five-star safety rating and have a drag coefficient of Cd=0.225.[9] This is lower than the Tesla Model S drag coefficient of Cd=0.24, which, in 2014, was the lowest among the production cars of the time.[9]

Within a week of unveiling the Model 3 in 2016, Tesla revealed they had taken 325,000 reservations for the car. These reservations represented potential sales of over US$14 billion.[10][11] By August 2017, there were 455,000 net reservations.[12][13]

Industry experts were dubious when, in May 2016, Tesla announced its decision to advance its 500,000-total-unit build plan (combined for Model S, Model X, and Model 3) to 2018, two years earlier than previously planned, in order to accelerate its target for Model 3 output.[14][15][16] As predicted, there were "production bottlenecks" and "production hell". In May 2016, Tesla issued US$2 billion in new shares to the stock market to finance the plan.[17]

The company plans for the Model 3 are part of Tesla's three-step strategy to start with a high-price vehicle and move progressively towards lower-cost vehicles, while the battery and electric drivetrain were improved and paid for through the sales of the Roadster, Model S, and Model X vehicles.[18]

On April 18, 2018, Tesla updated its production target to 6,000 vehicles per week by the end of June 2018, an increase from its previous target of 5,000 vehicles per week which was previously promised at earlier dates.[19][20][21][22] On July 1, 2018, Elon Musk announced that Tesla had met its production goal of 5,000 cars in a week.[23][24][25]

On February 28, 2019, Tesla announced the availability of the highly anticipated Standard Range trim priced at $35,000 (equivalent to $41,710 in 2023).[26] However, on April 12, 2019, Tesla announced that the Standard Range model would no longer be available for ordering online, but only over the phone or in stores. Autopilot, previously a $3,000 option, was included in all versions of the Model 3 except for the Standard Range, while each version's price only increased by $2,000.[27] In February 2019, the Model 3 passed the Chevrolet Volt to become the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car in the U.S.[28][29] Model 3 sales surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's all-time top selling plug-in electric car.[30]

Model naming

[edit]

During an interview recorded in 2006 Musk referred to "Model 2" (later Tesla Model S), and to "Model 3".[5] The Model 3 was codenamed Tesla "BlueStar" in the original business plan in 2007.[31][32][33] Model 3, originally stylized as "Model ☰", was announced on Musk's Twitter account on July 16, 2014.[34] A 2015-presentation by JB Straubel used the name "Model III".[35] As of 2016 Musk had wanted the three models to spell SEX, but settled for "S3X".[36] In early 2017, after trademark opposition regarding Adidas's three stripes logo,[37] the triplicate horizontal-bar stylization was abandoned and changed to a numeric "3".[38]

Market

[edit]
Tesla Model X (left) and Model 3 (right) at the unveiling event on March 31, 2016

In September 2015, Tesla announced that the Model 3 would be unveiled in March 2016.[39] In January 2016, Musk said that the first official pictures of the car will be revealed at the end of March 2016.[40] Delivery would begin in late 2017 first on the U.S.'s west coast and then move eastwards.[41] Potential customers were first able to reserve a car at Tesla stores or online on March 31 with a refundable deposit of US$1000.[42][43] In February 2016, Tesla indicated that the unveiling would be on March 31, 2016.[44][42] Current owners of Tesla vehicles got priority sales after employees but before the general public, as a reward for helping pay for the development of the Model 3.[42] (Employees and current owners were likely to be more tolerant of early production flaws:[45] both the Model S and the Model X had several problems at the start of their production.)[46][42]

About 125 people in line to pre-order a Model 3 in Walnut Creek, California, in 2016

During the Model 3 unveiling event, Tesla said that over 115,000 people had reserved the Model 3 in less than 24 hours prior;[47] more cars than Tesla had sold by that time.[10] Twenty-four hours after opening reservations, Tesla had advanced orders for over 180,000 cars.[48][49] Two days later, Tesla said they had 232,000 reservations.[10][50]

One week after the unveiling, Tesla said it had over 325,000 reservations, more than triple the number of Model S sedans sold by the end of 2015.[10][11] Musk said that 5% of reservations correspond to the maximum of two vehicles allowed per customer, "suggesting low levels of speculation",[51] and that 93% of Model 3 reservations are from new buyers who do not currently own a Tesla.[42] The previous record for advance deposits on a car was the 1955 Citroën DS that had 80,000 deposits during the ten days of the Paris Auto Show, while the Model 3 had 232,000 reservations in two days.[10]

According to Tesla's global vice-president Robin Ren, China is the second-largest market for the Model 3 after the US.[52] Tesla said the number of net reservations totaled about 373,000 as of May 15, 2016, after about 8,000 customer cancellations and about 4,200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators.[53][54] Upon its release in July 2017, there had been over 500,000 reservations for the Model 3,[55] with Musk later clarifying there were a net of 455,000 reservations outstanding, and an average of 1,800 reservations were being added per day.[12][13]

2020 changes

[edit]
2020 styling changes

In November 2020, the Model 3 received exterior and interior styling changes, many carried over from the then-new Model Y crossover SUV, which was based on the Model 3. The most noticeable cosmetic change was that the previously chrome finished door handles, side mirror trim, window trim, and camera covers were given a black finish.[56]

Other changes included the addition of a heat pump with an "octovalve" to improve climate control, a power-operated trunk, a redesigned center console with Qi wireless charging pads, and quieter double-pane glass.[57]

Other changes

[edit]

Some hardware has also been removed over time. The adaptive cruise control radar sensor was eliminated in April 2021,[58] the front passenger seat lumbar support was removed in May 2021,[59] and the ultrasonic sensors used for park assist were eliminated in October 2022 and replaced with Tesla Vision, Tesla's vision based park assist.[60]

2023 update

[edit]

Tesla announced a design refresh of the Model 3 on September 1, 2023, bringing a longer driving range, lower production costs, technical improvements, and a restyled exterior and interior.[61] During development, the refresh was codenamed "Project Highland".[62] It was exhibited at the 2023 Munich Motor Show.[63]

Tesla said the refreshed Model 3 improved range around 10%, largely from a lower and more aerodynamic nose along with a better rear diffuser and more aerodynamic wheels. The tires protrude slightly from the rims, protecting them from curb rash. They have lower rolling resistance, but no compromise in lateral performance or steering response. This was enabled by changing materials and removing 1 ply (made possible by lowering the top, rarely used, speed). The gap between tire and body was reduced.[64] The drag coefficient of Cd=0.219 improved from 0.225.

Redesigned tail lights eliminated the vertical break between trunk and side.[64]

Interior additions included a 8-inch (200 mm) touchscreen (with Bluetooth audio) for rear seat passengers, ventilated front seats, up to 17-speaker sound system (up from 14), customizable interior accent lighting, and a new steering wheel without turn signal and gear selector stalks.[65] The touchscreen for rear seat passengers and the steering wheel without stalks are changes that were previously implemented on the Model S and X during their "Palladium" refresh.

The upgrade had shock-absorbing technology called Frequency Selective Damping, which uses a hydraulic amplifier to concentrate vibration in the 4–6 Hz range.[66][67]

The update came equipped with HW4 camera and processing technology, which permitted a wider field of view and improved Autopilot's cross-traffic emergency braking.[64] In December 2024, some owners of new cars reported computer failures.[68]

Gigafactory Shanghai was the first of Tesla's factories to begin making the refreshed Model 3, with the company offering the vehicle for sale in China and markets to which Tesla exports from China, including Europe, the Middle East, Australia and Japan.[61] The refreshed Model 3 was made available for order in North America on January 10, 2024, with these models being produced at the Tesla Fremont Factory.[69]

  • 2023 refresh, front
    2023 refresh, front
  • 2023 refresh, rear
    2023 refresh, rear
  • 2023 refresh, Performance trim
    2023 refresh, Performance trim
  • 2023 refresh, interior
    2023 refresh, interior

Design

[edit]
Original Tesla Model 3 interior, without center console Qi chargers

In 2013, design chief Franz von Holzhausen called the Model 3, "an Audi A4, BMW 3 Series, Mercedes-Benz C-Class type of vehicle that will offer everything: range, affordability, and performance" that is targeted toward the mass market.[1][70] While technology developed for Tesla's earlier Model S sedan was used in the Model 3,[71] it is 20% smaller than the Model S[72] and has its own unique design.[73] One of the most striking and noticeable design choices on the Model 3 was the lack of a front grille.[74] Since electric cars have lower cooling needs than combustion cars, they do not need a front grille, yet many, including the Model S, have one to fit in with the design of other vehicles.[75] All trim levels include an expansive glass roof developed by the Tesla Glass group, from the same glass used for the Tesla Solar Roof.[76]

Center-mounted 15.4-inch (39 cm) touchscreen,[77] showing the user interface from December 2020[78]

The interior of the Model 3 has been described as minimalist or stark, with few physical controls, instead housing most controls in a single 15.4 in (390 mm) center-mounted touchscreen.[79][80] Critics praised the screen's interface, but pointed out that the decision requires drivers navigate menus to accomplish what could otherwise be controlled by a button or knob.[79][80] Tesla is also notable for being one of the few automakers offering no Apple CarPlay or Android Auto connectivity.[79][80]

Production

[edit]

Gigafactory Shanghai has been producing the Model 3 since December 2019 for both the local China market and for export to other areas except the United States.[81]

Production stages

[edit]

In a 2013 interview, Jerome Guillen discussed "BlueStar" (codename for the Model 3 project), stating that Tesla was expecting to eventually produce 400,000 cars per year.[82]

In May 2016 Tesla told its suppliers that it intended to double earlier-announced[clarification needed] Model 3 production targets to 100,000 in 2017 and 400,000 in 2018 due to demand, which suppliers[83][84] and many experts viewed as unattainable.[85][86] In the Tesla Factory, paint lines for 500,000 automobiles commenced in 2015, and some stamping equipment for the Model 3 was operational by August 2016.[87] Tesla bought Grohmann Engineering, experienced in automated manufacturing, in January 2017. This acquisition launched Tesla Advanced Automation Germany, which Tesla said would develop manufacturing processes to be used initially in Model 3 production.[88] According to Tesla in late 2016, the company expected to invest between US$2 billion and US$2.5 billion in capital expenditures ahead of the start of Model 3 production.[88]

After the two Alpha prototypes were shown (silver and black; red was a shell) in April 2016, Tesla finished the design in late July 2016. Tesla ordered parts equivalent to 300 Beta prototypes in August 2016, preparing for development of the assembly line. As of August 2016, the company intended to make release candidates for testing prior to actual production.[89][90] Tesla began building Model 3 prototypes in early February 2017 as part of the testing of the vehicle design and manufacturing processes. Tesla said in late 2016 that initial crash test results had been positive.[88] Crash test results in mid-2019 were scored at 96% for protection of adults; 86% for protection of children and 74% for the way it handles "vulnerable road users" such as pedestrians. In addition, the Model 3's "safety assist" mode scored 94%.[91]

In October 2016 Tesla said its production timeline was on schedule.[92] Again in February 2017, Tesla said that vehicle development, supply chain and manufacturing are on track to support volume deliveries of the Model 3 in the second half of 2017. Limited vehicle production began in July 2017 and volume production was scheduled at that time to start by September 2017. As of February 2017, Tesla planned to ramp up production to exceed 5,000 vehicles per week in Q4 2017 and reach 10,000 vehicles per week in 2018.[88] However, Tesla missed their Q4 production target by a wide amount, as only 2,425 vehicles were produced during the entire 3-month period.[93][94]

Giga Nevada had been intended to produce battery packs for Model 3 and it was announced in January 2017 that Tesla would also manufacture drive units[clarification needed] at Giga Nevada.[95] In February 2017, Tesla said that installation of Model 3 manufacturing equipment was underway in the Fremont factory and at Giga Nevada, where in January, production of battery cells for energy-storage products began, which have the same form factor as the cells that will be used in Model 3.[88]

Deliveries

[edit]
Year Model 3 vehicles delivered
2017[96]
1,764
2018[97]
145,846
2019[98]
300,885
Year Model 3/Y vehicles delivered
2020[99]
442,511
2021[100]
911,208
2022[101]
1,247,146
2023[102]
1,739,707

In February 2016 Tesla expected the Model 3 to repeat the delivery schedule of the S and X models: selling at first the highest-optioned cars with higher margins, to help pay for production equipment.[103] However, after the lessons learned from the complicated Model X production, Tesla changed its delivery schedule in early 2017 to produce relatively simpler cars initially, in order to reduce production risk. The first mass-produced Model 3 cars were rear-wheel drive with the long-range battery.[104] Deliveries began in the second half of 2017 as predicted,[41] but not in the numbers Tesla had hoped. As industry experts had predicted, Tesla did not meet the announced delivery targets.[clarification needed][103][104]

2017

[edit]

In early July 2017 Musk forecast at least six months of serious production difficulties.[105] Tesla's announced goal at that time was to produce 1,500 units in the third quarter of 2017, increasing to 5,000 per week by end of December 2017,[106] but only 260 vehicles were manufactured during the third quarter. The company blamed production bottlenecks, but said there were "no fundamental issues with the Model 3 production or supply chain" and expressed confidence about its ability to resolve the bottlenecks in the near future.[107][108]

Tesla delivered just 1,542 Model 3 cars in the fourth quarter of 2017,[109] about 2,900 fewer than Wall Street estimations, which were already halved previously after Tesla published the company's third quarter report.[110] By early November 2017, Musk had postponed the target date for manufacturing 5,000 of the vehicles per week from December 2017 to March 2018.[111][20] An analyst with Cowan and Company, an investment banking firm, said in November 2017 that "Elon Musk needs to stop over-promising and under-delivering".[112] Customer deliveries totaled 1,764 units in 2017.[96][109]

2018

[edit]

Prior to a planned shutdown in mid-April 2018 to further increase production, Tesla produced more than 2,000 Model 3 vehicles for three straight weeks.[113] Global deliveries passed 100,000 units as of October 2018.[114] U.S. Model 3 sales hit 100,000 units in November 2018, reaching this milestone quicker than any previous plug-in electric model.[115]

During the first half of 2018, the Model 3 was the top-selling alternative fuel vehicle in California with 12,674 units, followed by the Toyota Prius conventional hybrid (10,043).[116] The Model 3 was the top-selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. for 12 months in a row through December 2018, ending 2018 as the bestselling plug-in with an estimated 139,782 units delivered, the first time a plug-in car sold more than 100,000 units in one year.[117][118][119] Additionally, the Model 3 ranked as the bestselling luxury vehicle in the American market in 2018.[120] The Model 3 topped plug-in electric car sales in California in 2018, with 51,293 units registered, and was the state's best-selling car in the near luxury category.[121][122]

The Model 3 was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2018.[123] In 2018, Elon Musk predicted that eventual global demand would likely be between 500,000 and 1 million Model 3 cars per year— ranking in between the BMW 3 Series and the Volkswagen Golf.[124]

2019

[edit]
The Model 3 has been the world's best selling plug-in electric car for three years in a row (2018 to 2020).[125][123][126]
CCS Combo 2 European socket on a Model 3

Retail deliveries in Europe and China began in February 2019.[127][128] Delivery of the first right-hand drive vehicles began in June 2019, starting with the UK[129] and later in Australia and New Zealand.[130] Similarly to how the first US-made Model 3s were delivered in July 2017, the first Chinese-made Model 3 cars were delivered to employees at the end of 2019.[131]

In January 2019 the Model 3 overtook the Model S as the U.S. all-time best selling all-electric car,[132] and, the next month, also passed the Chevrolet Volt to become the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the U.S.[28]

The Tesla Model 3 ended 2019 as the world's best-selling plug-in electric car for the second consecutive year, with just over 300,000 units delivered.[123][126] The electric car also topped annual plug-in car sales in the U.S. (158,925) and California (59,514) markets for the second time in a row.[117][121][133][134] And again listed as the California's best-selling car in the near luxury category in 2019.[134]

The Model 3 also ranked as the best-selling plug-in car in Europe in 2019, with over 95,000 units delivered in its first year in that market, and outselling other key premium models.[135] It also set records in Norway and the Netherlands, not only as the top selling plug-in car but also as the best-selling passenger car model overall.[136][137] The sales volume achieved by the Model 3 in 2019 (15,683) is the third largest in Norwegian history, exceeded only by the Volkswagen Bobla (Beetle) in 1969 (16,706), and Volkswagen Golf in 2015 (16,388).[138] The Model 3 set a new record in the Netherlands for the highest registrations in one month (22,137) for any single plug-in vehicle in Europe.[139]

The Model 3 also was the top selling plug-in car in Canada, Spain, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan and Mexico.[140][141]

2020

[edit]

Until 2019, the Nissan Leaf was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car, with global sales of 450,000 units by December 2019.[142] The Tesla Model 3 surpassed Leaf sales in early 2020 to become the world's best-selling plug-in electric car ever.[30] Global sales totaled about 814,000 units overall up to December 2020.[125][96][109][143][144] The Model 3, with 365,240 global deliveries, was the world's best-selling plug-in passenger car in 2020 for the third consecutive year.[123][126][125]

Gigafactory Shanghai began to ramp up production in 2020, producing vehicles for sale in China and for export.[145]

In 2020, the Model 3 was the bestselling plug-in car in China (137,459) and the U.S. (95,135).[146][147] The Model 3 also was the most popular plug-in electric car in California in 2020 (38,580), as well as the state's best-selling car in the near luxury category.[148] The Model 3 has topped both California's and the U.S. national plug-in car sales for three years in-a-row, from 2018 to 2020.[146][118][133][148]

2021

[edit]

In 2021, the Model 3 became the all-time bestselling electric vehicle in the Netherlands with over 78,996 cars registered at the end of June 2021.[149] The Model 3 became the first electric car to sell over 1 million units globally in June 2021.[150]

It was also the bestselling electric vehicle of 2021 in the UK, with 34,783 registered, beating the second most popular electric car, the Kia e-Niro, by over 22,500 registrations. These figures also made the Model 3 the second bestseller in the UK new car market in 2021, only beaten by the Vauxhall Corsa, a cheaper B-segment vehicle. The 9,612 Model 3s sold in December were more than double the sales of any other car in that month.[151]

In October 2021, Hertz car rental ordered 100,000 full-price Model 3 cars for its rental fleet.[152][153] Hertz had to resell most of the cars as demand was lower than expected and depreciation costs mount.[154]

Concerns

[edit]

In May 2018 Consumer Reports found "big flaws, such as long stopping distances in our emergency braking test and difficult-to-use controls", finding the braking distance was worse than a Ford F-150 full-size truck, and branding the Model 3 "not recommended". Tesla responded to the claims with concern and, over the next weekend, released an OTA update for the anti-lock braking algorithm. Consumer Reports, impressed with the prompt OTA update, verified the improved braking performance and changed their rating to a recommended model.[155][156]

In February 2019 Consumer Reports revoked the Model 3 recommendation because "many customers have reported problems with the [car], including loose body trim and glass defects."[157] As with Model S and Model X, Model 3 production flaws were reduced over time.[158] In November 2019 Consumer Reports reinstated the Model 3 recommendation, claiming it was the fifth-most reliable of twelve compact luxury cars.[159]

During long-term testing of a Model 3 in December 2019, Car and Driver experienced a rear inverter short after 5,286 miles (8,507 km) and 3 months of ownership.[160] It was their first long-term vehicle to suffer such a major failure while parked.[161]

In 2020, due to the Covid-19 outbreak, closure of the Shanghai factory at the end of January, and supply chain issues, Tesla used the 2.5 version processor instead of the 3.0 processor that Chinese users expected to find in their vehicles. This led to mass complaints. Tesla promised to upgrade the hardware free of charge once the supply chain is restored.[162]

The 2021 Tesla Model 3 vehicles built on or after April 27, 2021, had modified Forward Collison Warning (FCW) and Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) safety features, resulting in lower Consumer Reports and Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) scores. The change was from using Radar to Camera technology called Tesla Vision.[163] The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has opened an investigation over phantom braking in these new vehicles.[164][165]

In May 2022, a relay attack was discovered where an attacker could gain remote control of a Model 3 (or a Model Y) if they could get within range of a Bluetooth key of the owner.[166][167]

Specifications

[edit]
First production Tesla Model 3 cars ready for the delivery event on July 28, 2017

Motor

[edit]

Instead of a traditional induction motor, the Model 3's primary (rear) motor uses internal permanent magnets (IPM) with synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) characteristics. Compared to an induction motor, the aluminum squirrel-cage rotor is replaced by an iron rotor, with slots cut into the metal where magnets are inserted in the internal core. As an IPM motor, it produces excellent starting torque; however, performance declines at high speeds due to counter-electromotive forces. For high-speed operation, Tesla engineers used iron’s reluctance property, which allows it to spin in synchronization with the magnetic field of the stator if channels are cut into the core. These channels were also an ideal internal location for the permanent magnets to be mounted.[168][169]

The IPM-SynRM motor is responsible for most of the propulsion in both the RWD and AWD Model 3s. The induction motor on the front axle of the AWD models provides additional power and helps to improve handling.[170][171][172]

Battery

[edit]

For the Model 3, Tesla initially decided to use 2170-type (21 mm diameter, 70 mm height) cylindrical cells. Compared with the 18650-type batteries that the company had been using since its first generation Roadster, the 2170 batteries were optimized for electric cars, allowing for a higher capacity per cell and a lower number of cells per battery pack.[173]

For vehicles built at the Tesla Fremont Factory, the company sources 2170-type batteries with a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode chemistry from Panasonic's production line at Gigafactory Nevada.[173]

For vehicles made at Gigafactory Shanghai, batteries with a nickel-cobalt-manganese cathode chemistry are sourced from LG Energy Solution's factories in China.[173]

As lower-cost models were introduced, Tesla started using prismatic (rectangular) cells with a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry in vehicles produced in both factories.[173] LFP batteries are less energy-dense (which reduces range), but do not contain any nickel or cobalt, which makes them less expensive to produce.[174] Unlike other types, LFP batteries achieve less degradation when being regularly charged to 100 percent. Tesla sources these batteries from CATL in China.[173]

Engineering and changes

[edit]

When production began in 2017, the base Model 3 was announced to have a 50-kWh battery with a range of about 220 miles (350 km) while the optional 75-kWh battery would have a range of about 310 miles (500 km).[175]

The 350-volt (nominal, 400v max) Model 3 battery packs are made of four longitudinal modules each containing the groups (bricks). The Standard Range version carries 2,976 cells arranged in 96 groups of 31. The Long Range version carries 4,416 cells arranged in 96 groups of 46, and weighs[176] 1,060 pounds (480 kg) in a 0.40 m³ volume; a density of 150 Wh/kg (540 kJ/kg).[177][178] The car's onboard AC/DC converter is 11 kW.[179] In Europe this requires three-phase electric power, otherwise single-phase power is 7.4 kW.[180]

Tesla continues to improve the design of the 2170 battery cell and introduces incremental improvements into the manufacturing line periodically.[181]

The inverter for the Model 3 drive unit uses 24 pairs of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET chips rated for 650 volts[clarification needed] each.[182]

In May 2019 Tesla started offering an optional tow bar rated for 2,000 pounds (910 kg) available with Standard Range Plus and Long Range for the European Model 3.[183][184][185]

In December 2019, Tesla offered Long Range dual-motor Model 3 owners who had software version 2019.40.2 the option to purchase a US$2000 "Acceleration Boost" software upgrade enabling a Sport driving mode,[186] advertised to reduce 0-60 mph (97 km/h) time from 4.4s to 3.9s. Road testing confirmed better-than-expected acceleration with drivers in Sport mode reaching 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.67s from standstill and 3.47s with a 1-foot rollout.[187]

Structurally, the Model 3 is mostly steel, and most body panels are aluminum.[188][189]

Due to its smaller size, the Model 3 is expected to consume less energy than the Model Y, and thus have longer range.[190]

Traditional stability control is not made for dual-motor control or the faster response time in electric motors, and Tesla modified the control unit.[191] The cooling system is integrated to reduce size and cost.[192]

Sometime during August 2020, Tesla added heating hardware to the Model 3's charge port which was enabled by software update later in the year to prevent ice buildup.[193][194]

Beginning in October 2023 (most markets) or January 2024 (US market), Model 3 cars were delivered with changes for the "Highland" refresh. Tesla states that fifty percent of the Model 3's components have been changed for the 2024 Highland version.[195] The changes included a revised suspension emphasizing ride comfort, additional noise reduction, lack of stalks on the steering column, ventilated front seats, a small rear screen, slightly improved aerodynamics, and new headlights, taillights, and wheels.[196] The shifter has been removed and the gear may be selected on the touchscreen, or by simply letting the vehicle's predictive software select the appropriate gear. For emergency purposes, there are P-R-N-D buttons above the front windshield.[197]

Specifications table

[edit]
Currently available
Rear-Wheel Drive Long Range Rear-Wheel Drive Long Range AWD Performance[a]
Layout Single-motor rear-wheel drive Dual-motor all-wheel drive
Production Sep 2023–present Jul 2024–present Sep 2023–present Apr 2024–present
Range
(combined) 		EPA[198] 272 mi (438 km) 363 mi (584 km) 341 mi (549 km) 303 mi (488 km)
WLTP[199] 513 km (319 mi) 702 km (436 mi) 629 km (391 mi) 528 km (328 mi)
Battery capacity 57.5 kWh 82 kWh Fremont: 82 kWh
Shanghai: 79 kWh[200]
DC charging up to 170 kW up to 250 kW
AC charging (per hour) 26.2 mi (42.2 km) at 240 V, 32 A 39.7 mi (63.9 km) at 240 V, 48 A
AC charging Europe 3-phase 16 A 400 V (11 kW) (68 km/h)

3-phase 28 A 230 V (11 KW) (68 km/h)

1-Phase 32 A (7,4 KW) (46 km/h)

Motor Interior permanent magnet, synchronous, reluctance Interior permanent magnet, synchronous, reluctance (rear) & induction (front)
Curb weight 3,891 lb (1,765 kg) 4,030 lb (1,830 kg) Fremont: 4,081 lb (1,851 kg)
Shanghai: 4,054 lb (1,839 kg)
0 to 60 mph 5.8 sec 4.9 sec 4.2 sec 2.9 sec
Top speed 125 mph (201 km/h) 163 mph (262 km/h)
Discontinued
Model Standard Range Standard Range Plus Mid Range Long Range Rear-Wheel Drive Long Range AWD Performance
Layout Single-motor rear-wheel drive Dual-motor all-wheel drive
Production Mar 2019–Nov 2020[201] Mar 2019–Nov 2021 Oct 2018–Mar 2019[202] Jul 2017–Nov 2018
Mar 2019–Nov 2019[203]
Apr 2023–Oct 2023 		Nov 2021–Jan 2024 Jun 2018–Jan 2024
Range
(combined) 		EPA[204] 220 mi (350 km)[205] 240–263 mi (386–423 km) 264 mi (425 km) 310–330 mi (500–530 km) 272 mi (438 km) 310–358 mi (499–576 km) 299–322 mi (481–518 km)
WLTP 381 km (237 mi) 448 km (278 mi) 457 km (284 mi) 580 km (360 mi) 491 km (305 mi)[206] Until 2020: 560 km (350 mi)[207]
After 2021: 614 km (382 mi)[208] 		567 km (352 mi)
Efficiency[204] 26 kW⋅h/100 mi (16 kWh/100 km)
131 MPGe 		24–25 kW⋅h/100 mi (15–16 kWh/100 km)
133-141 MPGe 		27 kW⋅h/100 mi (17 kWh/100 km)
123 MPGe 		26–27 kW⋅h/100 mi (16–17 kWh/100 km)
126-130 MPGe 		25 kW⋅h/100 mi (16 kWh/100 km)
132 MPGe 		25–29 kW⋅h/100 mi (16–18 kWh/100 km)
116-134 MPGe 		28–30 kW⋅h/100 mi (17–19 kWh/100 km)
113-121 MPGe
Battery capacity 50 kWh[b][209] 54 kWh 62 kWh[210] 75 kWh[211] 57.5 kWh[212][213] Until 2020: 75 kWh[211]
After 2021: 82 kWh[214]
DC charging 130 mi (209 km) in 30 min.[215] up to 170 kW[216] up to 200 kW[216] up to 250 kW[217][218] up to 170 kW[205] up to 250 kW[217][218]
AC charging (per hour) 29.5 mi (47.5 km) at 240 V, 32 A[179] 32 mi (51 km) at 240 V, 32 A[179] 28.4 mi (45.7 km) at 240 V, 32 A[179] 44.3 mi (71.3 km) at 240 V, 48 A[179] 26.2 mi (42.2 km) at 240 V, 32 A[219][220] 39.7 mi (63.9 km) at 240 V, 48 A[179][220]
AC charging Europa 3-phase 16A 400v (11 kW) (68km/h)

3-phase 28A 230v (11KW) (68km/h)

1-Phase 32A (7,4KW) (46km/h)

Motor Interior permanent magnet, synchronous, reluctance Interior permanent magnet, synchronous, reluctance (rear) & induction (front)
Curb weight 3,552 lb (1,611 kg)[205] 3,627 lb (1,645 kg)[205] 3,686 lb (1,672 kg)[205] 3,805 lb (1,726 kg)[205] 3,885 lb (1,762 kg)[221] 4,072 lb (1,847 kg)[205]
0 to 60 mph[205] 5.3 sec 5.3 sec 5.2 sec 5 sec 5.8 sec 4.2 sec 3.1 sec
Top speed 130 mph (209 km/h)[205] 140 mph (225 km/h)[205][222] 145 mph (233 km/h)[223] 162 mph (261 km/h)[223]

Safety

[edit]

Following crash testing in 2019, the Model 3 performed very well, receiving five stars in every category from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration[224][225] and a 94% Euro NCAP score in active safety.[226][227]

Model 3 may lose Euro NCAP 5 star rating in 2026 due to the lack of physical buttons.[228][229][230]

Crash test videos
video icon NHTSA Frontal crash on YouTube
video icon NHTSA Side crash on YouTube
video icon NHTSA Side pole crash on YouTube
video icon EuroNCAP crash tests
video icon ANCAP crash test on YouTube
video icon Driver-side small overlap IIHS crash test on YouTube
video icon Moderate overlap IIHS crash test on YouTube
Safety ratings for the Tesla Model 3
NHTSA (US)[231] Euro NCAP[232] ANCAP[233] IIHS (US)[234]
Overall Overall Overall Small overlap front, driver side Good
Frontal, driver Adult occupant 36.7 pts / 96% Adult occupant 36.70 pts / 96% Small overlap front, passenger side Good
Frontal, passenger Child occupant 42.3 Pts / 86% Child occupant 42.88 Pts / 87% Moderate overlap front Good
Side, driver Vulnerable Road Users 35.7 Pts / 74% Vulnerable Road Users 35.69 Pts / 74% Side Good
Side, passenger Driver assist 12.3 Pts / 94% Driver assist 12.35 Pts / 94% Roof strength Good
Side pole, driver Roof strength Good
Rollover / 6.6% Head restraints & seats Good
Headlights (varies by trim/option)
Good Acceptable
Front crash prevention Superior

Automobile Racing

[edit]

For the single-seater ERA discipline, making its debut in 2023, the Brink Motorsport team is equipped with Model 3. This allows Tesla to make its debut in automobile racing.[235]

Reliability

[edit]

In November 2024, Tesla Model 3 ranked dead last in TÜV reliability tests for newer cars.[236]

Reception

[edit]
Tesla Model 3s in colors Silver Metallic (left) and Midnight Silver (right)
  • Car-design columnist and former car designer for GM Robert Cumberford said the Model 3 "is an excellent design" and praised the front fascia skin that he thinks is superior to the black plastic simulated grille of the pre-refresh Model S.[237][238] Cumberford praised the Model 3's minimalist design, and "elegant simplicity" akin to Apple products.[239] Although he criticized the car's spoiler, he said the Model 3 has a design that would age well, and "in 10 years it will still look contemporary and beautifully understated, not old and irrelevant."[239]
  • Motor Trend said the nose was controversial and polarizing, but probably intentionally so.[240] Vanity Fair and others compared the Model 3 to the Ford Model T for its intended affordability as a volume-produced electric vehicle.[241][242][243] Automotive journalist Doug DeMuro said the Model 3 was better, though $2,000 more expensive, than the BMW 340i and that it was the "coolest car of the year," later clarifying that this was based on the "long waiting lists, obsessive interest and news stories."[244] Alex Roy said that DeMuro's review had concentrated on hardware details and missed out on the bigger picture.[243]
  • Automotive-industry analyst Toni Sacconaghi of AllianceBernstein said after driving one of the early Tesla vehicles in November 2017 that "Overall, we found the Model 3 to be a compelling offering, and believe it is likely to further galvanize the overall Electric Vehicle category." He was less impressed with build quality of the test samples. "Fit and finish on the two demo cars we saw—perhaps not surprisingly—was relatively poor." He said that there were quality issues at first with the Model X which led to some concern. "This is going to be a much, much higher-volume car, and if there are any quality issues, that could overwhelm the service centers and undermine the Tesla brand." Nonetheless, Sacconaghi was impressed with the ride quality, performance and interior space, and concluded that the 3 "risks cannibalizing the [much more expensive] Model S going forward."[245]
  • Road & Track's Bob Sorokanich said the "Model 3 proves that Tesla is thinking far beyond the edges of the Model S and X. Stepping out of the 3, you realize that, as far as the S and X pushed the envelope, they were always meant as intermediaries, stepping stones designed to draw people away from comfortable convention and into the future of the automobile. ... The Model 3 is Tesla at its most unabashed. It's an automaker finally willing to abandon the skeuomorphism of a false radiator grille, the tradition of a driver-oriented gauge panel."[246]
  • In 2018, a Model 3 was driven 606.2 miles (975 km) on a single charge, setting a hypermiling driving record.[247]
  • In early 2019, Kelley Blue Book announced that the Tesla Model 3 was the winner of the "Best Resale Value Award" for all automobiles in the US market "with a projected 69.3% resale value after 36 months and 48.7% after 60 months."[248]

Awards

[edit]
  • Popular Mechanics named the Tesla Model 3 as the magazine's 2018 Car of the Year.[249] Model 3 was given the 2018 Design of the Year award by Automobile magazine.[239]
  • In the United Kingdom, the Model 3 was named 2019 Car of the Year by Auto Express magazine,[250] and 2020 Car of the Year by Parkers magazine, where it was also named "Best Electric Car" and "Best Company Car", and won the "Best Safety" award for any vehicle on the market.[251]
  • The Model 3 won best mid-size car in the 2019 Das Goldene Lenkrad Golden Steering Wheel awards.[252]
  • The Model 3 was named the top-rated electric car of 2019 by Edmunds.com, as well as being named Edmunds' top-rated Luxury Electric Vehicle for 2020.[253][254]
  • In late 2019, the Model 3 was also named a Top Safety Pick+ by the IIHS.[255] The Model 3 also won Car of the Year in Denmark, Car of the Year 2020 in Norway, and Swiss Car of the Year 2020.[256]
  • The Model 3 was named as UK Car of the Year 2020 by a panel of 29 motoring journalists. The director of the awards stated that the car's "technology, performance and range" were converting opinions in favor of electric vehicles.[257]
  • The car was chosen as one of the Top 10 Tech Cars by the IEEE in 2018.[258]
  • In January 2021, the Model 3 Standard Range Plus was named Large Electric Car of the Year by What Car? magazine.[259] What Car? awarded the Model 3 five stars out of five in its review of the car.[260]
  • In May 2021, the Model 3 won Auto Trader UK's New Car Award for Best Car for Families.[261] Auto Trader awarded the Model 3 four and a half stars out of five in its review of the car.[262]
  • In January 2024, the Model 3 RWD was awarded Executive Car of the Year by What Car? magazine.[263][4]

Recalls

[edit]
  • In December 2021, 356,309 Model 3 vehicles built between 2017 and 2020 were recalled because of the possibility of damage to the rear view camera wiring harness caused by trunk operation.[264]
  • In November 2022, Tesla recalled all vehicles for an over-the-air software update to remedy a condition where the tail lamps on one or both sides of the vehicle could work intermittently, making the vehicle less visible to others and increasing the risk of a crash.[265]
  • In February 2023, Tesla recalled all vehicles equipped with the Full Self Driving Beta in the US and Canada for an over-the-air software update at the direction of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The agency said the system had allowed the vehicle to "exceed speed limits or travel through intersections in an unlawful or unpredictable manner [which] increases the risk of a crash." Tesla opposed the federal request but ultimately complied. Elon Musk tweeted that the decision was, "anachronistic and just flat wrong!" U.S. senators Ed Markey and Richard Blumenthal said the recall was, "long overdue," adding, "Tesla must finally stop overstating the real capabilities of its vehicles." The fix, coming to a complete stop at stop signs rather than ~1mph, was provided via an over-the-air software update.[266][267]
  • In December 2023, Tesla recalled all models with Autosteer (the lane centering part of Autopilot) in the US for an over-the-air software update that takes additional measures to ensure that the driver is paying attention.[268] Software version 2023.44.30 contains the remedy for the recall.[269]
  • In January 2024, Tesla recalled all vehicles for an over-the-air software update that increased the font size of the visual warning indicators for brake, park, and antilock brake to the minimum required size of 3.2mm (1/8 inch).[270]
  • In May 2024, Tesla recalled all vehicles in the US for an over-the-air software update to remedy a situation where the seat belt warning may not activate if there is an "an open trace in the driver seat occupancy switch". The software update will become available in June 2024 and removes the dependency on the driver seat occupancy switch, using only the seat belt and ignition statuses to activate the warning.[271]
  • In December 2024, Tesla recalled all vehicles for an over-the-air software update to resolve a condition where the tire pressure monitoring system may fail to provide adequate warnings.[272][273]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Slight differences exist between cars assembled at the Tesla Fremont Factory and Gigafactory Shanghai.
  2. ^ Battery has a capacity of 54 kWh, but is software limited

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Cumberford, Robert (January 17, 2018). "The Man Behind the Model 3: Franz von Holzhausen". Automobile. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  2. ^ Woodard, Collin (November 28, 2017). "Tesla Model 3 Owner's Manual Secrets Revealed on Reddit". Automobile. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019.
  3. ^ "Model 3 Charging Speed". Tesla, Inc. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "2024 Tesla Model 3". caranddriver.com. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Musk, Elon (January 7, 2007). "Interview with Elon Musk". Wired Science (Interview). Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2019. Model 3 is intended to be around a $30,000 price point, so that's really affordable by almost everyone who can buy new cars
  6. ^ LaMonica, Martin (September 24, 2008). "Tesla's 'Bluestar' to be all-electric family car". CNET. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  7. ^ "Tesla publishes Model 3 vs. Model S specifications in employee-only handout" (Press release). Tesla. 2017. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017 – via Teslarati Forum.
  8. ^ "Is this a Tesla Model 3 Performance version spied testing at the Fremont factory?". teslarati.com. October 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  9. ^ a b "Press Kit" (Press release). US: Tesla. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d e Baker, David R. (April 1, 2016). "Tesla Model 3 reservations top 232,000". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016. Tesla Motors had sold 107,000 Model S cars by the end of 2015
  11. ^ a b Hull, Dana (April 7, 2016). "Tesla Says It Received More Than 325,000 Model 3 Reservations". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  12. ^ a b Crosbie, Jack (August 2, 2017). "Elon Musk Finally Reveals the Number of Tesla Model 3 Reservations". inverse.com. US. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  13. ^ a b Fiegerman, Seth (August 3, 2017). "Tesla now averaging more than 1,800 Model 3 reservations a day". CNN Money. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  14. ^ Lienert, Paul; Sage, Alexandria (May 20, 2016). "Exclusive: Suppliers question Tesla's goals for Model 3 output". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  15. ^ Goliya, Kshitiz; Sage, Alexandria (May 4, 2016). "Tesla puts pedal to the metal, 500,000 cars planned in 2018". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  16. ^ "Tesla shareholders letter:Tesla First Quarter 2016 Update" (PDF). Tesla Inc. May 4, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  17. ^ Lienert, Paul (May 18, 2016). "Tesla plans $2 billion stock sale to accelerate Model 3 program". Automotive News. US. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  18. ^ Perkins, Chris (July 20, 2016). "Tesla Motors Will Produce a Semi Truck and a Model 3-Based Pickup". Road & Track. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  19. ^ Isidore, Chris. "Tesla will start working 24/7 to crank out Model 3s". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  20. ^ a b "Elon Musk Says This Is Tesla's 'Biggest Problem'". Fortune. November 1, 2017. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  21. ^ Randall, Tom (November 4, 2017). "How the Model 3 delay is burning Tesla's other projects". Daily Herald. Chicago. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  22. ^ "Tesla's Model 3 Challenges Leave Little 'Wiggle Room' on Cash". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. January 3, 2018. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  23. ^ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (July 1, 2018). "7000 cars, 7 days [...]" (Tweet). Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved July 1, 2018 – via Twitter.
  24. ^ "Tesla reaches Model 3 production milestone and record 7,000-car week total production, says Elon Musk". Electrek. July 1, 2018. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
  25. ^ Sage, Alexandria; Rodriguez, Salvador (July 2, 2018). "Exclusive: Tesla hits Model 3 manufacturing milestone, hours after..." Reuters. US. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
  26. ^ "$35,000 Tesla Model 3 Available Now". February 28, 2019. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  27. ^ Capparella, Joey (April 12, 2019). "The "$35,000" Tesla Model 3 Is No More, and It Seems That It Never Was". Car and Driver. US. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  28. ^ a b Kane, Mark (March 12, 2019). "US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: February 2019". InsideEVs. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  29. ^ Schmidt, Bridie (April 15, 2019). "Tesla Model 3 becomes all-time best-selling electric car in US". EV Adoption. The Driven. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  30. ^ a b Holland, Maximilian (March 10, 2020). "Tesla Passes 1 Million EV Milestone & Model 3 Becomes All Time Best Seller". CleanTechnica. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020. Tesla's quarterly reports, meanwhile, had put the Model 3's cumulative sales at 447,980 at the end of 2019.
  31. ^ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (August 15, 2014). "Yes. Technically Model 3 or maybe three horizontal bars. Won't be three vertical bars" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  32. ^ Welch, David (July 30, 2007). "Tesla: A Carmaker With Silicon Valley Spark". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  33. ^ LaMonica, Martin. "Tesla's 'Bluestar' to be all-electric family car". CNET. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  34. ^ Tesla [@Tesla] (July 16, 2014). "Confirmed: Our Gen III car, due out after Model X, will be named Model 3" (Tweet). Retrieved July 18, 2014 – via Twitter.
  35. ^ Straubel, JB (August 30, 2015). Tesla Reimagines the Century-old Power Grid. Seoul Digital Forum (offset 7:07). Seoul. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2020 – via YouTube. Product Roadmap … 3rd Generation: Model III
  36. ^ Randall, Tom (March 30, 2016). "Elon Musk wanted to name his Model 3 Model E so Tesla's brands would spell SEX. This and other secrets about his newest car". Bloomberg News. US. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  37. ^ "Adidas Says Tesla Logo Is Too Similar To 3-Stripe TM". US: Portfolio Media, Inc. Law360. February 6, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  38. ^ Lambert, Fred (February 5, 2017). "Tesla Model 3: Elon Musk confirms the branding will be numeric – resulting in 'S3X' vehicle lineup". Electrek. US. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
  39. ^ Heisler, Yoni (January 7, 2016). "Tesla confirms: Model 3 would be unveiled in March". BGR. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  40. ^ Ma vie en Tesla la rencontre avec Elon Musk. January 30, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016 – via YouTube.
  41. ^ a b "Reserving your Model 3". Tesla, Inc. March 21, 2016. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  42. ^ a b c d e Boylan, Chris (May 22, 2016). "Top 12 Questions On Tesla Model 3 Answered". CleanTechnica. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  43. ^ "Model 3 Reservation Deposit". Tesla Inc. March 20, 2016. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  44. ^ Ziegler, Chris (February 10, 2016). "Tesla's Model 3 will be shown on March 31st, 'on schedule' for 2017 production". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 11, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
  45. ^ "Tesla Reliability, Take Two: Are Newer Owners Less Tolerant?". Green Car Reports. October 23, 2015. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  46. ^ "Consumer Reports Car Reliability Survey 2016". Consumer Reports. October 24, 2016. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016. When a car model is brand new or "completely redesigned," that can mean new parts, new systems—and new problems.
  47. ^ Stoll, John (February 10, 2016). "Tesla's Musk: Model 3 Orders Surpassed 115,000 Within 24 Hours". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  48. ^ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (April 1, 2016). "Model 3 orders at 180,000 in 24 hours. Selling price w avg option mix prob $42k, so ~$7.5B in a day. Future of electric cars looking bright!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  49. ^ Field, Kyle (April 1, 2016). "200,000 Tesla Model 3 Reservations in Less Than 24 Hours". CleanTechnica. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  50. ^ Bradshaw, Tim (April 3, 2016). "Tesla Model 3 orders point to potential $11.5bn sales". Financial Times. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
  51. ^ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (April 7, 2016). "Over 325k cars or ~$14B in preorders in first week. Only 5% ordered max of two, suggesting low levels of speculation" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  52. ^ Kwong, Phoenix (April 28, 2016). "China second-largest market for Tesla's Model 3 car". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
  53. ^ Cole, Jay (May 18, 2016). "Tesla, Musk Plan $2 Billion Stock Sale To Build Model 3, 373,000 People Reserved". InsideEVs. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  54. ^ Hull, Dana (May 18, 2016). "Tesla to Sell $1.4 Billion in Shares for Expanded Production". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  55. ^ "Tesla Hands Over First Model 3 Electric Cars to Early Buyers". US. July 29, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017 – via NBC News.
  56. ^ Capparella, Joey (October 16, 2020). "Tesla Model 3 Gets Design Changes Inside and Out, Increased Range". Car and Driver. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  57. ^ Moloughney, Tom (November 26, 2020). "2021 Tesla Model 3 vs. 2020 Side by Side Comparison: What's Changed?". InsideEVs. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  58. ^ Kay, Grace (March 20, 2023). "Tesla reportedly saw an uptick in crashes and mistakes after Elon Musk removed radar from its cars". Business Insider.
  59. ^ Yekikian, Nick (June 7, 2021). "Tesla Model 3 and Y Lose Adjustable Lumbar Due to "Almost No Usage"". MotorTrend. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  60. ^ Singh, Dev (April 3, 2023). "Tesla removes parking sensors, its cars start running into things". CarExpert. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  61. ^ a b Yan, Zhang; Jin, Hyunjoo; Leussink, Daniel; Goh, Brenda (September 1, 2023). Schmollinger, Christian; Krolicki, Kevin; Fahmy, Miral (eds.). "Tesla releases refreshed Model 3 with longer driving range in China". Reuters. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  62. ^ Yan, Zhang; White, Joe; Guilluame, Gilles; Krolicki, Kevin (November 28, 2022). Nicolaci da Costa, Ana (ed.). "Exclusive: Tesla readies revamped Model 3 with project 'Highland' -sources". Reuters. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  63. ^ "Tesla lance une nouvelle version de la Model 3: quels changements pour 1000 euros de plus?". bfmtv.
  64. ^ a b c von Holzhausen, Franz; Moravy, Lars (February 2024). Model 3 update. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  65. ^ Stoklosa, Alexander (October 18, 2023). "New Tesla Model 3 vs. Old Tesla Model 3: All the Changes Side-By-Side". Motor Trend. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  66. ^ FSD (Frequency Selective Damping) Technology by KONI, retrieved February 17, 2024
  67. ^ Lambert, Fred (February 15, 2024). "Tesla Model 3 has a new tech that 'isolates shake frequencies in your belly'". Electrek. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  68. ^ Tesla is having major issue with its self-driving computer inside new cars
  69. ^ Kalia, Shubham; Sriram, Akash (January 10, 2024). "Tesla launches restyled Model 3 in North America". Reuters. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  70. ^ "Detroit 2013: Tesla's Family Will Grow". automobilemag.com. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  71. ^ LaMonica, Martin (September 24, 2008). "Tesla's 'Bluestar' to be all-electric family car". CNET. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
  72. ^ "12 interesting things we learned from Tesla's Elon Musk this week". The Guardian. October 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  73. ^ "Elon Musk: I Want The Model 3 To Be Different, Not Just A Smaller Model S". CleanTechnica. January 25, 2015. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  74. ^ Gold, Aaron (April 7, 2016). "The Internet Fixes The Tesla Model 3's Controversial Styling". Forbes. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  75. ^ "Tesla veteran on electric motors vs internal-combustion engines". ecomento.com. November 17, 2015. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  76. ^ Muoio, Danielle (November 1, 2016). "Elon Musk: Tesla is developing a special kind of glass for its Model 3". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  77. ^ "Tesla's Model 3 and Apple's iPhone have a few things in common". July 31, 2017. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  78. ^ Merano, Maria (December 25, 2020). "Tesla rolls out 2020 Holiday Update: New Driving Visualizations, Supercharger Display Improvements and more (Release Notes)". Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  79. ^ a b c "2017 Tesla Model 3 Review, Pricing, and Specs". Car and Driver. February 21, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  80. ^ a b c Hanley, Mike (October 1, 2018). "1 Screen to Rule Them All: Tesla Model 3 All-Purpose Touchscreen Tested". Cars.com. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  81. ^ "Q2 2023 Investor Update Presentation" (PDF). Tesla, Inc. July 19, 2023. p. 7. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  82. ^ Cypel, Sylvain (August 12, 2013). "Tesla, la dernière coqueluche de la Silicon Valley" [Tesla, the latest darling of Scilicon Valley]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018. Le premier, Jérôme Guillen, 41 ans, est né à Avignon. Parti de France à 20 ans, après un doctorat d'ingénierie mécanique aux Etats-Unis, un passage chez McKinsey et DaimlerBenz … Nom de code : BlueStar. Ce sera, promet M. Guillen, "un véhicule encore plus technologique mais moins sophistiqué. Un jour, nous aussi, ici, nous fabriquerons 400 000 voitures".
  83. ^ Lienert, Paul; Sage, Alexandria (May 20, 2016). "Exclusive: Suppliers question Tesla's goals for Model 3 output". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 23, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  84. ^ Lambert, Fred (May 4, 2016). "Tesla sets July 1st 2017 as deadline for Model 3 parts with suppliers and internally". Electrek. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  85. ^ Lambert, Fred (November 23, 2016). "Tesla Model 3 will not arrive until 'very end' of 2018, says once TSLA-cheerleader Morgan Stanley's Adam Jonas". Electrek. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016. We continue to forecast a Model 3 launch at the very end of 2018 (more than 1 year later than company target) with 60k units in 2019 and 130k units in 2020.
  86. ^ Bower, George (December 20, 2016). "GM versus Tesla: Pre-Production Comparison for Meeting Model 3 Deliveries At 2017's End". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  87. ^ Campbell, Angela (August 4, 2016). "Tesla Motors Model 3 Equipment 'Already Online' at Fremont Factory". The Country Caller. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  88. ^ a b c d e "Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2016 Update" (PDF). Palo Alto: Tesla Inc. February 22, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  89. ^ Lambert, Fred (August 1, 2016). "Tesla Model 3: Tesla is ordering enough parts for a fleet of ~300 prototypes". Electrek. Archived from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016. it doesn't mean that the number of parts divided by the number of parts per vehicle necessarily means Tesla will build a fleet of 300 since some of the parts will be used for process validation outside of prototypes and other processes
  90. ^ Campbell, Angela (August 2, 2016). "Ordering Enough Model 3 Parts For 300 Prototypes". The Country Caller. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016. Once the assembly line is installed following the beta prototype completion, the automaker produces several "release candidates."
  91. ^ Baker-Whitcomb, Alex (July 3, 2019). "Tesla Model 3 Crash Results, Europe's Record Heat, and More News From Today". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  92. ^ "Edited Transcript of TSLA earnings conference call or presentation 26-Oct-16 9:30 pm GMT". Yahoo. October 27, 2016. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2016. Musk [39]: we're not taking any action that would cause the Model 3 timeline to be extended in any way. [41]: We're still highly confident of reaching volume production in the second half of next year.
  93. ^ Ciolli, Joe (January 3, 2018). "Tesla misses its Model 3 deliveries by a mile". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  94. ^ Coren, Michael J. (January 3, 2018). "Tesla's Model 3 misses production targets a second time". Quartz. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  95. ^ Lambert, Fred (October 15, 2016). "Tesla is building new 'drive unit production lines' at the Gigafactory, will not only manufacture battery packs". Electrek. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  96. ^ a b c "_Update_Letter_2017-3Q.pdf Tesla Third Quarter 2017 Update". Tesla. November 1, 2017. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  97. ^ "Tesla Q4 2018 Vehicle Production & Deliveries" (Press release). Tesla, Inc. January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  98. ^ "Tesla Q4 2019 Vehicle Production & Deliveries" (Press release). Tesla, Inc. January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  99. ^ "Tesla Q4 2020 Vehicle Production & Deliveries" (Press release). Tesla, Inc. January 2, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  100. ^ "Tesla Q4 2021 Vehicle Production & Deliveries" (Press release). Tesla, Inc. January 2, 2022. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  101. ^ "Tesla Q4 2022 Vehicle Production & Deliveries" (Press release). Tesla, Inc. January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  102. ^ "Tesla Q4 2023 Vehicle Production & Deliveries" (Press release). Tesla, Inc. January 2, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  103. ^ a b Ziegler, Chris (February 10, 2016). "Don't expect the very first Tesla Model 3s to cost $35,000". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017. Our default plan as we've done in the past is that the initial sales are relatively highly optioned versions of the car, because we've got to pay back the investment of the tooling and everything, so it makes sense to have the higher optioned versions first. That's what we did with the S and obviously again with the X.
  104. ^ a b Golson, Jordan (March 24, 2017). "Elon Musk shares video of near-final Model 3, but says he won't drive one". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  105. ^ "Tesla Delays Its Model 3 Production Goals – Again". Wired. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  106. ^ "Tesla Falters With Model 3 as Initial Output Trails Forecast". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. October 2, 2017. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  107. ^ Holley, Peter (October 2, 2017). "'We understand what needs to be fixed,' Tesla says after missing Model 3 production goals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  108. ^ Higgins, Tim (October 6, 2017). "Behind Tesla's Production Delays: Parts of Model 3 Were Being Made by Hand". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  109. ^ a b c "Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2017 Update" (PDF) (Press release). Palo Alto: Tesla. February 7, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018. In Q4, we delivered 28,425 Model S and Model X vehicles and 1,542 Model 3 vehicles, totaling 29,967 deliveries.
  110. ^ "'Another missed promise': Tesla's latest Model 3 production setback could mean company needs more cash". Financial Post. Bloomberg. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  111. ^ Holley, Peter (November 3, 2017). "Analysis – Sleepless nights, broken robots and mounting pressure: Musk offers rare glimpse inside Tesla's 'production hell'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  112. ^ "Tesla must stop overpromising, could need more finance: analysts". Reuters. November 2, 2017. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  113. ^ "Tesla First Quarter 2018 Update" (PDF). Tesla. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  114. ^ Halvorson, Bengt (November 8, 2018). "Finalist for Green Car Reports Best Car To Buy 2019: Tesla Model 3". Green Car Reports. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
  115. ^ Loveday, Eric (December 4, 2018). "Tesla Model 3 Sales Charge Way Past Milestone Of 100,000 In U.S." InsideEVs. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  116. ^ California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (August 2018). "California Green Vehicle Report (YTD June 2018)" (PDF). CNCDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018. See section: "Electric and Plug In Vehicle Segments Move Higher in 2018" – registrations through December March 2018 since 2014.
  117. ^ a b Kane, Mark (January 3, 2019). "U.S. Tesla Sales in December 2018 Up By 249%". InsideEVs. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  118. ^ a b Loveday, Steven (January 7, 2019). "December 2018 U.S. EV Sales Recap: Over 360K Secured!". Inside EVs. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  119. ^ Kane, Mark (January 24, 2019). "US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: December 2018". InsideEVs. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019. See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" and "U.S. Plug-in Car Sales (cumulative)"
  120. ^ McCarthy, Niall (February 8, 2019). "The Tesla Model 3 Was The Best-Selling Luxury Car in America Last Year [Infographic]". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019. See infographic.
  121. ^ a b Kane, Mark (February 21, 2019). "Electric Cars Outsell Hybrids in California: Tesla Model 3 Tops In Class". Inside EVs. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  122. ^ California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2019). "New Vehicle Registrations Remained Above 2 million Units in 2018" (PDF). CNCDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019. See section: "Electric Vehicle Registrations Increased Sharply in 2018" – Figures for 2017 were revised.
  123. ^ a b c d Jose, Pontes (January 31, 2019). "Global Top 20 – December 2018". EVSales.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019. "Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, with a BEV:PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a market share of 2.1%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2018, followed by BYD."
  124. ^ Musk, Elon (October 25, 2018). "Tesla 2018 Q3 Earnings Call" (offset 33:00). Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2019 – via YouTube. likely global demand for Model 3... it's probably on the order of anyway from 500,000 to a million cars a year, let's say, … as quick global demand for Model 3. If you look at something like BWM 3 Series … BMW 3 Series is about half-a-million a year, globally. And generally we find that we outcompete the BMW 3 Series quite well, so it seems logical therefore that we would have higher production …higher demand, you know; maybe somewhere between the BMW 3 Series and the Volkswagen Golf which is about a million units a year.
  125. ^ a b c Jose, Pontes (February 2, 2021). "Global Top 20 – December 2020". EVSales.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021. "Global sales totaled 3,124,793 plug-in passenger cars in 2020, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a global market share of 4%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 365,240 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 499,535 units, followed by VW with 220,220."
  126. ^ a b c Jose, Pontes (January 31, 2020). "Global Top 20 – December 2019". EVSales.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020. "Global sales totaled 2,209,831 plug-in passenger cars in 2019. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300,075 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 367,820 units, followed by BYD with 229,506."
  127. ^ Kane, Mark (February 16, 2019). "More And More Tesla Model 3 Reach Norway: Sales Imminent". InsideEVs. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  128. ^ "Tesla Model 3s Arrive in Chinese Port Ready For Deliveries". Gasgoo News. InsideEVs. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  129. ^ "Tesla Model 3: first UK buyers take delivery of cars". Autocar. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  130. ^ Parkinson, Giles (October 2, 2019). "Tesla Model 3 electric vehicle smashes sales records, recasts Australia car market". RenewEconomy. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  131. ^ "Tesla delivers first China-made Model 3s to its own workers". CNN. December 30, 2019. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
  132. ^ Kane, Mark (February 4, 2019). "US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: January 2019". InsideEVs. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019. See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" In January 209 the Tesla Model 3 (148,046) overtook the Model S (144,767). The Chevrolet Volt (152,819) continues as the all-time best selling plug-in car in the U.S.
  133. ^ a b Loveday, Steven (January 17, 2020). "Final Update: Quarterly Plug-In EV Sales Scorecard". InsideEVs. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2020. See Chart: "2019 Monthly/Q4 Sales Chart : Annual" – The top selling models were the Tesla Model 3 with 158,925 units, the Toyota Prius Prime with 23,630, the Tesla Model X with 19,225, the Chevrolet Bolt EV with 16,418 and the Tesla Model S with 14,100 units.
  134. ^ a b California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2020). "California Auto Outlook Covering Fourth Quarter 2019: State New Vehicle Market Predicted to Remain Strong in 2020" (PDF). CNCDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  135. ^ Gauthier, Michael (February 19, 2020). "European Car Sales Climbed To 15.7 Million Units Last Year, Tesla Model 3 Is The EV Champion". Carscoops. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020. Sales of the Tesla Model 3 in Europe totaled 94,495 units in 2019 (Europe 23) and topped sales in the region in the EV segment.
  136. ^ Shahan, Zachary (January 19, 2020). "Tesla Model 3 = #1 Best Selling Auto in Netherlands & Norway in 2019". Clean Technica. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020. In Norway and the Netherlands, the Model 3 was the #1 best selling automobile of any kind in any class in 2019.
  137. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2020). "OFV Registreringsstatistikk" [OFV Registration Statistics] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020. To access the sales ranking by model choose "Modell" and the tabs for "2019" and "Desember" – The Tesla Model 3 was the best selling passenger car in Norway in 2019 with 15,683 units registered.
  138. ^ Moberg, Knut (December 31, 2019). "Bil-året 2019: Derfor var 2019 så spesielt" [The car of the year 2019: That's why 2019 was so special] (in Norwegian). Dinside.no. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020. With a total of 15,473 new registered Tesla Model 3 (as of December 27, 2019), only Volkswagen has managed a higher number previously, with Bobla in 1969 (16,706 cars), and Golf in 2015 (16,388).
  139. ^ Pontes, Jose (January 27, 2020). "Tesla Model 3 Shatters Records in Hot European Market – EV Sales Report". Clean Technica. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  140. ^ Jose, Pontes (January 27, 2020). "Markets Roundup – December 2019". EVSales. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020. Check for top selling plug-in car in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan and Mexico.
  141. ^ Jose, Pontes (January 31, 2020). "EV Sales 2019". EVSales.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020. Click on December sales for Spain, Belgium, Denmark, and Switzerland.
  142. ^ "The "E" side of EV: Nissan brings excitement from the road to the track with LEAF Nismo RC unleashed for the first time in Europe" (Press release). Valencia, Spain: Nissan Europe. January 20, 2020. Archived from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  143. ^ "Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2018 Update". Palo Alto: Tesla. January 30, 2019. Archived from the original on January 30, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019. In Q4, we delivered 63,359 Model 3 vehicles to customers in North America.
  144. ^ "Investor Communication: Tesla Q1 2020 Update". Investor relations (Press release). Tesla, Inc. April 29, 2020. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020. Includes updated production and sales figures from 1Q 2019 through 1Q 2020.
  145. ^ "Tesla lowers price of China Model 3 to undercut BMW and Mercedes in strategic play". TESLARATI. January 3, 2020. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
  146. ^ a b Moore, C.J. (February 14, 2021). "Tesla's commanding lead in U.S. EVs illustrated by registration report". Automotive News. Retrieved February 14, 2021. According to Experian, in 2020 the top U.S. EVs by registrations were the Tesla Model 3 (95,135), Tesla Model Y (71,344), Chevrolet Bolt EV (19,664), the Tesla Model X (19,652), Tesla Model S (14,430) and the Nissan Leaf (8,972). All four Tesla models accounted for 200,561 registrations, up 16% from 2019.
  147. ^ "Domestic EV makers rival Tesla in China, can they win?". SDchina.com. February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021. See table: Top 10 NEV sold in China in 2020.
  148. ^ a b California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2021). "California Auto Outlook Covering Fourth Quarter 2020: State New Light Vehicle Registrations Predicted to Approach 1.8 Million Units in 2021" (PDF). CNCDA. Retrieved February 8, 2021. A total of 132,742 plug-in electric passenger cars (101,628 BEVs and 31,114 PHEVs) and were registered in 2020. Registration figures between 2016 and 2019 were revised, resulting in significantly higher estimates than previously reported through 2019.
  149. ^ "Nederland Elektrisch - Cijfers en statistieken EV's in Nederland". nederlandelektrisch.nl.
  150. ^ Shahan, Zachary (August 26, 2021). "Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales". CleanTechnica. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
  151. ^ "Car Registrations: December 2021 and Year-To-Date". SMMT. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
  152. ^ Jolly, Jasper (October 25, 2021). "Tesla breaks $1tn valuation barrier after Hertz orders 100,000 vehicles". The Guardian. Retrieved October 26, 2021. the US electric car pioneer received an order for 100,000 of its vehicles from the rental company Hertz.
  153. ^ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (October 26, 2021). "To be clear, cars sold to Hertz have no discount. Same price as to consumers" (Tweet). Retrieved October 26, 2021 – via Twitter.
  154. ^ Hertz's Tesla Fire Sale Continues As Depreciation Costs Mount
  155. ^ Olsen, Patrick (May 30, 2018). "Tesla Model 3 Gets CR Recommendation After Braking Update". Consumer Reports. US. Archived from the original on May 31, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  156. ^ Marshall, Aarian (May 30, 2018). "Tesla's Quick Fix for Its Braking System Came From the Ether". Wired. US. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  157. ^ Isidore, Chris (February 21, 2019). "Consumer Reports no longer recommends the Tesla Model 3". CNN Business. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  158. ^ Randall, Tom; Halford, Dean; Sam, Cedric (October 29, 2019). "The Tesla Model 3 Survey 5,000 Tesla Owners Told Us What Elon Musk Got Right and Wrong". bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  159. ^ Moon, Mariella (November 15, 2019). "Tesla's Model 3 and S are (once again) recommended by 'Consumer Reports'". Engadget. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  160. ^ "Our Tesla Model 3 Is Up and Running Again after Getting a New Rear-Motor Assembly". Car and Driver. January 2, 2020. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  161. ^ "Our Tesla Model 3 Suffered a Catastrophic Failure While Parked". Car and Driver. December 31, 2019. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  162. ^ "Tesla downgraded Chinese car tech because of virus". BBC News. March 4, 2020. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  163. ^ "Recommended Safety Technologies". NHTSA. May 28, 2021. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  164. ^ "Tesla Stops Putting Radar Sensors in New Model S and Model X EVs". Car and Driver. February 28, 2022.
  165. ^ "Tesla investigated over 'phantom braking' problem". BBC News. February 18, 2022.
  166. ^ Page, Carly (May 18, 2022). "New Bluetooth attack can remotely unlock Tesla vehicles and smart locks". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  167. ^ Goodin, Dan (May 18, 2022). "New Bluetooth hack can unlock your Tesla—and all kinds of other devices". arstechnica.com. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  168. ^ "Tesla Model 3's IPM-SynRM electric motor explained". Motor1. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  169. ^ Gaddam, Yogeshwari S. (January 8, 2021). "Tesla Model 3's IPM-SynRM electric motor". Lesics. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  170. ^ Govindasamy, Kannan; Tesla (June 21, 2017). Request for issuance of a new certificate of Conformity – Initial application for MY2017 Model 3 - Touring (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2017. HTSLV00.0L13 … L: Lithium Ion Battery; 1 – RWD Motor; 3 – Model 3 Line of vehicles … The motor is a 3‐phase AC internal permanent magnet motor utilizing a six‐pole, high‐frequency design with inverter‐controlled magnetic flux.
  171. ^ "The Longest-Range Electric Vehicle Now Goes Even Farther | Tesla, Inc". tesla.com. April 23, 2019. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019. All Model S and X vehicles now benefit from Tesla's latest generation of drive unit technology, which combines an optimized permanent magnet synchronous reluctance motor, silicon carbide power electronics, and improved lubrication, cooling, bearings, and gear designs to achieve greater than 93% efficiency. Pairing a permanent magnet motor in the front with an induction motor in the rear enables unparalleled range and performance at all times.
  172. ^ "Motor technology from Model 3 helps Tesla boost Model S range 10 |". arstechnica.com. April 24, 2019. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  173. ^ a b c d e Kane, Mark (May 23, 2022). "What Batteries Are Tesla Using In Its Electric Cars?". InsideEVs. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  174. ^ Sanderson, Henry (February 19, 2020). "Tesla's choice of cheaper lithium batteries hits cobalt miners". Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  175. ^ "Take an In-Depth Look at the Tesla Model 3's New Battery Pack Architecture". August 25, 2017. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  176. ^ Govindasamy, Kannan (June 21, 2017). "RequestforissuanceofanewcertificateofConformity– Initial application for MY2017 Model 3 - Touring". Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  177. ^ "Request for issuance of a new certificate of Conformity". January 28, 2019. p. 36. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  178. ^ Arcus, Christopher (July 9, 2018). "Tesla Model 3 & Chevy Bolt Battery Packs Examined". CleanTechnica. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  179. ^ a b c d e f D'Angelo, Matt (July 29, 2017). "Tesla Model 3 specs – 220-mile standard with 310-mile option for $9k". Teslarati. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  180. ^ "Tesla Model 3". EV Database. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021.
  181. ^ "Tesla Gigafactory Tour Shows Where Tesla Continuously Drives Down Battery Costs". CleanTechnica. January 6, 2019. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
  182. ^ Barbarini, Elena (June 25, 2018). STMicroelectronics SiC Module in Tesla Model3 Inverter (PDF) (Report). SystemPlus Consulting. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2018. full SiC power module, in its Model 3. … STMicroelectronics … Tesla inverter … 24 1-in-1 power modules … module contains two SiC MOSFETs
  183. ^ "Design your Model 3". tesla.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  184. ^ Lambert, Fred (May 8, 2019). "Tesla launches tow hitch for Model 3". Electrek. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
  185. ^ "Model 3 Tow Hitch". tesla.com. May 14, 2019. Archived from the original on May 19, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  186. ^ "Tesla Model 3 owners can go quicker with a click". autoblog.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  187. ^ "teslamotorsclub.com Dragy 0-60mph Results". teslamotorsclub.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  188. ^ Uesaka, Yoshifumi (September 12, 2016). "The company that helps Tesla make aluminum look sexy". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  189. ^ "Tesla Model 3 Aluminum, Steel, High-Strength Steel Mix Revealed". InsideEVs.
  190. ^ Field, Kyle (June 8, 2019). "Streamlining Manufacturing of the Tesla Model 3 For The Model Y". CleanTechnica. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. the Model Y is notably larger than the Model 3 and has a larger frontal surface area as a result. Combined with its 8–10% heavier build, that will result in a lower efficiency than the 3
  191. ^ Valle, Marius (May 24, 2019). "How Tesla engineers work with Model 3". Teknisk Ukeblad – via Google Translate.
  192. ^ "The Tesla Model 3 'Superbottle' Easter Egg Is a Fascinating Packaging Solution". Jalopnik. December 12, 2018. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019.
  193. ^ "Tesla Model 3's made since August 2020 have the heated charge port". Drive Tesla. October 13, 2020.
  194. ^ "Tesla Model 3 & Y To Get Heated Charging Port Via Upcoming Update". InsideEVs.
  195. ^ Hassan, Ali (December 15, 2023). "10 Things You Need To Know About The Tesla Model 3 Refresh". TopSpeed. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  196. ^ "Tesla Model 3 Highland". TeslaInfo. September 28, 2023.
  197. ^ Lim, Brandon. "How Do You Shift a Tesla Model 3 Highland? There Are Three Ways". Motor Trend. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  198. ^ "Model 3". Tesla, Inc. Archived from the original on January 15, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  199. ^ "Model 3 (Europe website)". Tesla, Inc. Archived from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  200. ^ Wong, Alexander (April 24, 2024). "Tesla Model 3 Performance: Why only 460hp for non-US models?". SoyaCincau. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  201. ^ Lambert, Fred (November 16, 2020). "Tesla stops selling $35,000 Model 3 with new 2021 model year refresh". Electrek. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  202. ^ Lambert, Fred (March 17, 2019). "Tesla discontinues Model 3 Mid Range battery pack". Electrek. Archived from the original on March 17, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
  203. ^ Model 3, Tesla. "Tesla Discontinues Long Range Rear-Wheel Drive Model 3". insideEvs.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  204. ^ a b "EPA Fuel Economy". Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  205. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Model 3". US: Tesla. 2018. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
  206. ^ "Tesla Model 3 Price and Specs – PiipCar". piipcar.com.
  207. ^ "Tesla Model 3 Long Range Dual Motor". EV Database. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  208. ^ "Range Calculator Reference". tesla.com. May 30, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  209. ^ "2019 Tesla Model 3 Standard Range Plus RWD – Specifications and price". EV Specifications. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  210. ^ "Tesla Model 3 Mid Range Highway Range Rating is Actually 251 Miles". Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  211. ^ a b "Tesla Model 3 battery packs have capacities of ~50 kWh and ~75 kWh, says Elon Musk". Electrek. August 8, 2017. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  212. ^ "Tesla Model 3". EV Database.
  213. ^ Schmidt, Bridie (November 5, 2021). "Tesla adds 10 per cent range, larger battery to Model 3. No change in price". The Driven. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  214. ^ Lambert, Fred (November 10, 2020). "Tesla confirms new 82 kWh battery pack in Model 3, thanks to new cells". Electrek. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  215. ^ "Tesla Model 3 – 10 Things You Need To Know". MotorTrend. July 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  216. ^ a b "Master thread: V 2019.40.1.1 170kW charging, Neural Net for Auto Wipers, Auto Lane Change quicker". Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  217. ^ a b "Introducing V3 Supercharging". tesla.com. March 6, 2019. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  218. ^ a b "Press Kit | Tesla". www.tesla.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.[needs update]
  219. ^ "2023 Model 3 RWD Economy Sticker" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency.
  220. ^ a b "Home Charging Installation". Tesla Inc. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  221. ^ 2022 Model 3 RWD door jamb label GVWR of 4711 lb minus capacity of 826 lb
  222. ^ Chase, Chris (July 31, 2017). "Tesla Model 3 boasts 500 km driving range (but not for $35,000)". AutoFocus.ca. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  223. ^ a b "Model 3". US: Tesla. 2018. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  224. ^ Lambert, Fred (September 20, 2018). "Tesla Model 3 gets perfect 5-star safety rating in every category from NHTSA". Electrek. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  225. ^ 2018 Tesla Model 3 4 [2018 Tesla Model 3 Four-Door Rear Wheel Drive] (Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018. 5 stars
  226. ^ "Tesla, Mercedes and Škoda Score a Touchdown in Euro NCAP's Latest Safety Tests". euroncap.com. Euro NCAP. July 3, 2019. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  227. ^ Schmidt, Bridie (July 4, 2019). "Tesla Model 3 smashes European NCAP tests with best safety assist". The Driven. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019. (Table sorted ny Safety Assist)
  228. ^ Will the new Euro NCAP physical button policy impact the Tesla Model 3?
  229. ^ European Auto Safety Watchdog Wants Physical Buttons Restored
  230. ^ Euro NCAP Calls for Return to Physical Controls by 2026 for Improved Safety
  231. ^ "2019 TESLA MODEL 3". U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  232. ^ "Official Tesla Model 3 Long Range RWD safety rating results". Euro NCAP. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  233. ^ "Tesla Model 3 (Aug 2019 – onwards) Crash Test Results | ANCAP". www.ancap.com.au. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  234. ^ "2018 Tesla Model 3 midsize luxury car / 4-door sedan". Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  235. ^ "Tesla va faire ses débuts en compétition avec la Model 3". automobile propre.
  236. ^ Tesla Model 3 Ranks Dead Last In TUV Reliability Tests For Newer Cars
  237. ^ Cumberford, Robert (September 5, 2016). "By Design: Tesla Model 3". Automobile. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  238. ^ Lambert, Fred (September 5, 2016). "Tesla Model 3's design praised by famed car design critic Robert Cumberford". Electrek. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  239. ^ a b c Cumberford, Robert (January 17, 2018). "2018 Design of the Year: Tesla Model 3". US: Automobile. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  240. ^ Vance, Brian (May 10, 2016). "Exclusive Tesla Photos and Expert Analysis on Model 3 Design and Tech". Motor Trend. US. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  241. ^ Berk, Brett (April 1, 2016). "The Tesla Model 3 Wants to be the Millennial Model T". Vanity Fair. US. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  242. ^ Smith, Carson. "Tesla and the Model T – Learning from the Past to Invent the Future". Instrument. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  243. ^ a b Roy, Alex (November 7, 2017). "The Truth Behind Doug DeMuro's Tesla Model 3 Review". /Drive. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017. DeMuro blew his Model 3 review by ignoring Tesla's biggest secret. … If you want to understand the Model 3, read retired auto exec … Bob Lutz's screed on the future of the auto sector. … The Model 3, both in design and marketing, is beyond genius.
  244. ^ DeMuro, Doug (November 6, 2017). "Here's Why the Tesla Model 3 Is the Coolest Car of 2017". AutoTrader.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  245. ^ Hiltzik, Michael (November 14, 2017). "Tesla's new Model 3 sedan has test drivers swooning – but quality issues lurk on the horizon". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  246. ^ Sorokanich, Bob (January 12, 2018). "Tesla Model 3: The Road & Track Review : Can Tesla's most affordable model kick-start the electric car revolution?". Road & Track. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  247. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (May 29, 2018). "Tesla Model 3 drives 606 miles on a single charge in hypermiling record". The Verge. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  248. ^ Ferris, Dacia J. (January 25, 2019). "Tesla Model 3, Model X take top spots for EV with highest resale value by KBB". Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
  249. ^ Dyer, Ezra (March 28, 2018). "The 2018 Automotive Excellence Awards". Popular Mechanics. US. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  250. ^ "Car of the Year 2019: Tesla Model 3". UK: Dennis Publishing. July 10, 2019. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  251. ^ "Parkers New Car Awards 2020". Parkers. Bauer Media. October 2019. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  252. ^ ""Mobility requires freedom": The Golden Steering Wheel 2019: Bild am Sonntag and Auto-Bild award the best cars". Axel Springer (Press release). Germany. November 13, 2019. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  253. ^ "2020 Tesla Model 3 Prices, Reviews, and Pictures | Edmunds". Edmunds.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  254. ^ "Edmunds Declares Tesla Model 3 Its Top-Rated Electric Car of the Year". December 12, 2019. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  255. ^ Sky Brown, Laura (September 19, 2019). "2019 Tesla Model 3 Named IIHS Top Safety Pick Plus". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  256. ^ "Tesla model 3 Wiki – Tesla Model 3 Awards". Tesla Model 3 Wiki. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  257. ^ Hudson, Paul (February 28, 2020). "Tesla Model 3 takes UK Car of the Year title". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  258. ^ "Top 10 Tech Cars: 2018". IEEE Spectrum. 55 (4): 30. April 2018. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2018.8322044. ISSN 0018-9235. S2CID 4116523.
  259. ^ "Car of the Year Awards 2021: Large Electric Car of the Year". whatcar.com. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
  260. ^ "Tesla Model 3 Review 2021". whatcar.com. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
  261. ^ "Best Car for Families Award 2021 – Tesla Model 3". www.autotrader.co.uk. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  262. ^ "Tesla Model 3 Review 2022". www.autotrader.co.uk. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  263. ^ "Car of the Year Awards 2024: Executive Car of the Year". Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  264. ^ Jin, Hyunjoo (December 31, 2021). "Tesla recalls almost half a million cars". nextmedia. Reuters. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
  265. ^ "Transport Canada Recall - 2022651 - TESLA". Transport Canada. November 25, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  266. ^ "Tesla recalls 362000 US Vehicles". Reuters. February 16, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  267. ^ "Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23V-085" (PDF). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. February 15, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
  268. ^ "Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23V-838" (PDF).