The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the World Bank

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The World Bank Group is a family of five international organizations, which has continuously given leverage loans and financial assistance to developing nations like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, commonly known as the DRC. The country has received assistance from the World Bank in the form of social programs in order to induce and sustain economic development. This assistance has been directed toward conflict prevention, investments in education, and addressing environmental degradation.^[1]

The DRC has an abundance of natural resources, such as minerals, human capital, water and livestock.^[2] Primarily due to this abundance, the World Bank sees the DRC as a developing nation with high possibility for economic growth, to the benefit of not only the country, but potentially to the entirety of the African continent.^[3] Over the years, the DRC has made substantial economic progress as demonstrated by their increased security, advancing economy, and introduction to democratic governance. While the country suffers from an ongoing conflict, the DRC has made considerable efforts to unify their army.^[2]

However, despite its advancing economy, the DRC consistently shows a low Gross National Income (GNI) per capita and Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) due to internal conflicts that began in the 1990s.^[4] These conflicts have created many obstacles to economic development, including internal protests, violence stemming from rebel groups, inability to sustain economic growth, political instability, weak governance, and deforestation.^[5]

The World Bank has an investment portfolio for the Democratic Republic of the Congo that includes 29 active projects totaling US$3.8 billion in association with the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The portfolio is divided among various sectors, with 63% allocated for infrastructure, 16% for human development, 15% for development of the private sector and agriculture, and 6% for governance and mining projects.^[6]

The DRC's Country Assistance Strategy (CAS),^[3] implemented by the World Bank, aimed to help the country reach Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and increase growth rates. This program came to a halt in 2017 and has been subjected to further review for noncompliance.^[7] As of 2018, the World Bank is developing a new country partnership framework, where implementation is expected between the years of 2019 and 2021.

A similar turn of events also occurred between 1992 and 1994 when the World Bank withdrew all aid to the DRC due to corruption. It did not resume providing aid until late 2001, almost a decade later.^[8] In collaboration with the UN, there has been significant progress in demobilizing combatants, raising education, and increasing health. Other alliances with UNICEF and USAID have helped in the protection of children's human rights.^[9] Unfortunately, the DRC still has a score of just 0.37 out of 1 on the World Bank's human capital index scale, which uses key determinants to calculate a child's chance of survival and overall success.^[10]

The International Development Association (IDA) has awarded over US$3.7 million in credits and approximately US$5.5 million in grants to the DRC over the course of their relationship.^[11] As of 2018, a little over US$1 million of credit and US$2.7 million in grants is currently being disbursed. The current credits (loans) and grants are financing projects that help with development, infrastructure, environmental rehabilitation, raising education levels, and increasing women's rights, among other areas.^[11]

The International Finance Corporation's (IFC) investments amounts to over US$429 million, which funds projects committed to the development of the DRC. The IFC has eight active projects that primarily focus on the manufacturing sector by expanding access to financing.^[12] The IFC is assisting the DRC to improve the business environment, including easing the process of obtaining permits, starting businesses, and paying taxes. Additionally, the IFC created the Conflict-Affected States in Africa (CASA) initiative to suggest methods of improving the DRC's overall investments and increasing support for small businesses. The IFC has primarily partnered with the World Bank in order to encourage further investments in the DRC. The IFC also works with the Organization for the harmonization in Africa of Business Law (OHADA) in order to induce further economic growth. Management training programs have been offered by the IFC, which have helped in the growth of local, small businesses.^[13]

As of late 2018, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) has not made any guarantees to the DRC. Prior contributions have helped the DRC to build its infrastructure and rehabilitate its private sector. Between 2009 and 2016, MIGA contributed more than US$187 million worth of guarantees to the country. Most projects pertain to securing shareholder loans and building infrastructure to obtain more foreign investment.^[14] This has the potential to help in addressing the degradation of roads and infrastructure in the country caused by past and current conflict.^[15]

The World Bank's involvement in the DRC has been highly controversial. This controversy is due in part to the problems that remain despite the DRC receiving loans for development since the 1960s, with brief periods during which the World Bank suspended relations.^[16]

The World Bank has helped to promote foreign investment in the DRC. It created the National Investment Promotion Agency (ANAPI), which provided investors with information, advisory services, and potential tax benefits.^[17] The increase in foreign direct investment in the DRC rose from US$72 million in 2000, to US$1.3 billion in 2017, with the highest amount recorded at US$3.3 billion in 2013.^[18]

With the help of the World Bank, the DRC has seen an improvement in access to healthcare. The DRC is highly dependent on aid to fund its health services, of which the World Bank contributes 25%. It has been argued^{[by whom?]} that since the World Bank is the second-largest contributor to funding of health services, which have allowed a large portion of the population access to life-saving immunizations, it has played a significant role in raising the immunization rate among children from 5% to 81%.^[19]

Despite the World Bank's funding of its health system, the DRC has been affected by the ongoing Ebola outbreak which began in 2018, which has been difficult to contain.^[20] Additionally, 64% of the DRC's population still lives below the poverty line.^[21] Even with continuous and lasting interventions by the World Bank, the DRC remains impoverished, manifested with corruption, plagued with gender violence, unemployment, low GDP and economic stagnation.^[22]

Critics have questioned the true intentions of the World Bank projects. For example, an article by The Guardian states that the projects implemented by the World Bank, such as construction of dams, may be intended to benefit the rich. However, this is primarily because a large percentage of the population still does not have access to electricity. The article claims to have found a leaked strategic plan that states that it is in the World Bank's interest to pursue large plans as opposed to small plans, such as those that may help deliver electricity to the rural areas of the country where a majority of the population lives.^{[23][neutrality is disputed]}

Other critics have commented that the World Bank fails to account for historical precedence when attempting to influence government.^[24] An example of this issue occurred in 2001, when the World Bank attempted to attract FDI by restructuring one of the largest mining companies that was located in the Katanga province, known as the Gécamines. This action led to the laying off of 10,000 workers, and has been claimed^{[by whom?]} to have caused regional and ethnic conflicts.^[25]

• Social issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo
• Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo