Tiguex War

Tiguex War
Part of Expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Coronado's march - Colorado by Frederic Remington shows the march of Coronado east from Tiguex Province to the Great Plains
Date December 1540 – March 1541 (4 months) Location Tiguex Province, Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Bernalillo, NM) 35°18′34″N 106°33′07″W / 35.309444°N 106.551944°W / 35.309444; -106.551944 Result Spanish victory
Belligerents
12 Southern Tiwa Puebloans	Expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Commanders and leaders
Xauían †	Francisco Vázquez de Coronado García López de Cárdenas
Strength
50 or so men per village	350 Spanish men-at-arms 2,000 Mexican Indian allies 350 servants and followers
Casualties and losses
Hundreds killed, executed, or wounded	Small number of Spanish and Mexican fighters killed Over 100 wounded
Tiwan women and children who survived were enslaved by the expedition

The Tiguex War (Tee-wesh) was the first named war between Europeans and Native Americans in what is now part of the United States. The war took place in New Spain, during the colonization of Nuevo México.^[1] It was fought in the winter of 1540–41 by the expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado against the twelve or thirteen Pueblos or settlements of what would become the Tiguex Province of Nuevo México. These villages were along both sides of the Rio Grande, north and south of present-day Bernalillo, New Mexico.^[1] The Tiguex War led to significant casualties on both sides and damage to all Pueblos, and increased tensions within Spanish-Native relations.^[2][3]

Before the Tiguex war in 1540, Natives in the Tiguex province (also known as Tiwans) resided in the area for thousands of years and were well established along the Rio Grande.^[4] Pueblos were made up of multi-story buildings with some room blocks containing up to 450 ground floor rooms and were able to house thousands of people.^[4][5] Across 12 villages, there was an estimated 10 to 20 thousand people.^[5] Tiwans were known for farming corn, squash, beans, and cotton which allowed for rich trade with clothing made from cotton.^[4]

During the 1500s, Spain was starting the colonization of North America, conquering both the Aztecs and the Inca. Once Spain established a colonial administration in Nueva Espana (now Mexico) they decided to explore North, hoping they would find the Seven Cities of Cibola (gold) and a possible better route for the shortest voyage to Asia.^[5] They were motivated by information provided by the remaining survivors of the Narváez expedition (also known as De Vaca expedition) which started in 1527 and ended in 1536.^[6] One of the survivors of the Narváez expedition was an African slave named Estevanico, who provided valuable insight into the mostly uncharted territory of southwest North America after arriving in Mexico City in August 1536.^[5][6]

Due to this the Coronado expedition was large, at about 350 Spaniard men-at-arms, a large number of spouses, slaves, and servants, and as many as 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, mostly warriors from Aztec, Purépecha, and other tribes from central and western Mexico. The expedition also brought thousands of livestock, including horses, mules, sheep, cattle, and perhaps pigs.

As soon as Coronado entered present-day New Mexico, he set up camp Zuni pueblo of Hawikuh, also known as Hawikku, Cíbola, or Cibola. He was visited there soon after by a delegation from Pecos Pueblo (now Pecos National Historical Park). One of the leaders of this delegation, after exchanging gifts, offered to guide the expedition to Pecos and the buffalo herds of the Great Plains. He had a mustache, which was unusual for a Native American, and so the Spaniards called him Bigotes (Spanish for "mustaches"). Coronado sent Hernando de Alvarado as commander for the journey.

Alvarado was one of 200 soldiers who had used their bodies to protect the fallen Coronado at the battle of Hawikuh, saving him from being bludgeoned to death by stones dropped by the Zuni defenders. Bigotes guided Alvarado and twenty-three other Spaniards and an unknown number of Mexican Indian allies east, past Acoma and into the Rio Grande valley. There they found a cluster of Tiwa pueblos they called the province of Tiguex, named after the occupying Tiwa Puebloans.^[7]

They then traveled north along the river as far as Taos, claiming for Spain the land of several pueblos along the way. They finally arrived at Bigotes' community of Pecos. This was the easternmost of the pueblos with a well-developed commerce with the plains Indians. Alvarado journeyed another five days easterly to see the vast buffalo herds that Bigotes had earlier described to Coronado. He returned to Tiguex^[8] at about the same time an advance party led by Field Master García López de Cárdenas also arrived.

The Tiguex Province was described as the most prosperous area the expeditions had seen, with the Rio Grande flowing through a wide, level, desert with vast irrigated cornfields. Alvarado notified Coronado that the expedition should move there for the oncoming winter.

In August 1540, to establish a headquarters, Cárdenas set up camp at one of the largest of the Tiguex pueblos, Ghufoor (also called Coofor or Alcanfor). However, as more Spanish arrived and the original campsite grew untenable, the Spanish took over nearby pueblo buildings, forcing the native locals to relocate.^[4]

While in Ghufoor, and facing an extreme weather they were inadequately prepared for, Cornado instructed his men to gather clothing and food from the Tiguex Province. The Spanish did so with little respect or consideration to the Natives, further exacerbating tensions.^[3]

Xauían from Ghufoor, also known by the Spanish nickname of Juan Alemán, opposed the Spanish after their increasing hostility despite being among the pueblo leaders to originally assist in their creation of a camp in Ghufoor. ^[9][4]

The tensions came to a head when a pueblo man requested the Spanish punish a soldier who raped his wife, a request left unheeded by the Spanish.^[3] In December 1540, Tiwans retaliated for the abuses by killing 40 to 60 of the expedition's free-roaming horses and mules.^[10]

As Spanish tactics were to respond to any agression swiftly and strongly, Coronado sent Cárdenas with a large force of Mexican Indian allies to conquer a Tiwa pueblo the Spaniards called Arenal.^[10] Despite attempting to surrender, all of Arenal's defenders were killed, including an estimated 30 Tiwas who the Spaniards burned alive at the stake.^[3] The Tiwas abandoned their riverside pueblos and made their last stand in a mesa-top stronghold the Spaniards called Moho.^[4]

Coronado was not able to conquer the stronghold by force, so he laid siege to Moho for about 80 days in January–March 1541.^[11] Tiwas defended themselves by throwing rocks at the Spaniards from the roofs of their buildings and by firing arrows from inside their buildings.^[3] Finally, Moho's defenders ran out of water and attempted to escape in the night. The Tiguex War ended in a slaughter when Spaniards heard the escapees and killed almost all the men and several women.^[11]

Coronado then set off on his 1541 foray across the Great Plains to central Kansas in search of the chimerical riches of Quivira. Upon his return, the Towa Indians of Jemez Pueblo had decided the Spaniards were enemies and turned hostile, resulting in a battle and siege against Pecos.^[12]

The Tiwas had abandoned all Pueblos until the expedition left for Kansas, at which point they reoccupied them, but later abandoned them in favor of larger singular Pueblos. Coronado withdrew back to Mexico in April 1542, and the Spaniards would not return for 39 years.^[13]

By the time of the next Spanish expedition led by Juan de Oñate in 1598, the Pueblo people in the Tiguex Province had reestablished themselves. But the underlying hostility eventually resurfaced in the 1680 Pueblo Revolt.

It was not until 1706 when La Villa de Alburquerque was established as an actual trade outpost for the Pueblos, that Native rights were finally being given thought. By the mid-1700s, Native American rights to their land were being recognized by the Santa Fe de Nuevo México government, by then governor Tomás Vélez Cachupín.

The cities of Cibola of that time have since become the modern Southern Tiwa Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo, and Keres Santa Ana Pueblo.

The only book-length treatment of the Tiguex War is in the historical novel, Winter of the Metal People (2013).