Timeline of Chiang Kai-shek
This is a timeline of Chiang Kai-shek's (Jiang Jieshi) life.
1880s
[edit]Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1887 | 31 October | Jiang Jieshi is born to Jiang Suan and Wang Caiyu in Xikou[1] |
1889 | Jiang Jieshi's family moves to a two-story merchant's house a hundred feet or so down Wu Ling Street[1] |
1890s
[edit]Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1896 | Jiang Jieshi's father Jiang Suan dies and he inherits the house, bamboo grove, and rice paddies[2] |
1900s
[edit]Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1901 | winter | Jiang Jieshi marries Mao Fumei[2] |
1903 | Jiang Jieshi takes the new civil service examination and fails, so he enters the Phoenix Mountain Academy, a small Confucian school in Fenghua[2] | |
February | Jiang Jieshi transfers to the Golden Arrow Academy in Ningbo[3] | |
1906 | February | Jiang Jieshi transfers to the Dragon River School in Fenghua[3] |
Jiang Jieshi cuts off his Manchu queue[4] | ||
Jiang Jieshi spends several months in Tokyo learning Japanese[4] | ||
Jiang Jieshi enters the Baoding Military Academy[4] | ||
1907 | Jiang Jieshi enters the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko, a school set up for Chinese students wishing to attend a Japanese military academy[4] | |
1909 | November | Jiang Jieshi graduates from the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko and enters the 19th Field Artillery Regiment at Takada[5] |
1910s
[edit]Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1910 | 27 April | Mao Fumei delivers Jiang Jingguo[6] |
1911 | 10 October | Wuchang Uprising: The New Army rebels in Wuchang and Jiang Jieshi leaves for Shanghai[7] |
Jiang Jieshi is put in charge of a "dare to die" contingent cjkxke up of Fenghua fishermen reinforced by Green Gang and Red Gang members[8] | ||
4 November | Jiang Jieshi's men take part in the New Army's seizure of key public buildings in Hangzhou[9] | |
1912 | 6 January | Sun Zhongshan is inaugurated as provisional President of China by the National Assembly in Nanjing[10] |
12 January | Jiang Jieshi may or may not have assassinated Tao Chengzhang, head of the Guangfuhui, and rival of Chen Qimei for the governorship of Zhejiang[10] | |
12 March | Sun Zhongshan resigns and Yuan Shikai becomes president, however he only controls half of the old Manchu Army[10] | |
25 August | The Tongmenghui and four other parties form the Nationalist Party, also known as the Kuomintang (KMT), with Song Jiaoren as its leader[11] | |
1913 | March | The KMT wins control of the National Assembly[11] |
22 March | Song Jiaoren is assassinated[11] | |
August | Jiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei flee to Japan and Sun Zhongshan goes to Yokohama[12] | |
December | Jiang Jieshi meets Sun Zhongshan for the first time[12] | |
1914 | spring | Sun Zhongshan sends Jiang Jieshi to Shanghai to pull together the revolutionary underground but he fails and returns to Japan[13] |
Sun Zhongshan sends Jiang Jieshi to recruit warlords in Manchuria but he fails and returns to Japan[14] | ||
1915 | 18 January | The Twenty-One Demands are handed to Yuan Shikai and a revised "Thirteen Demands" are eventually agreed upon[14] |
Jiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei return to Shanghai[14] | ||
10 November | The defense commissioner in Chinese Shanghai, Zheng Ruzheng, is assassinated on the orders of Jiang and Chen[14] | |
An attack on the police headquarters by Jiang Jieshi's "dare to die" teams fails and he falls ill[14] | ||
1916 | February | Jiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei try to rebuild the Chinese Revolutionary Army in Shanghai[15] |
18 May | Chen Qimei is assassinated[15] | |
6 June | Yuan Shikai dies and Sun Zhongshan returns to Shanghai[15] | |
1918 | The KMT flees to Guangzhou and launches the Constitutional Protection Movement with the support of Chen Jiongming and warlords in Guangdong and Yunnan[16] | |
March | Jiang Jieshi joins Chen Jiongming's army as senior operations officer for an attack on the warlord of Fujian[16] | |
Sun Zhongshan goes into exile in Shanghai due to warlord demand for more authority[16] | ||
July | Jiang Jieshi takes a key town in Fujian[16] | |
1919 | May | Jiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai[17] |
4 May | May Fourth Movement: Mass demonstrations spread all over China in response to the Treaty of Versailles[18] | |
Jiang Jieshi adopts Jiang Weiguo, son of Dai Jitao[19] | ||
Moscow announces that it will relinquish special rights in Manchuria and cancel all the "unequal" tsarist treaties with China[17] |
1920s
[edit]Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1920 | spring | Jiang Jieshi contracts typhoid[19] |
30 September | Sun Zhongshan appoints Jiang Jieshi as chief of staff of the Second Guangdong Army[19] | |
October | Guangdong–Guangxi War: Chen Jiongming and the Second Guangdong Army enter Guangzhou[20] | |
12 November | Jiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai to brief Sun Zhongshan and then leaves for Zhejiang[21] | |
1921 | April | Guangdong–Guangxi War: A Beiyang government backed Old Guangxi Clique army attacks Guangdong but is defeated by Xu Chongzhi and the KMT occupy Guangxi[21] |
4 May | Sun Zhongshan becomes president again[21] | |
10 May | Jiang Jieshi arrives in Guangzhou[21] | |
4 June | Jiang Jieshi's mother dies[21] | |
1922 | Chen Jiongming attacks the KMT and Sun Zhongshan escapes to Pazhou[22] | |
29 June | Jiang Jieshi joins Sun Zhongshan at Pazhou[22] | |
9 August | Jiang and Sun leave for Xianggang and Shanghai[22] | |
1923 | Sun Zhongshan returns to Guangzhou and appoints Jiang Jieshi as Xu Chongzhi's chief of staff[23] | |
August | Jiang Jieshi leaves for the Soviet Union[24] | |
15 December | Jiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai[25] | |
1924 | 12 January | Jiang Jieshi returns to Guangzhou[26] |
June | Sun Zhongshan and Jiang Jieshi preside over the opening of the Huangpu Military Academy[26] | |
1925 | 12 March | Sun Zhongshan dies[27] |
30 May | May Thirtieth Movement: The Shanghai Municipal Police fire on striking workers, causing widespread anti-foreign demonstrations and riots[28] | |
23 June | Canton–Hong Kong strike: Huangpu Military Academy cadets are among those killed by British troops firing on anti-imperialist protesters[28] | |
1 July | The Nationalist government is formed in Guangzhou with Wang Jingwei as chairman of the new ruling political council[29] | |
The National Revolutionary Army is formed[29] | ||
20 August | Liao Zhongkai is assassinated and Jiang Jieshi enters the KMT's top triumvirate consisting of himself, Wang Jingwei, and Xu Chongzhi[30] | |
20 September | Xu Chongzhi is forced to leave for Shanghai due to charges of corruption[31] | |
October | Jiang Jingguo is approved for study at the University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow[32] | |
Chen Jiongming is defeated[32] | ||
November | Disaffected KMT veterans including Dai Jitao vote to expel the communists from the party[32] | |
1926 | January | Jiang Jieshi is voted onto the Central Executive Committee[33] |
18 March | Jiang Jieshi is alerted to a plot by the Chinese Communist Party Central Executive Committee and the Russians to oust him[34] | |
20 March | Canton Coup: Jiang Jieshi places Guangzhou under martial law and arrests 50 communists[35] | |
Wang Jingwei is ousted and leaves for France[36] | ||
June | Tang Shengzhi defects to the KMT[37] | |
9 July | Jiang Jieshi becomes Supreme Commander[36] | |
11 July | Northern Expedition: The NRA takes Changsha[37] | |
October | Northern Expedition: The NRA defeats warlord forces in Hubei and occupy Wuhan[37] | |
18 December | Northern Expedition: He Yingqin's First Corps capture Fujian and move into Zhejiang[38] | |
Northern Expedition: Jiang Jieshi gains control of China from Guangxi in the south, to Sichuan in the west, to the Changjiang at Wuhan in the north, and northern Fujian in the east[39] | ||
1927 | 1 March | The Wuhan Central Executive Committee places Jiang Jieshi under a new military council and issues a secret order for his arrest[40] |
22 March | Northern Expedition: Bai Chongxi's forces enter Shanghai[41] | |
23 March | Northern Expedition: Zheng Qian's forces enter Nanjing[41] | |
24 March | Northern Expedition: Jiang Jieshi reaches Nanjing[41] | |
26 March | Jiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai[41] | |
6 April | Wang Jingwei arrives in Shanghai and refuses leadership of the KMT, leaving for Wuhan[41] | |
Jiang Jieshi institutes martial law and leaves for Nanjing[42] | ||
Joseph Stalin declares that KMT is of no more use and that Jiang Jieshi should be eliminated[42] | ||
12 April | Shanghai massacre: Communists are killed or arrested in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Guilin, Ningbo, and Xiamen[43] | |
19 June | Feng Yuxiang joins the KMT[44] | |
24 July | Northern Expedition: Sun Chuanfang defeats NRA forces and takes Xuzhou[44] | |
12 August | Jiang Jieshi resigns and leaves for Shanghai[45] | |
16 August | NRA forces retake Xuzhou and Sun Chuanfang flees across the Yellow River[46] | |
1 December | Jiang Jieshi marries Song Meiling in Shanghai[47] | |
1928 | Jiang Jieshi returns to power and Wang Jingwei resigns, leaving for France[48] | |
2 May | Jinan incident: The Japanese army bomb Jinan, killing hundreds[46] | |
5 May | Jinan incident: The Japanese arrest Nanjing's representative Cai Gongshi, cut out his tongue, gouge out his eyes, and then shoot him as well as ten of his staff members[46] | |
11 May | Jinan incident: The Japanese army attacks the NRA, killing 11,000 soldiers and civilians in Jinan[49] | |
4 June | Huanggutun incident: Zhang Zuolin's train is bombed and he dies a few days later[50] | |
19 June | Northern Expedition: Zhang Zuolin's son, Zhang Xueliang, cables Jiang Jieshi expressing his loyalty to the Chinese nation[50] | |
10 October | Jiang Jieshi becomes the director of the State Council, in effect the president[51] | |
29 December | Chinese reunification (1928): Zhang Xueliang replaces the flags of the Beiyang government with the flag of the Republic of China[51] | |
1929 | 28 March | Jinan incident: The Japanese army withdraws from Shandong[49] |
April | Sino-Soviet conflict (1929): Zhang Xueliang seizes the Soviet consulate in Harbin[52] | |
July | Sino-Soviet conflict (1929): Zhang Xueliang seizes the Chinese Eastern Railway[52] | |
12 October | Sino-Soviet conflict (1929): Soviet troops defeat Zhang Xueliang's forces[52] | |
December | Sino-Soviet conflict (1929): Soviet rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway is restored[53] |
1930s
[edit]Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1930 | June | Central Plains War: Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi, Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Fakui, and Yan Xishan form an anti-Jiang coalition[54] |
autumn | Encirclement Campaigns: NRA troops fail to defeat communist forces in the Jinggang Mountains[55] | |
November | Central Plains War: The anti-Jiang coalition is defeated[54] | |
1931 | April | Encirclement Campaigns: He Yingqin's forces fail to suppress communist forces in Jiangxi[55] |
Wang Jingwei sets up an anti-Jiang government in Guangzhou[55] | ||
1 July | Encirclement Campaigns: The NRA defeat the Chinese Red Army[55] | |
18 September | Mukden Incident: The Kwantung Army sets off an explosion on a rail line outside Shenyang and fires artillery into a nearby Chinese garrison before occupying the city[55] | |
Japanese invasion of Manchuria: Japan invades Manchuria[56] | ||
15 December | Jiang resigns[57] | |
1932 | January | Jiang meets with Wang Jingwei and returns as the KMT's military leader while Wang becomes head of government[58] |
28 January | January 28 Incident: Japan invades Shanghai and forces Chinese troops to withdraw[58] | |
March | Jiang resumes his position as chairman of the Military Council and chief of the General Staff[58] | |
April | Encirclement Campaigns: NRA troops force Zhang Guotao to flee to Sichuan[59] | |
1933 | 1 January | Defense of the Great Wall: Japan occupies Shanhai Pass[59] |
1 March | Battle of Rehe: Japan takes Rehe[60] | |
May | Encirclement Campaigns: NRA forces start blockading communist areas[59] | |
31 May | Tanggu Truce: The Republic of China agrees to a local armistice declaring the northern part of Hebei a demilitarized zone, essentially ceding it to Japan[59] | |
1934 | 16 October | Long March: The Chinese Red Army escapes from Jiangxi[61] |
1935 | January | Long March: The Chinese Red Army reaches Zunyi and joines Zhang Guotao's army; Mao Zedong is elected the CCP's senior military as well as political authority[62] |
September | Jiang announces that China will never surrender its sovereignty or Manchuria[63] | |
October | Long March: The Chinese Red Army arrive at Baoan [64] | |
November | Wang Jingwei is wounded in an assassination attempt and Jiang takes over as president of the Executive Yuan[65] | |
NRA forces retreat from Chahar[64] | ||
1936 | February | Zhang Xueliang meets with CCP representatives in Xi'an to discuss the formation of an anti-Japan anti-Jiang government[66] |
6 April | Zhang Xueliang meets with Zhou Enlai[67] | |
May | Zhou Enlai meets with ROC representatives to discuss a united front[68] | |
31 October | Jiang celebrates his birthday in Luoyang[69] | |
12 December | Xi'an Incident: Zhang Xueliang kidnaps Jiang[70] | |
26 December | Xi'an Incident: Jiang offers some verbal concessions and is released[71] | |
1937 | 19 April | Jiang Jingguo arrives in Shanghai[64] |
7 July | Marco Polo Bridge Incident: Japanese troops performing maneuvers around Beijing receive fire from the NRA and de-escalation fails, ending in Japanese shelling of Chinese troops[72] | |
12 July | Battle of Beiping–Tianjin: Japanese troops arrive in Tianjin[72] | |
22 July | Battle of Beiping–Tianjin: The Japanese order Chinese forces to withdraw from the area, but they attack instead[73] | |
7 August | Jiang convenes the Military Council and declares all-out resistance as the national policy[73] | |
13 August | Battle of Shanghai: The NRA attempts to drive Japanese forces from Shanghai but fail[74] | |
5 November | Battle of Shanghai: Japanese forces land on the beaches of Hangzhou Bay and advance toward Suzhou River[75] | |
8 November | Battle of Shanghai: Jiang gives the orders to withdraw[75] | |
7 December | Battle of Nanjing: Jiang and Song Meiling leave Nanjing for Lushan[76] | |
12 December | Battle of Nanjing: Tang Shengzhi gives the order to break out of Japanese encirclement[76] | |
1938 | 24 March | Battle of Taierzhuang: Japanese forces fall into an ambush at a railway spur line at Taierzhuang[77] |
5 June | 1938 Yellow River flood: Soldiers blow open the dikes on the south banks of the Yellow River, flooding Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu[78] | |
24 October | Battle of Wuhan: Jiang gives the order to withdraw from Wuhan[79] | |
November | Jiang arrives in Chongqing[80] | |
The Burma Road is constructed by 200,000 laborers and engineers[81] | ||
1939 | 27 September | Battle of Changsha (1939): A Japanese attack on Changsha is defeated and withdraws with heavy casualties[82] |
winter | 1939–40 Winter Offensive: NRA forces attack Japanese positions but ultimately end in operational failure[82] |
1940s
[edit]Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1940 | January | Wang Jingwei defects to the Japanese and sets up the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing[81] |
August | Hundred Regiments Offensive: The Eighth Route Army attacks Japanese occupied areas in Shanxi and Hebei[83] | |
December | Hundred Regiments Offensive: The communist offensive is reversed and Japanese retaliation reduces the population of communist base areas by 19 million[84] | |
1941 | 7 January | New Fourth Army incident: The New Fourth Army moves south into ROC territory and clash with NRA forces[85] |
30 January | Battle of South Henan: NRA and Japanese forces clash in South Henan[86] | |
8 December | Attack on Pearl Harbor: Jiang receives news of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor[87] | |
24 December | Battle of Changsha (1942): Japanese forces attack Changsha[88] | |
1942 | 15 January | Battle of Changsha (1942): Japanese forces withdraw from Changsha and suffer heavy losses from a Chinese encirclement maneuver[88] |
18 February | Jiang meets Gandhi outside Kolkata[89] | |
27 February | Jiang visits Lashio[90] | |
19 March | Battle of Toungoo: Japanese forces attack NRA troops at Toungoo[91] | |
30 March | Battle of Toungoo: NRA troops withdraw[91] | |
18 April | Doolittle Raid: American bombers crash land in China[92] | |
19 April | Battle of Yenangyaung: NRA forces assist British troops from escaping a Japanese encirclement[93] | |
20 April | Battle of Yenangyaung: Japanese forces destroy the Sixth Army's Temporary 55th Division[93] | |
29 April | The Japanese seize Lashio[93] | |
April | Battle of West Hubei: Japanese forces enter Hubei and Hunan to loot and collect supplies[94] | |
5 May | Joseph Stilwell abandons his soldiers and escapes to India[95] | |
15 May | Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign: Japanese forces devastate Zhejiang and Jiangxi in reprisal for the Doolittle Raid, killing hundreds of thousands[92] | |
2 June | Joseph Stilwell flies back to Chongqing[96] | |
10 October | Jiang announces that Washington and London have agreed to drop "extraterritoriality"[97] | |
1943 | 2 November | Battle of Changde: Japanese forces capture Changde[98] |
21 November | Cairo Conference: Jiang arrives in Cairo[99] | |
1 December | The Cairo Declaration is formally announced, promising to return all territories Japan had stolen from China[100] | |
20 December | Battle of Changde: Japanese forces are forced to withdraw from Changde[98] | |
1944 | 19 April | Operation Ichigo: Japanese forces begin their largest land operation and cross the Yellow River into Henan[101] |
25 May | Battle of Central Henan: Jiang gives the orders to withdraw[102] | |
26 June | Battle of Changsha (1944): Zhang Deneng gives the orders to abandon Changsha[103] | |
22 June | Defense of Hengyang: Japanese forces lay siege to Hengyang[104] | |
3 August | Siege of Myitkyina: Allied forces take Myitkyina[105] | |
8 August | Defense of Hengyang: Japanese forces take Hengyang[106] | |
24 November | Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou: Japanese forces take Guilin and Liuzhou[107] | |
1945 | 9 April | Battle of West Hunan: Japanese forces advance into western Hunan[108] |
7 June | Battle of West Hunan: Japanese forces are routed[108] | |
15 August | Victory over Japan Day: Jiang Jieshi receives news of Japan's surrender and he broadcasts a victory speech throughout all of China[109] | |
29 August | Chongqing Negotiations: Mao and Jiang start negotiations[110] | |
16 December | Jiang visits Beijing[111] | |
1946 | 13 January | Jiang and Mao agree to cease-fire following the convening of the Political Consultative Assembly[112] |
1970s
[edit]Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1975 | 5 April | Jiang Jieshi dies[113] |
See also
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 11.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 12.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d Taylor 2009, p. 17.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 20.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 19.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 21.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 22.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 23.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 26.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 27.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 28.
- ^ a b c d e Taylor 2009, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 30.
- ^ a b c d Taylor 2009, p. 32.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 34.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 33.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 35.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 36.
- ^ a b c d e Taylor 2009, p. 37.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 41.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 42.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 43.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 44.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 45.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 48.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 49.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 50.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 51.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 52.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 53.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 54.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 55.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 56.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 57.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 58.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 59.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 62.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 64.
- ^ a b c d e Taylor 2009, p. 65.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 66.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 68.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 71.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 72.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 79.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 74.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 78.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 82.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 83.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 84.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 86.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 87.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 89.
- ^ a b c d e Taylor 2009, p. 92.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 94.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 96.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 98.
- ^ a b c d Taylor 2009, p. 99.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 100.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 107.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 111.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 113.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 114.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 112.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 118.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 119.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 122.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 123.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 127.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 135.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 145.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 146.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 148.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 150.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 151.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 154.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 155.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 158.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 161.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 170.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 169.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 173.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 174.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 177.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 178.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 188.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 189.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 195.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 196.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 200.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 209.
- ^ a b c Taylor 2009, p. 203.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 228.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 204.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 208.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 216.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 259.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 245.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 254.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 267.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 268.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 273.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 282.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 270.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 284.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 297.
- ^ a b Taylor 2009, p. 306.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 7.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 318.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 329.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 340.
- ^ Taylor 2009, p. 1.
References
[edit]Taylor, Jay (2009), The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press