Charted timeline of Solar System exploration, as of December 2014 This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordering events in the exploration of the Solar System by date of spacecraft launch. It includes:
All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes . A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting craft.[vague ] It does not include:
Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation. The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites. Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on). Probes that failed at launch. The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2 , launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).
Sputnik 1 – First Earth orbiter Vostok 1 – First crewed Earth orbiter Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby Luna 9 – First successful lunar lander Zond 5 – First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first terrestrials to circle the Moon Apollo 8 – First crewed lunar orbiter Apollo 11 – First crewed lunar landing Mars 3 – First Mars lander Pioneer 10 – First Jupiter flyby Mariner 10 – First Mercury flyby Voyager 2 – First Uranus/first Neptune flyby Giotto – Comet Halley flyby Galileo – Mission to Jupiter Mars Pathfinder – Mars lander and the first successful Mars rover , Sojourner Cassini–Huygens – First Saturn orbiter and first Titan lander Mars Express /Beagle 2 – First planetary mission by the ESA MESSENGER – First Mercury orbiter Chandrayaan-1 – Water Around Fresh Moon Crater Mars Science Laboratory – Mars lander and large rover Mangalyaan – First Indian Mars orbiter Trace Gas Orbiter – ESA/Roscosmos Mars orbiter NASA's Perseverance rover Planned or scheduled [ edit ] ^ "Sputnik 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ a b "Sputnik | satellites" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Sputnik 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ Garcia, Mark (6 November 2017). "60 years ago: The First Animal in Orbit" . NASA . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Explorer 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Vanguard 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ Cavallaro, Umberto (5 October 2018). The Race to the Moon Chronicled in Stamps, Postcards, and Postmarks: A Story of Puffery vs. the Pragmatic . Springer. p. 46. ISBN 9783319921532 . ^ JR, Wesley T. Huntress; Marov, Mikhail Ya (28 June 2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 77. ISBN 9781441978981 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ a b c d e f g h "Luna | space probe" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Pioneer 4" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 4" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 3" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Pioneer 5" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 5" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Venera 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Venera | Soviet space probes" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ Wright, John (23 May 2006). The New York Times Almanac 2002 . Routledge. p. 1649. ISBN 9781135455866 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Vostok 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Vostok | Soviet spacecraft" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Ranger 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Ranger 1" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ a b c d e "Ranger | space probe" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Ranger 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Ranger 2" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Ranger 3" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Ranger 3" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy . 14 (1): 5–8. doi :10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6 . ^ "Ranger 4" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Ranger 4" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Mariner 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mariner 02" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Missions to Venus and Mercury" . www.planetary.org . Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Ranger 5" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Ranger 5" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Mars 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mars 01" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 4" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Luna 04" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Cosmos 21" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Ranger 6" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Ranger 6" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Zond 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Zond 1" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ a b c d e f g h "Zond | space probe" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Ranger 7" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Ranger 7" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Image of the Moon taken by a Ranger 7" . NSAS NSSDC Image Catalog . Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020 . ^ "Voskhod 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ a b "Voskhod | spacecraft" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Mariner 3" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mariner 03" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Mariner 4" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mariner 04" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Zond 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Zond 2" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Ranger 8" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Ranger 8" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Voskhod 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Ranger 9" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Ranger 9" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "LCS 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 5" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 6" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Zond 3" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Zond 3" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 7" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Venera 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Venera 3" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 8" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Pioneer 6" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 06" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ a b c "Pioneer | space probes" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ a b c d American Astronautical Society (23 August 2010). Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 244. ISBN 9781851095193 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 9" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 10" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Surveyor 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ a b "Surveyor | space probe" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 1" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Explorer 33" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Explorer 33" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 1" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ a b "Lunar Orbiter | spacecraft" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Pioneer 7" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 07" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 11" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Surveyor 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 2" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 12" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Lunar Orbiter 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 2" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 13" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Lunar Orbiter 3" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 3" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Surveyor 3" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 3" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Lunar Orbiter 4" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 4" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Venera 4" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Mariner 5" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mariner 05" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Surveyor 4" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 4" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Explorer 35" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Lunar Orbiter 5" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 5" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Surveyor 5" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 5" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Surveyor 6" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 6" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 4" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Pioneer 8" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 08" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Surveyor 7" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 7" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 5" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 5 LM-1/Descent" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Zond 4" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Zond 4" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ Wong, Michael (6 March 2018). "50 Years Ago: Zond 4 launched successfully" . NASA . Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 14" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Zond 5" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Zond 5" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ Mars, Kelli (18 September 2018). "50 Years Ago: On the Way to the Moon" . NASA . Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . the first living organisms to have made a circumlunar flight ^ Greeley, R. (17 April 2013). Planetary Landscapes . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 20. ISBN 9781475722932 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 7" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ a b c d e "Apollo | History, Missions, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Pioneer 9" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 09" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Zond 6" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Zond 6" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 8" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Apollo 8" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Venera 5" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Venera 6" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Mariner 6" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mariner 06" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 9" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Mariner 7" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mariner 07" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 10" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Apollo 10" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 15" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Luna 15" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 11 | Facts & Pictures" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Apollo 11" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Sample Overview" . www.lpi.usra.edu . Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Zond 7" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Zond 7" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 12 Command and Service Module (CSM)" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 12 Lunar Module / ALSEP" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Apollo 12" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 13 | United States spaceflight" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 13 Command and Service Module (CSM)" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 13 Lunar Module/ALSEP" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Apollo 13" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Venera 7" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Venera 7" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Luna 16" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Zond 8" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Zond 8" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ Howell, Elizabeth (20 December 2016). "Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover" . Space.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 14 Command and Service Module (CSM)" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Apollo 14 Lunar Module /ALSEP" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Apollo 14" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 . ^ "Salyut 1" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ "Salyut | History & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ "Mars 2" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ "Mars 2 Lander" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mars 02" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ Coletta, Damon; Pilch, Frances T. (16 October 2009). Space and Defense Policy . Routledge. p. 428. ISBN 9781135969653 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ Genta, Giancarlo (30 December 2016). Next Stop Mars: The Why, How, and When of Human Missions . Springer. p. 219. ISBN 9783319443119 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ "Mars 3" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ "Mars 3 Lander" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mars 03" . NASA Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ "Mars - Spacecraft exploration" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . ^ "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander" . NASA’s Mars Exploration Program . Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019 . Mars 3 became the first successful soft landing on the Red Planet, but stopped transmitting after just 14.5 seconds for unknown reasons. ^ "Mariner 9" . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "In Depth | Mariner 09" . Solar System Exploration: NASA Science . Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019 .