Tornado outbreak sequence of December 18–20, 1957

On December 18–20, 1957, a significant tornado outbreak sequence affected the southern Midwest and the South of the contiguous United States. The outbreak sequence began on the afternoon of December 18, when a low-pressure area approached the southern portions of Missouri and Illinois. Supercells developed and proceeded eastward at horizontal speeds of 40 to 45 miles per hour (64 to 72 km/h), yielding what was considered the most severe tornado outbreak in Illinois on record so late in the calendar year. Total losses in the state were estimated to fall within the range of $8–$10 million.^{[4][5][nb 2][nb 3][nb 4]}

At 6:00 a.m. CST (12:00 UTC) on December 18, 1957, a vigorous shortwave trough entered the Great Plains with a cold front moving east across Oklahoma and Kansas. A dissipating stationary front over Oklahoma underwent frontolysis and later redeveloped as a warm front which extended across central Illinois. By 3:00 pm. CST (21:00 UTC), surface dew points reached the low 60s °F across portions of southeast Missouri and southern Illinois, including the St. Louis area. Although most areas were then recording overcast weather conditions, a strong upper-level jet stream helped impart synoptic-scale lifting, a factor that favors updrafts, and little vertical mixing occurred, so instability remained favorable for thunderstorm development. Additionally, very cold temperatures following a surface cyclone raised the lifted index to −6 due to high adiabatic lapse rates. Wind speeds at the middle level of the atmosphere, just under 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the ground, were close to 70 mph (110 km/h) as well. Conditions were therefore very conducive to a large tornado outbreak on the afternoon of December 18.^[15][16][17]

Similarly favorable conditions occurred a day later, as a warm and moist air mass spread northward from the Gulf of Mexico. In fact, temperatures in the Mississippi Valley and the upper Midwest approached record highs for December. St. Louis and Detroit, recorded afternoon highs of 57 °F (14 °C), while Chicago measured 56 °F (13 °C), only eight degrees lower than the local record high for December 19. Local residents and meteorologists described temperatures as being "springlike" for the time of year, even though meteorological winter was due to begin on December 23. Farther south, temperatures along the Gulf Coast reached the low 70s °F. Just as on December 18, a second tornado outbreak occurred in a broad warm sector from Arkansas to Illinois and south to Alabama.^[18]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The U.S. Weather Bureau's finalized damage survey and analysis

On December 18, 1957, a violent tornado struck Sunfield, Illinois, completely wiping out the community.^[78] The extreme damage in Sunfield caused the National Weather Service to assign a rating of F5 on the Fujita scale.^{[79][77][80][81]}

The east-northeastward moving tornado struck Sunfield at the junction of U.S. Route 51 and Illinois Route 154, also called the Sunfield Y or Wye on account of the branching shape of the intersection.^[78][80][76] The United States Weather Bureau documented "very heavy destruction", albeit in a small area, and referred to the Sunfield Y as having been "wiped out".^[78] Tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis stated that the “entire community literally vanished.”^[82] Several people survived the tornado by taking cover in buildings, including some which were destroyed.^[78] A man who remained outside was killed,^[78] later found in a drainage ditch by the road.^[76] In total, the tornado killed three people,^[76] injured six others, and caused between $250,000 to $500,000 (1957 USD) in damage.^[78][77][82]

The United States Weather Bureau documented that the tornado reached a maximum width of 200 yards (180 m) and traveled 5 miles (8.0 km).^[78] They also documented that the tornado caused between $50,000 to $500,000 (1957 USD) in damage.^[78] After the creation of the Fujita scale in 1971, the National Weather Service assigned a rating of F5 to the tornado.^[83] In the 2010s, the National Centers for Environmental Information published information about the tornado, which included a path length of 5.4 miles (8.7 km) and a damage total of $250,000 (1957 USD).^[77]

The second deadly tornado to develop on December 18 became one of two tornadoes to strike Mount Vernon in Jefferson County, Illinois. The first tornado was the strongest and formed at 3:55 pm. CST (21:55 UTC) about 10 mi (16 km) west-southwest of downtown Mount Vernon, whence local police monitored its movement from patrol vehicles and disseminated reports via radio. As the tornado approached downtown Mount Vernon, it completely levelled small, "prefabricated", ranch-style homes in southwest Mount Vernon; damage in this area was later rated F4 by meteorologists, though on the low end of the category. Thereafter, the tornado weakened as it neared downtown Mount Vernon and may have even dissipated before reforming as a separate tornado to the north. It then continued on a skipping path and caused less severe damage to older homesites northeast of Mount Vernon. In Mount Vernon, the tornado damaged or destroyed about fifteen to twenty buildings, including the Block Grade School, where students left only half an hour beforehand. The funnel was described as being "swirling black clouds", filled with debris, that vanished northwest of downtown Mount Vernon. The tornado was up to 250 yd (230 m) wide at times.^[28][84]

This tornado, the deadliest of the outbreak sequence, closely resembled the 1925 Tri-State tornado and affected some of the same areas that were hit in 1925, including locations in and near Gorham, Sand Ridge, Murphysboro, and De Soto. It may have touched down in eastern Missouri but was first observed at 4:45 pm. CST (some sources say 4:30 pm. CST) in Gorham, destroying or damaging forty homes there. One fatality occurred in nearby Sand Ridge. As it neared and passed through the southeast side of Murphysboro, the tornado paralleled the Big Muddy River, moving east-northeast. It produced the worst damage, which was rated F4, in this area, destroying old buildings; however, the most intense damage only affected a small section of southeast Murphysboro, where 10 of the 11 deaths occurred. Afterward, the tornado continued on to damage parts of De Soto, Hurst, and Bush. The tornado was last reported near Plumfield at 5:05 pm. CST (23:05 UTC). Murphysboro was powerless for almost three days as most utilities were in the worst-hit area. The tornado injured two hundred people along its path.^{[3][42][29][84]}

Severe thunderstorms in connection with the outbreak on December 18 produced hail up to 3⁄4 in (1.9 cm) in diameter in St. Francois County, Missouri. Severe winds estimated at up to 60 mph (97 km/h) also affected the Hannibal area in that state, downing power lines and wires. In addition to the six known tornadoes in Missouri, unconfirmed reports of tornadoes occurred in Jefferson County, along with many reports of funnel clouds elsewhere in the state. Other unconfirmed tornadoes were reported in other states, including an alleged tornado that hit Rockville, Indiana. On December 19, a dust storm with 50-mile-per-hour (80 km/h) wind gusts tossed three roofs onto vehicles and reduced visibility to just 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km) in Dallas, Texas. In addition to the three confirmed tornadoes that hit the state that day, severe winds in Tennessee, reportedly unrelated to tornado activity, destroyed farm buildings, tore off roofs, and downed trees and electrical wires; though these may have been due to tornadoes, none was confirmed. In addition to two confirmed tornadoes, unconfirmed reports of tornado damage arrived from Royalton and Elkville, Illinois; though attributed to thunderstorm winds, these damages may have been due to tornadoes. Additionally, severe thunderstorm activity on December 18–19 contributed to severe flood conditions across parts of southern Illinois and in Missouri.^{[84][18][42][85][63][28]}

After severe weather left the Murphysboro area in Illinois, police officers, firefighters, deputies, and other assistance were called out to the worst-hit subdivisions, Country Heights and Crown View. Then-Illinois Director of Public Health Dr. Roland Cross also sent for the hard-hit Mount Vernon area. Then-Governor of Illinois William G. Stratton directed Illinois state police to the affected areas of southern Illinois and also readied the Illinois National Guard for possible deployment to the region.^[84]

• List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
  • List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes
• Southern Illinois tornado history
  • St. Louis tornado history
• Tornado records
• Tornado outbreak of March 27, 1890 – Yielded numerous deadly, violent tornadoes
• Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1896 – Produced the third-deadliest tornado in U.S. history
• Tri-State tornado outbreak – Impacted some of the same areas as in 1957 on March 18, 1925
• 2012 Leap Day tornado outbreak – Produced an EF4-rated tornado on February 29
• Tornado outbreak of November 17, 2013 – Deadliest and costliest on record in Illinois since 1950
• Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 – Deadliest tornado outbreak in the month of December

• Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity" (PDF). Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 310–19. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
• Cook, A. R.; Schaefer, J. T. (August 2008). Written at Norman, Oklahoma. "The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (8). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 3135. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.3121C. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2171.1.
• Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
• Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001a). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
• Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001b). F5-F6 Tornadoes. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
• Joos, Lothar A. (December 1957). Written at Champaign, Illinois. "Illinois – December 1957". Weather Summary. Climatological Data. Illinois. 62 (12). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center (published January 1958): 160.
• National Weather Service (December 1957). Storm Data Publication (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information – via Storm Events Database.
• U.S. Weather Bureau (December 1957). "Storm data and unusual weather phenomena". Climatological Data National Summary. 8 (12). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center: 522–531.
• Wilson, John W.; Changnon, Stanley A. (1971). Illinois Tornadoes (PDF) (Technical report). Illinois State Water Survey. Urbana, Illinois: State of Illinois Department of Registration and Education. p. 39. 103. Retrieved December 12, 2019.