United States Supreme Court case
In re Trade-Mark Cases Full case name United States v. Steffens; United States v. Wittemann; United States v. Johnson Docket no. 705 Citations 100 U.S. 82 (more ) The Copyright Clause of the Constitution does not give Congress power to protect or regulate trademarks. Majority Miller, joined by Clifford, Swayne, Field, Strong, Bradley, Hunt, Waite, Harlan U.S. Const. Art. I, Sect. 8, Cl. 8
The Trade-Mark Cases , 100 U.S. 82 (1879), were a set of three cases consolidated into a single appeal before the United States Supreme Court , which in 1879 unanimously[ 1] ruled that the Copyright Clause of the Constitution gave Congress no power to protect or regulate trademarks .[ 2] Congress then passed the Trade Mark Act of 1881 , which was based on the Commerce Clause power, and therefore passed constitutional muster.
The three cases were United States v. Steffens , United States v. Wittemann , and United States v. Johnson . Steffens and Wittemann dealt with alleged counterfeiting of marks associated with champagne , while Johnson dealt with alleged counterfeiting of a mark associated with whiskey .
The opinion was written by Justice Samuel Freeman Miller .
The Court did not exclude all possibility of Congress regulating trademarks. Congress, however, read the decision very strictly and in a new trademark law enacted in 1881 regulated only trademarks used in commerce with foreign nations, and with the Indian tribes, areas specified under the Commerce Clause. It was not until 1905 that Congress would again enact a trademark law generally governing marks in use in the United States, though the 1905 act was also carefully worded to fall within the Commerce Clause.
Dormant Commerce Clause Brown v. Maryland (1827) Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co. (1829) Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852) Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) Swift & Co. v. United States (1905) George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy (1925) Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc. (1935) Edwards v. California (1941) Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona (1945) Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison (1951) Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland (1954) Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc. (1959) National Bellas Hess v. Illinois (1967) Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. (1970) Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp. (1976) Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady (1977) Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission (1977) City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978) Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland (1978) Reeves, Inc. v. Stake (1980) Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. (1981) Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas (1982) White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers (1983) South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke (1984) Maine v. Taylor (1986) Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc. (1989) Quill Corp. v. North Dakota (1992) Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt (1992) Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon (1994) C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown (1994) West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy (1994) Granholm v. Heald (2005) United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority (2007) Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis (2008) Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne (2015) South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (2018) Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas (2019) National Pork Producers Council v. Ross (2023) Others
Copyright Act of 1790 Patent Act of 1793 Patent infringement case lawPatentability case lawCopyright Act of 1831 Copyright Act of 1870 Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 International Copyright Act of 1891 Copyright Act of 1909 Patent misuse case lawClayton Antitrust Act of 1914 Lanham Act Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc. (1982) San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987) Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. (1992) Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co. (1995) College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board (1999) Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc. (2001) TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc. (2001) Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. (2003) Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. (2003) Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc. (2014) POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co. (2014) Matal v. Tam (2017) Iancu v. Brunetti (2019) Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc. (2020) Copyright Act of 1976 Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977) Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. (1984) Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder (1985) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985) Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid (1989) Stewart v. Abend (1990) Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co. (1991) Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc. (1994) Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (1994) Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc. (1996) Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc. (1998) Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. (1998) New York Times Co. v. Tasini (2001) Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (2005) Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick (2010) Golan v. Holder (2012) Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2013) Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. (2014) American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. (2014) Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. (2017) Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com (2019) Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc. (2019) Allen v. Cooper (2020) Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. (2020) Other copyright cases Other patent cases Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. (1908) Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde (1916) United States v. General Electric Co. (1926) United States v. Univis Lens Co. (1942) Altvater v. Freeman (1943) Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp. (1945) Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co. (1948) Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp. (1950) Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co. (1950) Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. (1961) Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. (1964) Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther (1964) Brulotte v. Thys Co. (1964) Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp. (1965) Graham v. John Deere Co. (1966) United States v. Adams (1966) Brenner v. Manson (1966) Lear, Inc. v. Adkins (1969) Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co. (1969) Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. (1971) Gottschalk v. Benson (1972) United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd. (1973) Dann v. Johnston (1976) Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc. (1976) Parker v. Flook (1978) Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980) Diamond v. Diehr (1981) Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc. (1989) Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc. (1990) Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc. (1996) Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co. (1997) Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc. (1998) Dickinson v. Zurko (1999) Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank (1999) J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (2001) Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. (2002) Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. (2005) eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. (2006) Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc. (2006) LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc. (2006) MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc. (2007) KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. (2007) Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp. (2007) Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. (2008) Bilski v. Kappos (2010) Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. (2011) Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. (2011) Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership (2011) Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. (2012) Kappos v. Hyatt (2012) Bowman v. Monsanto Co. (2013) Gunn v. Minton (2013) Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. (2013) FTC v. Actavis, Inc. (2013) Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International (2014) Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. (2014) Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. (2015) Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC (2015) Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. (2016) TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC (2017) Peter v. NantKwest, Inc. (2019) Other trademark cases
Statutes
Pre-1976 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Precedents and rulings
Supreme Court Wheaton v. Peters (1834) Baker v. Selden (1879) Trade-Mark Cases (1879) Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony (1884) Banks v. Manchester (1888) Callaghan v. Myers (1888) Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus (1908) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908) Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States (1975) Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. (1984) Feist v. Rural (1991) Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (1994) Quality King v. L'anza (1998) Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (2005) Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A. (2010) Golan v. Holder (2012) Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2013) American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. (2014) Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands (2017) Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com (2019) Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. (2020) Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (2021) Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith (2023) Appeals courts Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc. (2d Cir. 1964) Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co. (9th Cir. 1970) Eltra Corp. v. Ringer (4th Cir. 1978) Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates (9th Cir. 1978) Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc. (7th Cir. 1983) Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. (3d Cir. 1983) Fisher v. Dees (9th Cir. 1986) Whelan v. Jaslow (3d Cir. 1986) Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd. (5th Cir. 1988) Rogers v. Koons (2nd Cir. 1992) Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc. (2d Cir. 1992) American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc. (2nd Cir. 1995) Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc. (9th Cir. 1997) Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc. (2d Cir. 1998) Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp. (9th Cir. 2000) Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp. (1st Cir. 2000) A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. (9th Cir. 2001) Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l (5th Cir. 2002) Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003) In re Aimster Copyright Litigation (7th Cir. 2003) NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute (2d Cir. 2004) BMG Music v. Gonzalez (7th Cir. 2005) Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd. (2nd Cir. 2006) Blanch v. Koons (2nd Cir. 2006) Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. (9th Cir. 2006) Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc. (2nd Cir. 2008) Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc. (9th Cir. 2010) Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha (2d Cir. 2011) Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc. (9th Cir. 2012) Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. (2d Cir. 2012) Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc (9th Cir. 2013) Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. (2d Cir. 2015) Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. (9th Cir. 2015) Naruto v. Slater (9th Cir. 2018) Lower courts