Tunicamycin

Tunicamycin
Names
IUPAC name
(E)-N-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-

3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy- 6-[2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)- 3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-

3-yl]-5-methylhex-2-enamide
Other names
NSC 177382
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.115.295 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 601-012-4
MeSH Tunicamycin
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C30H46N4O16/c1-11(2)5-4-6-16(38)32-19-23(43)20(40)14(47-29(19)50-28-18(31-12(3)36)22(42)21(41)15(10-35)48-28)9-13(37)26-24(44)25(45)27(49-26)34-8-7-17(39)33-30(34)46/h4,6-8,11,13-15,18-29,35,37,40-45H,5,9-10H2,1-3H3,(H,31,36)(H,32,38)(H,33,39,46)/b6-4+/t13?,14-,15-,18-,19-,20+,21-,22-,23-,24+,25-,26-,27-,28-,29+/m1/s1
    Key: ZHSGGJXRNHWHRS-VIDYELAYSA-N
  • CC(C)C\C=C\C(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O[C@H]1O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O)NC(=O)C)CC([C@@H]3[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O3)N4C=CC(=O)NC4=O)O)O)O)O)O
Properties
C39H64N4O16
Molar mass N/A
Hazards
GHS labelling:[1]
GHS06: Toxic
Danger
H300
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Tunicamycin is a mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotics that inhibits the UDP-HexNAc: polyprenol-P HexNAc-1-P family of enzymes. In eukaryotes, this includes the enzyme GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT), which catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to dolichol phosphate in the first step of glycoprotein synthesis. Tunicamycin blocks N-linked glycosylation (N-glycans) and treatment of cultured human cells with tunicamycin causes cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. It is used as an experimental tool in biology, e.g. to induce unfolded protein response.[2] Tunicamycin is produced by several bacteria, including Streptomyces clavuligerus and Streptomyces lysosuperificus.

Tunicamycin homologues have varying molecular weights owing to the variability in fatty acid side chain conjugates.[3]

Biosynthesis

[edit]

The biosynthesis of tunicamycins was studied in Streptomyces chartreusis and a proposed biosynthetic pathway was characterized. The bacteria utilize the enzymes in the tun gene cluster (TunA-N) to make tunicamycins.[4]

TunA uses the starter unit uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and catalyzes the dehydration of the 6’ hydroxyl group. First, a Tyr residue in TunA abstracts a proton from the 4’ hydroxyl group, forming a ketone at that position. A hydride is subsequently abstracted from the 4’ carbon by NAD+, forming NADH. The ketone is stabilized by hydrogen bonding from the Tyr residue, and a nearby Thr residue. A glutamate residue then abstracts a proton from the 5’ carbon, pushing the electrons up to form a double bond between the 5’ and 6’ carbon. A nearby cysteine donates a proton to the hydroxyl group as it leaves as water. NADH donates a hydride to the 4’ carbon, reforming a hydroxide in that position and forming UDP-6’-deoxy-5-6-ene-GlcNAc. TunF then catalyzes the epimerization of the intermediate to UDP-6’-deoxy-5-6-ene-GalNAc, changing the 4’ hydroxyl from the equatorial to axial position.[5]

The other starter unit for tunicamycin is uridine, which is produced from uridine triphosphate (UTP). TunN is a nucleotide diphosphatase, and catalyzes the removal of pyrophosphate from UTP to form uridine monophosphate. The last phosphate is removed by the putative monophosphatase, TunG.

Once uridine and UDP-6’-deoxy-5-6-ene-GalNAc are produced, TunB catalyzes their linkage at the 6’ carbon of UDP-6’-deoxy-5-6-ene-GalNAc. TunB uses S-adenyslmethionine (SAM) to form a radical on the 5’ carbon of the ribose on uracil. TunM is thought to catalyze the formation of a new bond between the 5’ carbon of uridine and the 6’ carbon of UDP-6’-deoxy-5-6-ene-GalNAc using the electron from the uridine radical and one of the electrons from the double bond of UDP-6’-deoxy-5-6-ene-GalNAc. The radical on UDP-6’-deoxy-5-6-ene-GalNAc is then quenched by abstracting a hydrogen from SAM.[6] The resulting molecule is UDP-N-acetyl-tunicamine. TunH then catalyzes the hydrolysis of UDP from UDP-N-acetyl-tunicamine. Another molecule of UDP-GlcNAc is introduced, and a β-1,1 glycosidic bond is subsequently formed, catalyzed by TunD. The resulting molecule is deacetylated by TunE. TunL and a fatty acyl-ACP ligase are used to load metabolic fatty acids onto the acyl carrier protein, TunK. TunC then attaches the fatty acid to the free amine, producing tunicamycin.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "C&L Inventory". echa.europa.eu.
  2. ^ Chan SW, Egan PA (2005). "Hepatitis C virus envelope proteins regulate CHOP via induction of the unfolded protein response". The FASEB Journal. 19 (11): 1510–1512. doi:10.1096/fj.04-3455fje. PMID 16006626.
  3. ^ [1] Tunicamycin product details]
  4. ^ Wyszynski F, Hesketh A, Bibb M, Davis B (2010). "Dissecting tunicamycin biosynthesis by genome mining: cloning and heterologous expression of a minimal gene cluster". Chemical Science. 1 (5): 581. doi:10.1039/c0sc00325e.
  5. ^ Wyszynski F, Lee S, Yabe T, Wang H, Gomez-Escribano JP, Bibb M (July 2012). "Biosynthesis of the tunicamycin antibiotics proceeds via unique exo-glycal intermediates". Nature Chemistry. 4 (7): 539–546. Bibcode:2012NatCh...4..539W. doi:10.1038/nchem.1351. PMID 22717438.
  6. ^ Giese B (August 1989). "The Stereoselectivity of Intermolecular Free Radical Reactions [New Synthetic Methods (78)]". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 28 (8): 969–980. doi:10.1002/anie.198909693.
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