French
DeutschUstilaginales
| Ustilaginales | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Huitlacoche | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Ustilaginomycetes |
| Subclass: | Ustilaginomycetidae |
| Order: | Ustilaginales (G. Winter 1880)[1] Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997[2] |
| Families | |
| Anthracoideaceae | |
The Ustilaginales are an order of fungi within the class Ustilaginomycetes. The order contained 8 families, 49 genera, and 851 species in 2008.[3]
In 2011, monotypic family Pericladiaceae Vánky holding just Pericladium Pass. (with 3 species) was added.[4] Also family Cintractiellaceae Vánky was later placed in a monotypic order Cintractiellales McTaggart & R.G. Shivas in 2020.[5]
Ustinaginales is also known and classified as the smut fungi. They are serious plant pathogens, with only the dikaryotic stage being obligately parasitic.
Morphology
[edit]Has a thick-walled resting spore (teliospore), known as the "brand" (burn) spore or chlamydospore.
Economic importance
[edit]They can infect corn plants (Zea mays) producing tumor-like galls that render the ears unsaleable. This corn smut, is also known as huitlacoche and sold canned for consumption in Latin America.
Sexual reproduction
[edit]Almost all Ustilaginales species share a dimorphic life cycle that includes an asexual, saprophitic yeast-like stage and a filamentous sexual stage that is required to parasitize a host.[6] The parasitic phase involves karyogamy, the process of fusing two haploid nuclei (present in haploid teliospore cells), followed by meiosis.[6] Each meiosis results in a septated basidium bearing four haploid basidiospores which can then proceed to yeast-like growth. During meiosis, genes are expressed that function in recombination and DNA repair.[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Notes
- ^ Winter G. (1880). Rabenhorsts Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweitz, Vol. 1 (in German). Leipzig: E. Kummer. p. 73. (as "Ustilagineae")
- ^ Bauer, R.; et al. (1997). "Ultrastructural markers and systematics in smut fungi and allied taxa". Canadian Journal of Botany. 75: 1311. doi:10.1139/b97-842.
- ^ Kirk MP, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. pp. 716–17. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
- ^ Vánky, K. (2011). "The genus Pericladium (Ustilaginales). Pericladiaceae fam. nov". Mycologia Balcanica. 8 (2): 147–152.
- ^ McTaggart, A.R.; Prychid, C.J.; Bruhl, J.J.; Shivas, R.G. (2020). "The PhyloCode applied to Cintractiellales, a new order of smut fungi with unresolved phylogenetic relationships in the Ustilaginomycotina". Fungal Systematics and Evolution. doi:10.3114/fuse.2020.06.04. PMC 7451774.
- ^ a b c Steins L, Guerreiro MA, Duhamel M, Liu F, Wang QM, Boekhout T, Begerow D (June 2023). "Comparative genomics of smut fungi suggest the ability of meiosis and mating in asexual species of the genus Pseudozyma (Ustilaginales)". BMC Genomics. 24 (1): 321. doi:10.1186/s12864-023-09387-1. PMC 10262431. PMID 37312063.
- Bibliography
- Alexopolous, C.J.; Mims, Charles W.; Blackwell, M. (2004). Introductory Mycology (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-52229-5. OCLC 33012821.