Workers' Hymn
English: The Workers' Hymn | |
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Also known as | Il Canto dei Lavoratori (English: Workers' Song) L'Inno del Partito Operai Italiano (English: Hymn of the Italian Workers' Party) |
Lyrics | Filippo Turati, 1886 |
Music | Amintore Galli, 1886 |
Published | 7 March 1886 |
Audio sample | |
Recording by Milan's Corale Verdi |
The Workers' Hymn (Italian: L'Inno dei Lavoratori) or Workers' Song (Il Canto dei Lavoratori), also known as the Hymn of the Italian Workers' Party (L'Inno del Partito Operaio Italiano), is an Italian socialist anthem written by Filippo Turati, and set to music by Amintore Galli.
Published in March 1886, the song was composed for the Italian Workers' Party, led by Costantino Lazzari.[1][2] It quickly became popular,[1][3] and is considered one of the most significant historic songs of the Italian workers' movement, alongside Bandiera Rossa, The Internationale, and the Hymn of the First of May .[1][4] It was censored by successive governments of the Kingdom of Italy, including during the First World War and under Fascist Italy.[3]
Despite the anthem's popularity, its authors were ashamed of their work. Turati later declared the poem "a juvenile poetic sin",[1][5] while Galli kept his authorship of the music unknown, and was tormented by fear and stress in his later life due to its popularity and censorship.[1][6]
History
[edit]Textual composition
[edit]The Workers' Hymn was commissioned by the first exponents of Italian socialism, particularly Costantino Lazzari, future secretary of the Italian Socialist Party.[3] Lazzari, then leader of the Italian Workers' Party, wanted an anthem to inaugurate the standard of the League of Children of Labour (Lega dei Figli del Lavoro),[1][2] a Milanese association of manual workers that advocated for mutual aid, popular education, the protection of workers' rights, and social emancipation.[5]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Filippo_Turati_1890cr.jpg/220px-Filippo_Turati_1890cr.jpg)
For the text, Lazzari commissioned Filippo Turati, a young lawyer associated with the Milanese Socialist League, which was recognised for its intellectual character. Turati was reluctant to compose the anthem, but was encouraged by his mother, Adele.[1] He was ashamed of the final text, and promised Lazzari to rewrite it, but Lazzari accepted it.[1][3] The anthem was published on 7 March 1886 in Milanese newspaper La Farfalla,[1][2] crediting Turati.[1] On 20 and 21 March 1886, the anthem was published without crediting Turati in the party's journal, Il Fascio Operaio. The text was modified to fit the music.[1]
Years after the song's publication, in his trial for the Bava Beccaris massacre, Turati was asked to declare his authorship of the anthem, which he affirmed.[1] He said that the anthem was a "juvenile poetic sin",[1][5] and retorted:[3]
They have put me on trial so many times for those verses as incitements for class hatred. Instead, they should have sentenced me to death for inciting a crime against Poetry.
Musical composition
[edit]The music for the Workers' Hymn was composed by Amintore Galli, then artistic director of Edoardo Sonzogno's Casa Musicale Sonzogno and Chair of Counterpoint and Musical Aesthetics at the Milan Conservatory.[7][8] The Workers' Hymn is Galli's most famous composition.[3][5][8][9]
The circumstances that led to Galli's commission are disputed.[3] According to one account, Galli was deceived to believe that the tune would be used on some other text than the Workers' Hymn,[1][2] written by Luigi Persico.[1] He recycled a tune he had composed earlier in his life,[3][5][10] for some association that he could not recall.[6] A letter from the mayor of Finale Emilia, dated to 5 December 1904, claims that Galli lifted a setting of the Tantum ergo sung in Finale's churches;[1] Galli had lived in Finale between 1871 and 1873.[1][3][7]
Lazzari recalled hearing Galli play the composition for the first time in February 1886, at Galli's offices in Il Secolo,[2] Sonzogno's newspaper, for which Galli was a music critic.[7][8] Galli played quietly to avoid the attention of the newspaper's inimical contributors in the neighbouring rooms.[2] The composition was auditioned among Lazzari's comrades "in a cheerful carneval evening, which we held in the modest trattoria Iresoldi in Via Bocchetto", and immediately caught on.[1]
The first edition of the music has not been recovered, and likely did not contain Galli's name. It may have been clandestinely printed at the Casa Musicale Sonzogno.[1] Some contend that the music was composed by Zenone Mattei ,[2][11] a composer from Amelia, Umbria, who was first credited in a Swiss edition from 1894, printed by Zürich's Tipografia Industriale.[1] Galli had lived in Amelia shortly after graduating from the Milan Conservatory.[7]
Popularity
[edit]On 28 March 1886, the song had its first public performance at a conference of the Italian Workers' Party.[1][2] The venue and performers are disputed between the hall of the Workers' Association in Via Campo Lodigiano, performed by the Società Corale Donizetti, and the headquarters of the Italian Workers' Party in Via San Vittorio al Teatro, performed by the Società Corale Vincenzo Bellini.[1]
The song became popular, particularly in republican and socialist opposition to the Marcia Reale, the Kingdom of Italy's official national anthem.[3] It was reproduced in many songbooks, and inspired several variants and parodies.[1] In 1888, Lazzari sung the song to an international trade unionist congress in London, in the presence of John Burns, to a warm reception. Lazzari also recalled singing the song outside the walls of Casale Monferrato's prison, where an imprisoned socialist, Alfredo Casati, repeated the song to him.[1]
The Italian Socialist Party, founded in 1892, adopted the song as its official anthem.[4] It was sung in the earliest International Workers' Day celebrations in Italy.[4][12] In 1899, the party declared the anthem one of the three best-known Italian socialist anthems, together with the Marcia Socialista Mondiale and the Hymn of the First of May .[4]
On 7 June 1914, carabinieri in Ancona killed three protestors during an antimilitarist march that sung the anthem.[13]
During the Biennio Rosso, two years of intense social upheaval in Italy between 1919 and 1920, the song was popularly sung by socialists alongside the Bandiera Rossa and The Internationale. Fascist squads parodied the opening lines: Come brothers, come comrades, / Come, come, in a thick crowd was replaced by Come people, to the rescue / To communists, we break their bones.[14]
Censorship
[edit]The Workers' Hymn received official censorship even before it was ever performed: five days before its premiere, the prefecture of Milan had communicated to the party that the song was not to be sung nor its conference hosted, in the interests of public order and safety.[1][5] Singing the Workers' Hymn was quickly banned in public,[3] and from 1892, it incurred a custodial sentence of at least 75 days as well as a fine of 100 lire.[1][3][4] Numerous accounts record trials in which the prosecution and defence debated whether a defendant had sung the song or some innocent song.[3] The application of the prohibition varied by province: during the early 1890s, the public prosecutor's office in Milan merely seized 9,000 printed copies of the anthem, on the pretext of legal irregularities among the publishers, while the police station of Reggio Emilia went further and arrested singers.[12]
On 21 February 1896, Italy's Court of Cassation definitively ruled that singing the anthem could constitute a crime against Article 247 of Italy's penal code if an intention to incite class hatred could be proved.[4][15] A note from the Ministry of the Interior to the prefecture of Bologna, dated 28 December 1986, affirmed that "by the judicial orders of Parma, Catania, and Milan", "it is beyond any doubt that the printed version of the Workers' Hymn must always be seized".[5]
By 1902, the song was no longer prohibited,[4] though it was censored again during the First World War and under Fascist Italy.[3] On 23 August 1940, the anarchist Ciro Musiani was reported in Rimini for humming the hymn in a tavern, leading to a short imprisonment.[16]
Galli's authorship
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Amintore_Galli.png)
Galli was uncomfortable with his association to the anthem,[1][2] and kept his authorship of the music unknown:[1] he did not want to enter a bitter rivalry between the Italian Workers' Party and the Italian Radical Party for the 1886 election,[3] and he feared repercussions from the Milan Conservatory and his professional circles.[1][6] Besides, Galli was a practising Catholic, politically conservative, and a landowner.[1]
Initially, the music was attributed to "Giano Martelli", an anagram of Galli.[4] Galli was first identified as the music's composer during a police report in 1894,[3] and in 1917, the Milanese Almanacco Socialista Italiano 1917, a socialist publication, publicly credited him.[1][2] After the Battle of Caporetto in autumn 1917,[6] the prefecture of Milan forced Galli to withdraw copies of the hymn from the market at his expense.[1][3] Galli was kept under police surveillance for his life, under suspicion of being a subversive.[1] The ordeal of the anthem led Galli to significant fear and stress,[1][6] leading to an illness from which he did not recover.[6] He was known to murmur: "Blasted hymn, how much you cost me!".[1]
Lyrics
[edit]Italian lyrics[17] | English translation |
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Su fratelli, su compagne, | Come brothers, come comrades, |
In popular culture
[edit]The eighth chapter of Alfredo Panzini's La lanterna di Diogene (1907) is entitled after the hymn. Panzini recounts passing a group of socialists singing the anthem, with a postman in the crowd asking him: "Don't we scare you now, rich man?" Panzini suggested that an additional verse in the hymn should be dedicated to the farmers of Romagna, and advocate "diligence and passion for agricultural work...two qualities [that are] not in excess". On the hymn's music, he reflected:[18]
O good and gentle Amintore Galli, the music of your anthem may not exactly be beautiful, but it is terrible, or at least, it has a terrible effect. That note that grows and then breaks like a hurricane in the verse "The sun of the future shines": it has an indisputable effect.
— Alfredo Panzini, La lanterna di Diogene (1907)
Il sol dell'avvenire, a 2023 Italian-French comedy-drama written and directed by Nanni Moretti, shares its title with a phrase from the third line of the Workers' Hymn.[19] The plot concerns the reaction of a chapter of the Italian Communist Party to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.[20]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Bosio, Gianni; Coggiola, Franco (1972) [15 November 1972]. "Il Canto dei lavoratori: Inno del Partito Operaio Italiano (testo di Filippo Turati, musica di Amintore Galli)" [The Workers' Hymn: Anthem of the Italian Workers' Party (text by Filippo Turati, music by Amintore Galli)]. Il Bosco degli alberi: Storia d'Italia dall'Unità ad oggi attraverso il giudizio delle classi popolari [The Forest of Trees: The History of Italy from Unification to Today through the Judgment of Popular Classes] (PDF) (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Milan: Edizioni del Gallo. pp. 37–46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vullo, Salvatore (30 April 2020). "Inno dei lavoratori" [The Workers' Hymn]. Pannunzio Magazine (in Italian). Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Montemaggi, Andrea (19 May 2020). "Amintore Galli e l'Inno dei Lavoratori" [Amintore Galli and the Workers' Hymn]. Rimini Sparita APS (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Montemaggi, Andrea (January 2019). "L' "Inno dei Lavoratori" nell'immaginario collettivo dell'epoca" [The "Workers' Hymn" in the collective imagination of the time]. montemaggi.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g "2. 1894: «Il riscatto del lavoro dei suoi figli opra sarà; o vivremo del lavoro o pugnando si morrà» | Archivio di Stato di Bologna" [2. 1894: "The redemption of labour will be the work of its children: either we shall live by labour or by fighting, we shall die."]. Archivio di Stato di Bologna e Sezione di Imola. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Pasquini, Luigi (30 August 2018). "Come fu che il teatro di Rimini passò dal re d'Italia al compositore di Perticara" [How it came about that the theater of Rimini passed from the king of Italy to the composer of Perticara]. Riminiduepuntozero (in Italian). Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d Di Cesare, Maria Carmela (1998). "Galli, Amintore". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani [Biographical Dictionary of Italians] (in Italian). Vol. 51. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ a b c "6 gennaio 1907 - Rimini festeggia i 50 anni del suo teatro con Amintore Galli" [6 January 1907 – Rimini celebrates 50 years of its theatre with Amintore Galli]. Chiamami Città (in Italian). 5 January 2023. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ Cevoli, Tommaso (13 October 2011). "E il Galli cantò la sua Missa" [And Galli sang his Missa]. Il Ponte (in Italian). Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ "Amintore Galli (musicista 1845 - 1919)" [Amintore Galli (musician 1845 - 1919)]. Pro Loco Perticara (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ Vannoni, Giulia (15 November 2021). "Galli, questo sconosciuto" [Galli, this stranger]. Il Ponte (in Italian). Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ a b Fincardi, Marco (29 April 2012). "Segnali di festa. Primo maggio reggiano e internazionalista" [Festive signs: Reggio Emilia and internationalist May Day]. storiAmestre (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Foot, John (9 June 2022). Blood and Power: The Rise and Fall of Italian Fascism. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-5266-5248-5. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ Toscano, Marco (11 May 2010). "Il Piave delle retrovie. Una lettera a sAm" [The Piave of rediscovery: A letter to sAm]. storiAmestre (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Giurisprudenza italiana [Italian Jurisprudence] (in Italian). Vol. 50. Unione tipografico-editrice. 1898. p. 342. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ "17 gennaio 1920 - A Rimini culla dell'Anarchia nasce il giornale "Sorgiamo!"" [17 January 1920 – The newspaper “Sorgiamo!” was born in Rimini, cradle of anarchy]. Chiamami Città (in Italian). 17 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ Turati, Filippo; Galli, Amintore (1886). "Il canto dei lavoratori". Wikisource (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Panzini, Alfredo (1920). "L'inno dei Lavoratori" [The Workers' Hymn]. La lanterna di Diogene [Diogenes' Lantern] (in Italian). Fratelli Treves Editori. pp. 98–121. Retrieved 27 April 2024 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "La fine del socialismo. Vicende e tradimenti di una grande eredità" [The end of socialism: events and betrayals of a great legacy]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Deaglio, Enrico (26 April 2023). "Nanni Moretti, il sol dell'avvenire e i fatti di Ungheria" [Nani Moretti: Il Sol dell'Avvenire and the Facts of Hungary]. maremosso.lafeltrinelli.it (in Italian). Retrieved 7 January 2024.