Xirang

Xirang (Chinese: 息壤; pinyin: xírǎng)^[a] was a magical soil in Chinese mythology with the ability to self-expand and grow continuously. Its properties made it particularly effective for use by Gun and Yu the Great in fighting the rising waters of the Great Flood.^[1]

Etymology

This Chinese word compounds xí 息 "breathe; cease; rest; grow; multiply" and rǎng 壤 "soil; earth". Noting similarities with earth-diver creation myths, Anne Birrell translates xirang as "self-renewing soil", and compares other translations of "breathing earth" (Wolfram Eberhard), "swelling mold" (Derk Bodde), "idle soil" (Roger Greatrex), and "living earth" or "breathing earth" (Rémi Mathieu).^[2]

Mythology

In some versions of the myths, Gun stole the xirang from the Shangdi, who sent the deity Zhu Rong to execute him in punishment, on Feather Mountain.^[3]^: 87 According to some accounts, Yu, on the other hand, went up to Heaven. After begging Shangdi, he received from him a gift of as much xirang as his magical black tortoise could carry on its back, thus allowing Yu to successfully block up the 233,559 springs, the sources of the flood waters.^[3]^: 87–88 In other versions of these myths, xirang was stolen or obtained from the Primordial Divinity, or Gun's executioner was other than Zhu Rong.^[4]

Historical basis

A historical basis has been suggested for both the Great Flood^[5] and for xirang. Sinologist David Hawkes proposes that the myths are a symbolic interpretation of a societal transition. In this case, Gun represents a society at an earlier technological stage, which engages in small-scale agriculture which involves raising areas of arable land sufficiently above the level of the marshes. The "magically-expanding" xirang soil may represent a type of friable raised garden, made up of soil, brushwood, and similar materials. Yu and his work in controlling the flood would symbolize a later type of society, which allowed a much larger scale approach to transforming wetlands to arable fields.^[6]

A less mythical explanation could be sought in various forms of expansive clay. Generally impervious to water, clays are useful in creating the core of earthen dams. Expansive clays, in particular, slowly expand when wetted, thus matching the "swelling" translation. When dried, they take on a puffy "popcorn" look, which could be interpreted as "breathing" or airy. Such clays are abundant in the Shaanxi Province where many of these events are thought to have occurred.^{[citation needed]}

Comparative mythology

The xirang mythology has interesting parallels to the mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, particularly the earth-diver creation myth. In the earth-diver myth, the primordial waters cover all, until after overcoming great perils, a certain creature is able to dive down into the waters and retrieve a small bit of magical soil. This xirang-like soil then magically expands into the land areas of today.^[2]

Notes

^ also known as hsi-jang, swelling earth, self-renewing soil, breathing earth, and living earth

References

^ Yang, Lihui; An, Deming (2008). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533263-6. 218
^ ^a ^b Birrell, Anne (1993). Chinese mythology : an introduction (Johns Hopkins paperbacks ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801845956., p. 80
^ ^a ^b Christie, Anthony (1975). Chinese mythology (3rd impression. ed.). London: Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0-600-00637-4.
^ Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Turner, Jessica Anderson (2008). Handbook of Chinese mythology. Handbooks of world mythology. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 127, 237. ISBN 978-0-19-533263-6.
^ Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia dynasty. Qinglong Wu, Zhijun Zhao, Li Liu, Darryl E. Granger, Hui Wang, David J. Cohen, Xiaohong Wu, Maolin Ye, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Bin Lu, Jin Zhang, Peizhen Zhang, Daoyang Yuan, Wuyun Qi, Linhai Cai, Shibiao Bai. Science 05 Aug 2016: Vol. 353, Issue 6299, pp. 579-582. doi:10.1126/science.aaf0842
^ Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2, pp 138-139

[1] so known as hsi-jang, swelling earth, self-renewing soil, breathing earth, and living earth

[2] Yang, Lihui; An, Deming (2008). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533263-6. 218

[Chinese_mythology_:_an_introdu...-3] Birrell, Anne (1993). Chinese mythology : an introduction (Johns Hopkins paperbacks ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801845956., p. 80

[Chinese_mythology...-4] Christie, Anthony (1975). Chinese mythology (3rd impression. ed.). London: Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0-600-00637-4.

[5] Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Turner, Jessica Anderson (2008). Handbook of Chinese mythology. Handbooks of world mythology. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 127, 237. ISBN 978-0-19-533263-6.

[6] Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia dynasty. Qinglong Wu, Zhijun Zhao, Li Liu, Darryl E. Granger, Hui Wang, David J. Cohen, Xiaohong Wu, Maolin Ye, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Bin Lu, Jin Zhang, Peizhen Zhang, Daoyang Yuan, Wuyun Qi, Linhai Cai, Shibiao Bai. Science 05 Aug 2016: Vol. 353, Issue 6299, pp. 579-582. doi:10.1126/science.aaf0842

[7] Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2, pp 138-139

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v t e Chinese mythology
Overview topics	Creation myth Godly world concepts Astrology Dragons Shenmo fiction Gods and immortals Tian Pangu Ghosts Chinese folk religion
Major personages	Gods and immortals Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Eight Immortals Youchao Shennong Yellow Emperor Yan Emperor Chiyou Chang'e Hou Yi Kuafu
Mythological creatures	Four Symbols Black Tortoise Azure Dragon White Tiger Vermilion Bird Yellow Dragon Four Holy Beasts Qilin Fenghuang Yinglong Spirit turtle Bixi Huli jing (Fox spirit) Nine-tailed fox Chinese guardian lions Pixiu (Bixie) Nian Horses Hundun Xiezhi Wuzhiqi Yeren Four Perils (Four Evildoers) Peng (mythology) Nine-headed Bird Tianma more...
Places	Buzhou Diyu Eight Pillars Gate of the Ghosts Fusang Jade Mountain Kunlun Mountain Longmen Moving Sands Penglai Red River Weak River Youdu
Items	Gu Peaches of Immortality Xirang
Literary works	Classic of Mountains and Seas Shi Yi Ji Bowuzhi Liexian Zhuan Shenxian Zhuan Shenyi Jing The Peach Blossom Spring The Four Journeys Investiture of the Gods The Sorcerer's Revolt Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio Journey to the West In Search of the Supernatural What the Master Would Not Discuss Heavenly Questions (Chu Ci) Huainanzi Records of the Grand Historian Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations
Other folk tales	Legend of the White Snake Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl The Magic Lotus Lantern Mulian Rescues His Mother