John the Baptist in Islam

Prophet
Yaḥyā
يحيى‎
John the Baptist
Bornc. 1st century BC
Herodian Tetrarchy, Roman Empire
Diedc. 30 AD
Machaerus, Herodian Tetrarchy, Roman Empire
Cause of deathBeheaded at Machaerus
PredecessorZakariya
SuccessorIsa
Parents
Relatives

Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyā (Arabic: يحيى ابن زكريا‎, literally Yahya/John, son of Zechariah), identified in English as John the Baptist, is considered in Islam a prophet of God who was sent to guide the Children of Israel. He was the maternal cousin of Isa (Jesus)[3] and believed by Muslims to have been a witness to the word of God, heralding the coming of Isa Al-Masih (Jesus Christ).[4][5]

Yahya is mentioned five times in the Qur'an. [6]

Yahya is also honoured highly in Sufism as well as Islamic mysticism, primarily because of the Qur'an's description of Yāhya’s chastity and kindness.[7] Sufis have frequently applied commentaries on the passages on Yāhya in the Qur'an, primarily concerning the God-given gift of wisdom which he acquired in youth as well as his parallels with Isa. Although several phrases used to describe Yahya and Isa are virtually identical in the Qur'an, the manner in which they are expressed is different.[8]

Birth

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The Qur'an frequently mentions Zakariya's continuous praying for the birth of a son. Zakariya's wife was barren and therefore the birth of a child seemed impossible.[9] As a gift from God, Zakariya was given a son by the name of Yāhya, a name specially chosen for this child alone. In accordance with Zakariya's prayer, God made Yahya and Isa, who according to tafsir (exegesis) was born six months later,[10] to renew the message of God, which had been corrupted and distorted by the Israelites.

Yahya and Isa were maternal cousins, although it is contested whether Isha', Yahya's mother, was Maryam's aunt or sister.[11]

The Qur'an says that Yāhya was the first to receive this name (Quran 19:7-10) but since the name Yoḥanan occurs many times before Yāhya,[12] this verse refers either to Islamic scholar consensus that "Yaḥyā" is not the same name as "Yoḥanan"[13] or to the Biblical account of the miraculous naming of John, which accounted that he was almost named "Zacharias" (Greek: Ζαχαρίας)[14] after his father, as no one in the lineage of his father Zacharias (Zechariah) had been named "John" ("Yohanan" or "Yoannes") before him.[15] The Qur'an says:

˹The angels announced,˺ "O Zachariah! Indeed, We give you the good news of ˹the birth of˺ a son, whose name will be Yāhya—a name We have not given to anyone before."

He wondered, "My Lord! How can I have a son when my wife is barren, and I have become extremely old?"

An angel replied, "So will it be! Your Lord says, 'It is easy for Me, just as I created you before, when you were nothing!'"

Zachariah said, "My Lord! Grant me a sign." He responded, "Your sign is that you will not ˹be able to˺ speak to people for three nights, despite being healthy."

So he came out to his people from the sanctuary, signalling to them to glorify ˹Allah˺ morning and evening.

˹It was later said,˺ "O Yāhya! Hold firmly to the Scriptures." And We granted him wisdom while ˹he was still˺ a child,

as well as purity and compassion from Us. And he was God-fearing,

and kind to his parents. He was neither arrogant nor disobedient.

— Surah Maryam 19:7-14

Prophethood

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Yahya was exhorted to hold fast to the scripture and was given wisdom by God while still a child.[16] He was pure and devout, and walked well in the presence of God. He was dutiful towards his parents and he was not arrogant or rebellious. Yahya's reading and understanding of the scriptures, when only a child, surpassed even that of the greatest scholars of the time.[9] Islamic tafsir narrates that Isa sent Yahya out with twelve disciples,[17] who preached the message before Jesus called his own disciples.[10] The Qur'an says:

˹It was later said,˺ "O John! Hold firmly to the Scriptures [Torah]." And We granted him wisdom while ˹he was still˺ a child,

— Surah Maryam 19:12

John was a classical prophet,[18] who was exalted high by God for his bold denouncing of all things sinful. Furthermore, the Qur'an speaks of John's gentle piety and love and his humble attitude towards life, for which he was granted the purity of Life.

According to Islamic tradition, Yahya used to go to the Al Haram Ash-Sharif (Temple Mount) to deliver his sermons.[6]

Assassination

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During the prophethood of Yahya, a conflict occurred between him and Herod Antipas, who wanted to divorce his first wife and take as wife his former sister-in-law.[6] Yahya informed that the marriage might be abominably incestuous, and did not approve of the marriage. After this, Herod Antipas had Yahya imprisoned.[6] Yahya was then decapitated.[6] Yahya's head is believed to be inside the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.[19][20][21]

Legacy

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In Islam, Yahya greeted Muhammad on the night of the Al-Isra al-Mi'raj, along with Isa (Jesus), on the second heaven.[22] Yahya's story was also told to the Abyssinian king during the Muslim migration to Abyssinia.[23] According to the Qur'an, Yahya was one on whom God sent peace on the day that he was born and the day that he died.[24] Shias compare Yahya with Husayn.[25]

References

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  1. ^ Vicchio, Stephen J. (2008-07-01). Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55635-304-8.
  2. ^ Muntazir Qa'im, Mahdi (2007). Jesus Through the Qur'an and Shi'ite Narrations (Bilingual ed.). Queens, New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1879402140.
  3. ^ "Sahih al-Bukhari 3430 - Prophets - كتاب أحاديث الأنبياء - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
  4. ^ "Yahya", Encyclopedia of Islam
  5. ^ "Prophet John". Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Shrine of Yahya (عليه السلام)". IslamicLandmarks.com. 2014-12-28. Archived from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  7. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Yahya ibn Zakkariya, Online web.
  8. ^ Whereas the Quran itself gives blessings of peace to Yāhya (Quran 19:15), Isa, in contrast, gives himself the blessings of peace. (Quran 19: 16–33)
  9. ^ a b Lives of the Prophets, Leila Azzam, Yāhya and Zakariyaa
  10. ^ a b A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, B. M. Wheeler, John the Baptist
  11. ^ "The Messiah and Yahya (peace be upon them) were maternal cousins - Islam Question & Answer". islamqa.info. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
  12. ^ A. Geiger, Judaism And Islam (English translation of Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen?), 1970, Ktav Publishing House Inc.: New York, p. 19.
  13. ^ "And No One Had The Name Yahya (= John?) Before: A Linguistic & Exegetical Enquiry Into Qur'an 19:7". Islamic-awareness.org. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  14. ^ Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη (1894 Scrivener NT). Luke 1:59, 1:5, et al. https://biblia.com/books/tr1894mr/Lk1?embeddedPreview=False Archived 2021-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Bible Luke 1:59–1:63
  16. ^ Quran 19:12
  17. ^ Tabari, i, 712
  18. ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Note. 905: "The third group consists not of men of action, but Preachers of Truth, who led solitary lives. Their epithet is: "the Righteous." They form a connected group round Jesus. Zachariah was the father of John the Baptist, who is referenced as "Elias, which was for to come" (Matt 11:14); and Elias is said to have been present and talked to Jesus at the Transfiguration on the Mount (Matt. 17:3)."
  19. ^ Burns, 2005, p .88.
  20. ^ Talmon-Heller, Daniella; Kedar, Benjamin; Reiter, Yitzhak (Jan 2016). "Vicissitudes of a Holy Place: Construction, Destruction and Commemoration of Mashhad Ḥusayn in Ascalon" (PDF). Der Islam. 93: 11–13, 28–34. doi:10.1515/islam-2016-0008. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Shrine of Nabi Yahya - Madain Project (en)". madainproject.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  22. ^ Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, Mi'raj
  23. ^ Muhammad, Martin Lings, Abysinnia. etc.
  24. ^ Quran 19:13-15
  25. ^ "Imam Hussain and Prophet Yahya Part 1". issuu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
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