ZF 8HP transmission
ZF 8HP | |
---|---|
![]() Automatic Transmission 8HP 70 | |
Overview | |
Manufacturer | ZF Friedrichshafen |
Production | 2008–present |
Body and chassis | |
Class | 8-speed automatic transmission |
Related | GM 8L transmission |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | ZF 6HP transmission |
The ZF 8HP transmission is ZF Friedrichshafen AG's trademark name for its 8-speed automatic transmission models for longitudinal engine applications. The name is short for 8-speed transmission with hydraulic converter and planetary gearsets. Designed and first built by ZF's subsidiary in Saarbrücken, Germany, it debuted in 2008 on the BMW 7 Series (F01) 760Li sedan fitted with the V12 engine. BMW remains a major customer for the transmission.
Another major customer is Stellantis, who both received a license to produce the transmission and set up a joint-venture plant with ZF. Stellantis has built the transmission at its Kokomo Transmission plant since 2013 under their own brand name, the Torqueflite 8.[1][2] The joint venture plant in Gray Court, South Carolina opened in 2012.[3]
Specifications
[edit]Layout
[edit]One of the main aims of the ZF 8HP transmission is to improve vehicle fuel economy with extra speeds. Compared to the six-speed ZF 6HP transmission it uses 12 % less fuel, and 14 % less than a 5-speed transmission.[4][5] Due to changes in internal design, the shift times have reduced to 200 milliseconds; additionally, the unit brings the ability to shift in a non-sequential manner – going from gear 8 to gear 2 in extreme situations.[6] In the 8HP 70 version, it has a torque handling limit of 700 N⋅m (516 lb⋅ft), and weighs 87 kg (192 lb).[7]
First generation 8HP products were released starting in 2010. In addition to the rear-wheel drive variant, two different four-wheel drive versions were available, with a version destined for Volkswagen Group applications using a Torsen centre differential.[8] It is able to encompass a torque range from 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) to 1,000 N⋅m (738 lb⋅ft), and is available for use in middle-class cars through to large luxury sport utility vehicles.[8]
Second generation 8HP products were released starting in 2014. Efficiency improvements over the original design and the first generation include a wider ratio spread of 7.81, reduced drag torque from the shift elements, reduction in required oil pump pressure, and broadened use of the coasting and start-stop systems.[9] ZF estimated fuel economy improvement over first generation 8HP kits to be 3 %. Refinements were also made with respect to vibration.
Third generation 8HP products were released starting in 2018. Major improvements are total spread of 8.59 and a fuel economy improvement of 2.5 % compared to the second generation. There are several options in maximum torque available, also the gearbox is available with mild hybrid and plug in hybrid options: With 15 kW (20 hp) and 200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) supporting boosting and recuperation in combination with 48 Volt technology up to 90 kW (121 hp) and 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) for usage with higher voltage.[10]
Gear Model | R | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Total Span | Avg. Step | Compo- nents |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8HP 70 · 2008 | −3.297 | 4.696 | 3.130 | 2.104 | 1.667 | 1.285 | 1.000 | 0.839 | 0.667 | 7.043 | 1.322 | 4 Gearsets 2 Brakes 3 Clutches |
2010: 1st Generation | ||||||||||||
8HP 30/I · 8HP 45 | −3.295 | 4.714 | 3.143 | 2.106 | 1.667 | 1.285 | 1.000 | 0.839 | 0.667 | 7.071 | 1.322 | |
8HP 55 · 8HP 70 8HP 65 · 8HP 90 | −3.317 | 4.714 | 3.143 | 2.106 | 1.667 | 1.285 | 1.000 | 0.839 | 0.667 | 7.071 | 1.322 | |
2014: 2nd Generation | ||||||||||||
8HP 75/I | −3.317 | 4.714 | 3.143 | 2.106 | 1.667 | 1.285 | 1.000 | 0.839 | 0.667 | 7.071 | 1.322 | |
8HP 30/II · 8HP 50 | −3.456 | 5.000 | 3.200 | 2.143 | 1.720 | 1.314 | 1.000 | 0.822 | 0.640 | 7.813 | 1.341 | |
8HP 75/II · 8HP 95 | −3.478 | 5.000 | 3.200 | 2.143 | 1.720 | 1.313 | 1.000 | 0.823 | 0.640 | 7.813 | 1.341 | |
2018: 3rd Generation | ||||||||||||
8HP 76/I | −3.478 | 5.000 | 3.200 | 2.143 | 1.720 | 1.313 | 1.000 | 0.823 | 0.640 | 7.813 | 1.341 | |
8HP 30/III · 8HP 51 | −3.712 | 5.250 | 3.360 | 2.172 | 1.720 | 1.316 | 1.000 | 0.822 | 0.640 | 8.203 | 1.351 | |
8HP 76/II · 8HP 80 | −3.993 | 5.500 | 3.520 | 2.200 | 1.720 | 1.317 | 1.000 | 0.823 | 0.640 | 8.594 | 1.360 | |
2016: Racing Cars | ||||||||||||
8P 45R | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | 1.000 | TBD | TBD | 4.200 | 1.228 | |
2017: Commercial Vehicles | ||||||||||||
8AP 600 T · 8AP 1000 T 8AP 800 T · 8AP 1200 T | −4.250 | 4.889 | 3.123 | 2.033 | 1.639 | 1.254 | 1.000 | 0.840 | 0.639 | 7.652 | 1.337 | |
8AP 1200 S | −3.757 | 4.889 | 3.123 | 2.033 | 1.639 | 1.268 | 1.000 | 0.830 | 0.639 | 7.652 | 1.337 |
- ^ Differences in gear ratios have a measurable, direct impact on vehicle dynamics, performance, waste emissions as well as fuel mileage
With Assessment | Planetary Gearset: Teeth[a] | Count | Total | Avg. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model Type | Max. Input Torque First Delivery | S1[b] R1[c] | S2[d] R2[e] | S3[f] R3[g] | S4[h] R4[i] | Brakes Clutches | Ratio Span | Gear Step[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | R | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
Step | [k] | [l] | ||||||||
Step 2[m] | ||||||||||
Shaft Speed | ||||||||||
Δ Shaft Speed | ||||||||||
8HP 70[n] | 700 N⋅m (516 lb⋅ft) 2008 | 48[11] 96 | 48[11] 96 | 69[12] 111 | 23[12] 85 | 2 3 | 7.0435 | 1.3216[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | −3.2968[k] | 4.6957 | 3.1304[o] | 2.1039 | 1.6667[j][o][p] | 1.2845[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8392[o][p] | 0.6667 | |
Step | 0.7021[k] | 1.0000 | 1.5000 | 1.4879 | 1.2623[j] | 1.2975 | 1.2845 | 1.1917 | 1.2587 | |
Step 2[m] | 1.0081[o] | 1.1787 | 0.9729[o] | 1.0101[o] | 1.0779 | 0.9467[o] | ||||
Speed | –1.4243 | 1.0000 | 1.5000 | 2.2319 | 2.8174 | 3.6555 | 4.6957 | 5.5965 | 7.0435 | |
Δ Speed | 1.4243 | 1.0000 | 0.5000 | 0.7319 | 0.5855[p] | 0.8382 | 1.0401 | 0.9000[p] | 1.4478 | |
2010: 1st Generation | ||||||||||
8HP 30/I 8HP 45 | 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) 450 N⋅m (332 lb⋅ft) | 48 96 | 48 96 | 60 96 | 28 104 | 2 3 | 7.0714 | 1.3224[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | −3.2952[k] | 4.7143 | 3.1429[o] | 2.1064 | 1.6667[j][o][p] | 1.2854[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8387[o][p] | 0.6667 | |
Step | 0.6990[k] | 1.0000 | 1.5000 | 1.4921 | 1.2638[j] | 1.2966 | 1.2854 | 1.1923 | 1.2581 | |
Step 2[m] | 1.0053[o] | 1.1805 | 0.9747[o] | 1.0087[o] | 1.0781 | 0.9477[o] | ||||
Speed | –1.4306 | 1.0000 | 1.5000 | 2.2381 | 2.8286 | 3.6576 | 4.7143 | 5.6209 | 7.0714 | |
Δ Speed | 1.4306 | 1.0000 | 0.5000 | 0.7381 | 0.5905[p] | 0.8390 | 1.0467 | 0.9066[p] | 1.45058 | |
8HP 55 8HP 65 8HP 70 8HP 90 | 650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) 650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) 700 N⋅m (516 lb⋅ft) 900 N⋅m (664 lb⋅ft) | 48 [11][13] 96 | 48 [11][13] 96 | 69 111 | 28 104 | 2 3 | 7.0714 | 1.3224[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | −3.3168[k] | 4.7143 | 3.1429[o] | 2.1064 | 1.6667[j][o][p] | 1.2847[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8392[o][p] | 0.6667 | |
Step | 0.7036[k] | 1.0000 | 1.5000 | 1.4921 | 1.2638[j] | 1.2973 | 1.2847 | 1.1917 | 1.2587 | |
Step 2[m] | 1.0053[o] | 1.1806 | 0.9742[o] | 1.0098[o] | 1.0781 | 0.9467[o] | ||||
Speed | –1.4213 | 1.0000 | 1.5000 | 2.2381 | 2.8286 | 3.6696 | 4.7143 | 5.6179 | 7.0714 | |
Δ Speed | 1.4213 | 1.0000 | 0.5000 | 0.7381 | 0.5905[p] | 0.8410 | 1.0447 | 0.9036[p] | 1.4536 | |
2014: 2nd Generation | ||||||||||
8HP 75/I[14] | 740 N⋅m (546 lb⋅ft) | 48 96 | 48 96 | 69 111 | 28 104 | 2 3 | 7.0714 | 1.3224[j] | ||
Ratio | −3.3168[k] | 4.7143 | 3.1429[o] | 2.1064 | 1.6667[j][o][p] | 1.2847[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8392[o][p] | 0.6667 | |
8HP 30/II[14] 8HP 50[14] | 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) 500 N⋅m (369 lb⋅ft) | 48 96 | 54 96 | 60 96 | 24 96 | 2 3 | 7.8125 | 1.3413[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | −3.4560[k] | 5.0000 | 3.2000[o] | 2.1429 | 1.7200[j][o][p] | 1.3139[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8221[o][p] | 0.6400 | |
Step | 0.6912[k] | 1.0000 | 1.5625 | 1.4933 | 1.2458[j] | 1.3091 | 1.3139 | 1.2163 | 1.2846 | |
Step 2[m] | 1.0463[o] | 1.1986 | 0.9517[o] | 0.9964[o] | 1.0802 | 0.9469[o] | ||||
Speed | –1.4468 | 1.0000 | 1.5625 | 2.3333 | 2.9070 | 3.8056 | 5.0000 | 6.0817 | 7.8125 | |
Δ Speed | 1.4468 | 1.0000 | 0.5625 | 0.7708 | 0.5736[p] | 0.8986 | 1.1944 | 1.0817[p] | 1.7308 | |
8HP 75/II[14] 8HP 95[q] | 740 N⋅m (546 lb⋅ft) 900 N⋅m (664 lb⋅ft) | 48 96 | 54 96 | 69 111 | 24 96 | 2 3 | 7.8125 | 1.3413[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | −3.4783[k] | 5.0000 | 3.2000[o] | 2.1429 | 1.7200[j][o][p] | 1.3131[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8226[o][p] | 0.6400 | |
Step | 0.6957[k] | 1.0000 | 1.5625 | 1.4933 | 1.2458[j] | 1.3099 | 1.3131 | 1.2156 | 1.2853 | |
Step 2[m] | 1.0463[o] | 1.1986 | 0.9511[o] | 0.9975[o] | 1.0802 | 0.9458[o] | ||||
Speed | –1.4375 | 1.0000 | 1.5625 | 2.3333 | 2.9070 | 3.8078 | 5.0000 | 6.0781 | 7.8125 | |
Δ Speed | 1.4375 | 1.0000 | 0.5625 | 0.7708 | 0.5736[p] | 0.9008 | 1.1922 | 1.0781[p] | 1.7344 | |
2018: 3rd Generation | ||||||||||
8HP 76/I[r] | 760 N⋅m (561 lb⋅ft) | 48 96 | 54 96 | 69 111 | 24 96 | 2 3 | 7.8125 | 1.3413[j] | ||
Ratio | −3.4783[k] | 5.0000 | 3.2000[o] | 2.1429 | 1.7200[j][o][p] | 1.3131[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8226[o][p] | 0.6400 | |
8HP 30/III[s] 8HP 51[t] | 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) 500 N⋅m (369 lb⋅ft) | 48 96 | 54 96 | 60 96 | 24 102 | 2 3 | 8.2031 | 1.3507[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | −3.7120[k] | 5.2500 | 3.3600[o] | 2.1724 | 1.7200[j][o][p] | 1.3161[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8221[o][p] | 0.6400 | |
Step | 0.7070[k] | 1.0000 | 1.5625 | 1.5467 | 1.2630[j] | 1.3069 | 1.3161 | 1.2163 | 1.2846 | |
Step 2[m] | 1.0102[o] | 1.2246 | 0.9664[o] | 0.9931[o] | 1.0820 | 0.9469[o] | ||||
Speed | –1.4143 | 1.0000 | 1.5625 | 2.4167 | 3.0523 | 3.9892 | 5.2500 | 6.3858 | 8.2031 | |
Δ Speed | 1.4143 | 1.0000 | 0.5625 | 0.8542 | 0.6357[p] | 0.9369 | 1.2608 | 1.1358[p] | 1.8173 | |
8HP 76/II[u] 8HP 80[v] | 760 N⋅m (561 lb⋅ft) 800 N⋅m (590 lb⋅ft) | 48 96 | 54 96 | 69 111 | 24 108 | 2 3 | 8.5938 | 1.3597[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | −3.9930[k] | 5.5000 | 3.5200[o] | 2.2000 | 1.7200[j][o][p] | 1.3172[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8226[o][p] | 0.6400 | |
Step | 0.7260[k] | 1.0000 | 1.5625 | 1.6000 | 1.2791[j] | 1.3058 | 1.3172 | 1.2156 | 1.2853 | |
Step 2[m] | 0.9766[o] | 1.2509 | 0.9796[o] | 0.9913[o] | 1.0836 | 0.9458[o] | ||||
Speed | –1.3774 | 1.0000 | 1.5625 | 2.5000 | 3.1977 | 4.1754 | 5.5000 | 6.6859 | 8.5938 | |
Δ Speed | 1.3774 | 1.0000 | 0.5625 | 0.9375 | 0.6977[p] | 0.9777 | 1.3246 | 1.1859[p] | 1.8321 | |
2016: Racing Cars | ||||||||||
8P 45R[w] | 450 N⋅m (332 lb⋅ft) up to 1,050 N⋅m (774 lb⋅ft)[20] | TBD | TBD | 60 96 | TBD | 2 3 | 4.2000 | 1.2275[j] | ||
Ratio | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | 1.0000 | TBD | TBD | |
2017: Commercial Vehicles[x] | ||||||||||
8AP 600 T[y] 8AP 800 T 8AP 1000 T 8AP 1200 T | 600 N⋅m (443 lb⋅ft) 800 N⋅m (590 lb⋅ft) 1,000 N⋅m (738 lb⋅ft) 1,200 N⋅m (885 lb⋅ft)[z] | 65[aa] 115 | 65[aa] 115 | 62 122 | 27 105 | 2 3 | 7.6522 | 1.3374[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | −4.2501[k] | 4.8889 | 3.1235[o] | 2.0334 | 1.6389[j][o][p] | 1.2541[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8400[o][p] | 0.6389 | |
Step | 0.8693[k] | 1.0000 | 1.5652 | 1.5361 | 1.2407[j] | 1.3068 | 1.2541 | 1.1905 | 1.3148 | |
Step 2[m] | 1.0190[o] | 1.2381 | 0.9494[o] | 1.0420[o] | 1.0535 | 0.9054[o] | ||||
Speed | –1.1503 | 1.0000 | 1.5652 | 2.4043 | 2.9831 | 3.8983 | 4.8889 | 5.8200 | 7.6522 | |
Δ Speed | 1.1503 | 1.0000 | 0.5652 | 0.8391 | 0.5787[p] | 0.9153 | 0.9906 | 0.9311[p] | 1.8322 | |
8AP 1200 S [ab] | 1,200 N⋅m (885 lb⋅ft)[z] | 65[aa] 115 | 65[aa] 115 | 65[aa] 115 | 27 105 | 2 3 | 7.6522 | 1.3374[j] | ||
Gear Ratio | −3.7569[k] | 4.8889 | 3.1235[o] | 2.0334 | 1.6389[j][o][p] | 1.2676[o] | 1.0000 | 0.8305[o][p] | 0.6389 | |
Step | 0.7685[k] | 1.0000 | 1.5652 | 1.5361 | 1.2407[j] | 1.2929 | 1.2676 | 1.2041 | 1.2999 | |
Step 2[m] | 1.0190[o] | 1.2381 | 0.9596[o] | 1.0200[o] | 1.0527 | 0.9263[o] | ||||
Speed | –1.3013 | 1.0000 | 1.5652 | 2.4043 | 2.9831 | 3.8568 | 4.8889 | 5.8867 | 7.6522 | |
Δ Speed | 1.3013 | 1.0000 | 0.5652 | 0.8391 | 0.5787[p] | 0.8738 | 1.0321 | 0.9979[p] | 1.7654 | |
Ratio R & even | ||||||||||
Ratio odd | ||||||||||
Algebra And Actuated Shift Elements[ac] | ||||||||||
Brake A[ad] | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | |||||
Brake B[ae] | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ||||
Clutch C[af] | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | |||||
Clutch D[ag] | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ||||
Clutch E[ah] | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | ❶ | |||||
| ||||||||||
Variants and Applications
[edit]- ^ without any claim of completeness
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Duane, Salerno (25 April 2019). "Reviewed: Chrysler Group's 8 speed automatic transmission". salernoduanesummit.com. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
- ^ "Ram ZF 8 Speed Automatic Transmission TorqueFlite 8 ZF 8HP70". 29 September 2014. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2019 – via YouTube.
- ^ "ZF and Chrysler Reach Agreement for new 8-Speed Automatic Transmissions". Retrieved 10 June 2010.
- ^ "Fuel saving and minimizing CO2 emissions". ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
- ^ Mike, Hanon (4 May 2007). "ZF Develops 8-Sped automatic". Gizmag.
- ^ "Maximum driving enjoyment with maximum agility". ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
- ^ "8-Speed Automatic Transmission". ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
- ^ a b "The freedom to exceed limits" (PDF). brainfunkers.co. ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ "ZF showcasing second-generation 8HP 8-speed transmission at NAIAS; additional 3% boost in fuel savings". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "Transmission technology from ZF" (PDF). ZF.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d "8HP 70 Repair Manual · Picture 10106" (PDF). 2014. p. 110.
- ^ a b "Timur Apakidze · Saturation Dive: ZF 8-Speed Automatic". TTAC: The Truth About Cars. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ a b "8HP 55A Repair Manual · Picture 10106" (PDF). 2014. p. 169.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i 2nd Generation and 3rd Generation "Efficient And Dynamic · ZF Gearbox Brochure" (PDF). 1 September 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ "Der neue BMW M760 Li xDrive. Technische Daten" [The new BMW M760 Li xDrive. Technical data]. www.press.bmwgroup.com (in German). January 2017.
- ^ "Technical Data: ALPINA Automobiles".
- ^ a b c "Specifications of the all-new BMW 3 Series Sedan, valid from 03/2019".
- ^ "Technical Data: ALPINA Automobiles".
- ^ "Technical Data: ALPINA Automobiles".
- ^ a b "Durable and fast – ZF Race Transmissions" (PDF). www.zf.com.
- ^ "PowerLine > Powershift Transmission - ZF".
- ^ "ZF PowerLine - 8 Speed Automatic Transmission" (PDF). www.zf.com.
- ^ "Product Overview - Transmission & E-Mobility Driveline Systems for Trucks & Vans" (PDF). www.zf.com. p. 7.
- ^ a b "Data Sheet - PowerLine" (PDF). www.zf.com.
- ^ a b Efficient Torque Converter Automatic Transmission for Commercial Vehicles (ZF 8AP) · Winfried Gründler · Herbert Mozer · Frank Sauter: ATZ worldwide 06/2017 · pp. 36–39
- ^ "The New Driving Experience - 8-speed automatic transmission ZF-PowerLine" (PDF). www.zf.com.
- ^ "New Eight Speed Transmission Introduced by Chrysler". Retrieved 2 September 2011.
- ^ "America's First Luxury Sedan With Eight-speed Automatic Transmission". Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ "2012 Chrysler Fleet Buying Guide" (PDF). Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "SEC filing reveals new V6 and 8-speed transmission for Ram". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "2014 Dodge Durango Bows With Eight-Speed". Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ a b c "2013 Ram 1500 Unveiled With Eight-Speed". Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "ZF to Supply 8-Speed Automatic Transmission to new 2013 Ram 1500 Pick-up Truck". ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "2013 Ram 1500 Crew Cab SLT 4x4 [w/video]". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ Audi. "Audi 8-speed to replace 6-speed automatic across most of range". Motor1.com. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ a b c "Getriebekatalog Abfrage – Technische Daten –" (PDF). zfservis.sk. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ a b "Aston Martin Automatic Gearboxes". JT Automatics Ltd. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016.
- ^ "On Tour With More Comfort ZF Delivers 8-Speed Automatic Transmission for New Iveco Daily". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ "2014 Maserati Quattroporte [w/video]". Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ "RR ghost specification". Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ "New Generation of the 8HP in the BMW 5 Series". Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ a b 8HP 75 Data Sheet · p. 4 · Saarbruecken 2016
- ^ "2016 BMW 7 Series Sedan: Teutonic Technology". 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
- ^ "BMW Model Year Actions – July and August 2014". Retrieved 24 April 2016.
- ^ "New vehicles with ZF technology". Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ "New vehicles with ZF technology". Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ "BMW ALPINA B7 Long-wheelbase AWD Technical Data". Retrieved 10 May 2019.